《工程力学A》课程教学大纲Title

《工程力学A》课程教学大纲Title2024/3/28《工程力学A》课程教学大纲TitleBackgroundDiscussionofalternativehouseholdsavingmeasuresatOctober2002NAEMECB/OECDprojectDetailedexaminationofinstitutionalsectoraccountsfortheeuroarea,theUnitedStatesandJapanwithparticularemphasisonhouseholdsavingratios,profitratiosandinvestmentratiosScopeofthispaperHouseholdsavingratiosProfitratios《工程力学A》课程教学大纲TitleHouseholdsavingratiosIssuesrelatingtothebasicmeasureofthehouseholdsavingratioGrossornet?IncludeNPISH?ChangeinnetequityofhouseholdsonpensionfundsAdjustedhouseholddisposableincomeProposeddefinitionforuseinOECDStatisticalDatabases(includingAnnexTable24ofEconomicOutlook)Furtheradjustmentstothehouseholdsavingratio《工程力学A》课程教学大纲TitleStatisticalAnnexTable24,OECDEconomicOutlookReproducedasTable1-showshouseholdsavingratiosfor21membercountriesFootnotestothistableindicatedifferencesinthedatacurrentlybeingpublishedforvariouscountriesOECDEconomicsDepartmenttendstousemeasuresforthehouseholdsavingratioandothervariablesthatwillbereadilyrecognisedinthemembercountriesHencewhatispublishedbymembercountriesintheirownnationalaccountshasaneffectoninternationalcomparability《工程力学A》课程教学大纲TitleGrossornethouseholdsavingNetisthepreferredmeasureOnlyusegrossifCOFCestimatesaredeficientDatafor7countriesiscurrentlyshowngross

Recommendation1:Itisrecommendedthatthesevencountries(Belgium,Denmark,Italy,Portugal,Spain,SwitzerlandandtheUnitedKingdom)includehouseholdsavingratiosintheirnationalaccountspublicationsonanetbasisinsteadof,orinadditionto,thegrossmeasures.《工程力学A》课程教学大纲TitleIncludeNPISHDatafor5countriescurrentlyexcludeNPISH

Recommendation2:Intheinterestsofinternationalcomparabilityitisrecommendedthatthefivecountries(CzechRepublic,Finland,France,JapanandNewZealand)alsoincludehouseholdsavingratiosforhouseholdsincludingNPISHintheirnationalaccountspublications.《工程力学A》课程教学大纲TitleChangeinnetequityofhouseholdsonpensionfundsCurrentdefinition:B8/(B6+D8)

WhereB8=Nethouseholdsaving

B6=Nethouseholddisposableincome

D8=Changeinnetequityofhouseholdson

pensionfundsTable2provideshouseholdsavingratiosusingthisformulaanddatafromtheOECDannualSNA93databaseRecommendation3:Itisrecommendedthatcountriesthathaveanon-nilvaluefortheadjustmentforthechangeinequityofhouseholdsonpensionfunds(D8)shouldverifythattheirownsavingratiosareconsistentwiththisdefinition.《工程力学A》课程教学大纲TitleAdjustedhouseholddisposableincomeNewconceptsintroducedinSNA93CollectiveandindividualconsumptionforgeneralgovernmentSocialtransfersinkindActualfinalconsumptionAdjustedhouseholddisposableincomeNewaccountinSNA93UseofadjusteddisposableincomeaccountTheseenableamoreinternationallycomparablehouseholdsavingratiotobecomputed《工程力学A》课程教学大纲TitleAdjustedhouseholddisposableincome(cont)Nethouseholdsaving(B8)/[Netadjustedhouseholddisposableincome(B7)+Adjustmentforthechangeinequityofhouseholdsonpensionfunds(D8)]

Table3provideshouseholdsavingratiosformembercountriesusingthisdefinitionandusingdatafromtheOECDannualSNA93database.

Table4showsthedifferencesbetweenthismeasureandthecurrentmeasureforthehouseholdsavingratioshowninTable2.《工程力学A》课程教学大纲TitleProposeddefinitionforthehouseholdsavingratioRecommendation4:ThehouseholdsavingratioforinclusioninOECDStatisticalDatabases(includingAnnexTable24oftheOECDEconomicOutlook)shouldbedefinedasfollows:

Nethouseholdsaving(B8)/[Netadjustedhouseholddisposableincome(B7)+Adjustmentforthechangeinequityofhouseholdsonpensionfunds(D8)]

TheratioshouldbecalculatedincludingNPISHforthepresent.

《工程力学A》课程教学大纲TitleProposeddefinitionforthehouseholdsavingratio(cont)Itisalsorecommendedthatcountriespublishthismeasureofhouseholdsavingintheirownnationalaccountspublicationsinadditiontothetraditionalmeasure.Question:

Arethosecountriesthatpublishquarterlyhouseholdsavingratiosabletoprovideestimatesforindividualconsumptionforgeneralgovernmentonaquarterlybasis?《工程力学A》课程教学大纲TitleAdjustmentstothehouseholdsavingratioCapitalgainstaxesDirecttaxesversustaxesonproductionandimportsRealnetinterestpaymentsforhouseholdsHouseholddurablesPotentialandrealisedcapitalgains/lossesOtherissuesregardingpensionsTreatmentofunincorporatedenterprisesFinancialaccountsmeasure《工程力学A》课程教学大纲TitleAdjustmentstothehouseholdsavingratio(cont)StatisticsDirectorateisworkingtowardsalternativesavingmeasures

Needtorecognisethelimitationsofsomeoftheproposedadjustmentssinceitcannotbeassumedthattheeconomicbehaviourofhouseholdswouldbeunaffectedifdifferentinstitutionalarrangementsactuallyexistedinparticularcountries.《工程力学A》课程教学大纲TitleCapitalgainstaxesProposedadjustmentTreatcapitalgainstaxesascapitaltransfersratherthancurrenttransfersAddbackcapitalgainstaxestohouseholdsavingandhouseholddisposableincomeOECDpapertobediscussedunderagendaitem29SeemsunlikelythatachangeinSNA93willberecommendedtotheISWGNAItemforcapitalgainstaxesaddedtoTable900《工程力学A》课程教学大纲TitleDirecttaxesversustaxesonproductionandimportsSavingisnotaffectedbythemixofthesetaxesbuthouseholddisposableincomeisHowadjust?ReplacetaxesonproductionetcbyincometaxesReplaceincometaxesbytaxesonproductionetcUseastandardmixoftaxesforallcountriesSuggestthefirstofthesealternativesDeducttaxesonproductionetcfromHDIIssuesTaxesonproductionetcortaxesonproducts?Netofsubsidies?《工程力学A》课程教学大纲TitleDirecttaxesversustaxesonproductionandimports(cont)Issues(cont)Howmuchisattributabletoactualfinalconsumption?SomeoftheproductiontaxescouldbereplacedbyincometaxesoncorporationsratherthanallonhouseholdsDifficulttoestimatewhatpartoftaxesonproductionisattributabletoactualfinalconsumptionNoreasontoignoresubsidiesTherefore,proposeusingtaxesonproductslesssubsidiesonproductsasaroughapproximationTable5(adjustedratios)andTable6(differences)《工程力学A》课程教学大纲TitleRealnetinterestpaymentsforhouseholdsAdjustmentfortheeffectofinflationoninterestratesandinterestflowsNeutralinterestRealinterest=Nominalinterest-neutralinterestOnlyincluderealinterestflowswhenderivinghouseholdsavingandHDI,thereforeneedtoDeductneutralinterestonassetsAddneutralinterestonliabilitiesAssetsusedforadjustmentshouldincludeassetsheldonhouseholdsbehalfbypensionfunds,lifeinsurancecorporationsandmutualfundsetc《工程力学A》课程教学大纲TitleHouseholddurablesHouseholdsregardconsumerdurablesasassetsRentalequivalenceapproachcouldbeusedtoderivealternativeestimatesinsatelliteaccountsHowever,rentalmarketsforlongtermuseofconsumerdurablesmaynotbewelldevelopedTherefore,ifweassumenooperatingsurplusisgeneratedfromconsumerdurablesanapproximateadjustmentistosubtractexpenditureondurablesfrom,andaddconsumptionoffixedcapitalondurablesto,HFCEConsequently,householdsavingwouldbeincreasedbynetinvestmentinconsumerdurables《工程力学A》课程教学大纲TitleHouseholddurables(cont)OECDandEurostatarediscussingproposalsforadditionaldatacollectionregardinghouseholddurablesanddwellingsCOFCforhouseholddurables,Capitalstockfordwellingsandhouseholddurables,Capitalgains/lossesondwellings

Recommendation5:Countriesareencouragedtocompileseparateestimatesofhouseholdfinalconsumptionexpenditure,capitalstockandconsumptionoffixedcapitalforconsumerdurables.《工程力学A》课程教学大纲TitleCapitalgainsandlossesHaveasignificantimpactonwealthandconsumptionofhouseholdsbutarenotincludedinhouseholdincomeinSNA93PotentialversusrealisedcapitalgainsDifferentimpactonconsumptionthanincomefromproductionortransfersImpactmaybedifferentforrealisedasopposedtopotentialcapitalgainsNominalorrealcapitalgains?《工程力学A》课程教学大纲TitleCapitalgainsandlosses(cont)Recommendation6:Ratherthanadjustingthehouseholdsavingratioforcapitalgains/lossesdirectly,itisrecommendedthatcapitalgains/lossesbeusedasanadditionalexplanatoryvariablewhenanalysinghouseholdconsumptionbehaviour.《工程力学A》课程教学大纲TitlePensionsDefinedbenefitschemesProblemofunderoroverfundingUnfundedpensionschemesActualpensionsdonotmatchaccruingliabilitiesfortheseschemesSocialsecurityversusprivatepensionschemesDifferentinstitutionalarrangementscontributetoobserveddifferencesinhouseholdsavingratios《工程力学A》课程教学大纲TitlePensionsRecommendation7:Itisrecommendedthatadjustmentsinrelationtosocialsecurityschemesshouldbeundertakenasaspecialexerciseandnotcombinedwithotheradjustmentstoderiveanalternativemeasureofthehouseholdsavingratio.

ThepensionsEDGsponsoredbytheIMFprovidesanopportunitytoresolvetheproblemscausedbydefinedbenefitschemesandunfundedpensionschemesforpublicsectoremployeesinthecontextoftheforthcomingrevisionofSNA93.AnneHarrison’spaperonthepensionsEDGmakesavaluablecontributionconcerningthisissue.《工程力学A》课程教学大纲TitleUnincorporatedenterprisesForwhichcountriesareunincorporatedenterprisesthataretreatedasquasi-corporatequantitativelysignificant?Dosuchcountriescompileestimatesforcompensationofemployeesforworkingproprietorsinquasi-corporationsoristhelabourreturntotheseworkingproprietorsincludedinoperatingsurplus?Dosuchcountrieshaveseparatedataonthelevelofwithdrawalsfromquasi-corporationsordotheysimplyassumethatalloftheentrepreneurialincomeofquasi-corporationsistransferredtohouseholdsinthecurrentperiod?《工程力学A》课程教学大纲TitleFinancialaccountsmeasureChangeinfinancialposition(financialaccount)versusNetlending(capitalaccount)IfallofthedifferenceisassumedtobecausedbydeficienciesinincomeflowsthencanderivethefollowingalternativemeasureofthehouseholdsavingratioTable7givestheseratios,andTable8showsthedifferencebetweentheseratiosandthoseinTable2.Obviouslythedifferencescouldbecausedbydeficienciesinanyoftheitemsintheincome,capitalorfinancialaccounts《工程力学A》课程教学大纲TitleAdditionalmeasuresforthehouseholdsavingratioAnalternativemeasureoraseriesofalternativemeasures?

Docountrieshaveapreferenceforwhetheraseriesofsavingratiosshouldbecompiled,eachincludinganadjustmentforonefactororwhetherasinglealternativemeasureshouldbecompiledthatincludesadjustmentsforall(orasmanyaspossible)ofthevariousfactorssimultaneously?

《工程力学A》课程教学大纲TitleProfitratiosCountrypracticesTypesofprofitratiosDefinitionsGrossornet?NumeratorDenominatorforratesofreturnDenominatorforprofitshareInstitutionalsectorscope《工程力学A》课程教学大纲TitleCountrypracticesProfitratiosarepresentedinmanydifferentwaysbymembercountriesUnitedKingdomGrossbalanceofprimaryincomesfornon-financialcorporationsasashareofgrossnationalincomeEconomicTrendsarticlecontainingdatafor34countriesfornetoperatingsurplusovernetcapitalstockplusinventoriesfornon-financialcorporationsUnitedStates8ratios;4rateofreturnmeasuresand4profitsharemeasuresRatiosrelatetoprivatenon-financialcorporations《工程力学A》课程教学大纲TitleCountrypractices(cont)UnitedStates(cont)Netoperatingsurplusandnetentrepreneurialincomeareusedbothbeforeandafterincometaxasthenumeratorforeachtypeofmeasure(Note:DifferentterminologyisusedbyBEA)NetcapitalstockplusinventoriesisusedasthedenominatorforrateofreturnmeasuresNetfactorincomelessNOSforpubliccorporationsisusedasthedenominatorforprofitsharemeasuresAustraliaGrossoperatingsurplusforfinancialandnon-financialcorporationsdividedbytotalfactorincomeFranceGOS/Grossvalueaddedatbasicpricesforallenterprises(corporateandquasi-corporateplusunincorporated)《工程力学A》课程教学大纲TitleTypesofprofitratiosRatesofreturnProfitovercapitalstockUsedforprofitabilitystudiesProfitsharesProfitoverGDP,GNIortotalfactorincomeUsedforanalysesofreturnstolabourandcapitalProfitmarginProfitoveroutputNotrecommendedatthemacroeconomylevel《工程力学A》课程教学大纲TitleDefinitionsforrateofreturnandprofitsharemeasuresGrossornetBothnumeratoranddenominatorshouldbenetofconsumptionoffixedcapitalUsegrossmeasureifconsumptionoffixedcapitalestimatesaredeficientNumerator(forbothratesofreturnandprofitshares)NetoperatingsurplusIndependentoftheextenttowhichborrowedfundsareusedEntrepreneurialincomeAfterreceiptsofpropertyincomeandpaymentsofinterestandrentonnon-producedassetsusedbythebusiness《工程力学A》课程教学大纲TitleDefinitionsforrateofreturnandprofitsharemeasures(cont)DenominatorforrateofreturnmeasuresNetcapitalstockforproducedassetsIncludinginventories?Non-producedtangibleassets?Non-producedintangibleassets?DenominatorforprofitsharemeasuresNetdomesticproduct