ch03TheGlobalTradeEnvironment全球营销-沃伦·J·

ch03TheGlobalTradeEnvironment(全球营销,沃伦·J·2024/3/24ch03TheGlobalTradeEnvironment(全球营销,沃伦·J·GATTGeneralAgreementonTariffsandTradetreatyamongnationstopromotetradeamongmembersHandledtradedisputesLackedenforcementpowerReplacedbyWorldTradeOrganizationin1995©2005PrenticeHall2ch03TheGlobalTradeEnvironment(全球营销,沃伦·J·TheWorldTradeOrganizationProvidesforumfortrade-relatednegotiationsamong141membersbasedinGenevaservesasdisputemediatorsempoweredwithabilitytoenforcerulingsCountriesfoundinviolationofWTOrulesareexpectedtochangepoliciesorelsefacesanctions©2005PrenticeHall3ch03TheGlobalTradeEnvironment(全球营销,沃伦·J·RecentWTOCases©2005PrenticeHall4ch03TheGlobalTradeEnvironment(全球营销,沃伦·J·PreferentialTradeAgreementsManycountriesseektolowerbarrierstotradewithintheirregionsFreeTradeAreasCustomsUnionsCommonMarketEconomicUnions©2005PrenticeHall5ch03TheGlobalTradeEnvironment(全球营销,沃伦·J·NorthAmericaCanada,UnitedStates,MexicoNAFTAestablishedfreetradeareaallthreenationspledgetopromoteeconomicgrowththroughtariffreductionsandexpandedtradeandinvestmentnocommonexternaltariffsrestrictionsonlaborandothermovementsremain©2005PrenticeHall6ch03TheGlobalTradeEnvironment(全球营销,沃伦·J·NAFTAIncomeandPopulation©2005PrenticeHall7ch03TheGlobalTradeEnvironment(全球营销,沃伦·J·LatinAmericaCaribbean,Central,andSouthAmerica4preferentialtradeagreementsinplaceCentralAmericanIntegrationSystemAndeanCommunityCommonMarketoftheSouthCaribbeanCommunityandCommonMarket©2005PrenticeHall8ch03TheGlobalTradeEnvironment(全球营销,沃伦·J·AndeanCommunityBolivia,Colombia,Ecuador,Peru,VenezuelaCustomsunionAgreementabolishedforeignexchange,financialandfiscalincentives,andexportsubsidiesCommonexternaltariffswereestablished©2005PrenticeHall9ch03TheGlobalTradeEnvironment(全球营销,沃伦·J·CommonMarketoftheSouth

(Mercosur)Argentina,Brazil,Paraguay,UruguayCustomsunion,seekstobecomecommonmarketinternaltariffseliminatedcommonexternaltariffsupto20%establishedintime,factorsofproductionwillmovefreelythroughmembercountriesChileandBolivia-associatemembersparticipationinfreetradeareabutnotcustomsunion©2005PrenticeHall10ch03TheGlobalTradeEnvironment(全球营销,沃伦·J·CaribbeanCommunityand

CommonMarket(CARICOM)Antigua,Barbuda,Bahamas,Barbados,Belize,Dominica,Grenada,Guyana,Haiti,Jamaica,Montserrat,St.Kitts,St.Lucia,St.Vincent,theGrenadines,Trinidad,TobagoReplacedCaribbeanFreeTradeAssociationAgreedtoestablisheconomicunionwithcommoncurrencyin1998©2005PrenticeHall11ch03TheGlobalTradeEnvironment(全球营销,沃伦·J·Asia-PacificIncludes23countriesand56%ofworldpopulationJapanNewlyindustrializingeconomiesAssociationofSoutheastAsianNations©2005PrenticeHall12ch03TheGlobalTradeEnvironment(全球营销,沃伦·J·JapanGenerates14%ofworld’sGNPKeyfactorspopulationdensitygeographicisolationRecenteconomicstrugglesdespitestatusashighincomecountryStrongculturerequiresflexibilityandcommitmentfromglobalmarketers©2005PrenticeHall13ch03TheGlobalTradeEnvironment(全球营销,沃伦·J·NewlyIndustrializingEconomies(NIEs)Strongeconomicgrowthinrecentdecadesforeigninvestmentexport-drivenindustrialdevelopmentSometimescalledthe4TigersofAsiaSouthKoreaTaiwanSingaporeHongKong©2005PrenticeHall14ch03TheGlobalTradeEnvironment(全球营销,沃伦·J·AssociationofSoutheastAsianNations(ASEAN)Brunei,Indonesia,Malaysia,Philippines,Singapore,Thailand,Vietnam,Cambodia,Laos,BurmaGoaltoimplementafreetradeareaby2003Tariffsof20+%willbereducedto0-5%SingaporerepresentsgreatsuccessamongASEANnations©2005PrenticeHall15ch03TheGlobalTradeEnvironment(全球营销,沃伦·J·EuropeEuropeanUnionEuropeanFreeTradeAreaEuropeanEconomicAreaTheLomeConventionCentralEuropeanFreeTradeAssociation(CEFTA)©2005PrenticeHall16ch03TheGlobalTradeEnvironment(全球营销,沃伦·J·EuropeanUnionInitiallybeganwiththe1958TreatyofRomeObjectivetoharmonizenationallawsandregulationssothatgoods,services,peopleandmoneycouldflowfreelyacrossnationalboundaries1991MaastrichtTreatysetstagefortransitiontoaneconomicunionwithacentralbankandsinglecurrency(theEuro)©2005PrenticeHall17ch03TheGlobalTradeEnvironment(全球营销,沃伦·J·EuropeanFreeTradeAreaandtheEuropeanEconomicAreaAustria,Finland,Sweden,Norway,Iceland,Liechtenstein,SwitzerlandFreetradeareaMembers(excludingSwitzerland)chosetoestablishEuropeanEconomicArea(EEA)Non-EUmembersoftheEEAareexpectedtoadoptEUguidelinesNorway,Iceland,Liechtenstein,andSwitzerlandmaintainfreetradeagreementswithothercountriesaswell©2005PrenticeHall18ch03TheGlobalTradeEnvironment(全球营销,沃伦·J·TheLomeConventionAnaccordbetweenEUand71countriesinAfrica,Caribbean,andthePacificPromotestradeandprovidespoorcountrieswithfinancialassistancefromaEuropeanDevelopmentFundCurrentlyworkingtoestablishasuccessoragreement©2005PrenticeHall19ch03TheGlobalTradeEnvironment(全球营销,沃伦·J·CentralEuropeanFreeTradeAssociation(CEFTA)Hungary,Poland,CzechoslovakiaAllowsforcooperationinmanyareasincluding:infrastructureandtelecommunicationssub-regionalprojectsinter-enterprisecooperationtourismandretailtrade©2005PrenticeHall20ch03TheGlobalTradeEnvironment(全球营销,沃伦·J·TheMiddleEastAfghanistan,Cyprus,Bahrain,Egypt,Iran,Iraq,Israel,Jordan,Kuwait,Lebanon,Oman,Qatar,SaudiArabia,Syria,theUnitedArabEmirates,YemenPrimarilyArab,somePersianandJews95%Muslim3keyregionalorganizationsGulfCooperationCouncilArabMaghrebUnionArabCooperationCouncil©2005PrenticeHall21ch03TheGlobalTradeEnvironment(全球营销,沃伦·J·Africa53nationsoverthreedistinctareasRepublicofSouthAfricaNorthAfricaBlackAfricaRegionalagreementsEconomicCommunityofWestAfricanStatesEastAfricanCooperationSouthAfricanDevelopmentCommunity©2005PrenticeHall22ch03TheGlobalTradeEnvironment(全球营销,沃伦·J·EconomicCommunityof

WestAfricanStates(ECOWAS)Benin,BurkinaFaso,CapeVerde,TheGambia,Ghana,Guinea,Guinea-Bissau,IvoryCoast,Liberia,Mali,Mauritania,Niger,Nigeria,Senegal,SierraLeone,TogoFreetradeareawithunifiedmonetaryzone©2005PrenticeHall23ch03TheGlobalTradeEnvironment(全球营销,沃伦·J·EastAfricanCooperationKenya,Uganda,TanzaniaFreetradeareawithpossibilityofexpansiontoacustomsunion©2005PrenticeHall24ch03TheGlobalTradeEnvironment(全球营销,沃伦·J·SouthAfricanDevelopmentCommunity(SADC)Angola,Botswana,Congo,Lesotho,Malawi,Mauritius,Mozambique,Namibia,SouthAfrica,Seychelles,Swaziland,Tanzania,Zambia,ZimbabweMechanismtopromotetrade,cooperation,andeconomicintegrationbyblack-ruledstatesUltimatelyseekstoformcustomsunion©2005PrenticeHall25ch03TheGlobalTradeEnvironment(全球营销,沃伦·J·LookingAheadtoChapter4SocialandCulturalEnvironments©2005PrenticeHall26ch03TheGlobalTradeEnvironment(全球营销,沃伦·J·FreeTradeAreasTwoormorecountriesagreetoabolishallinternalbarrierstotradeamongstthemselvesCountriescontinueindependenttradepolicieswithcountriesoutsideagreement©2005PrenticeHall27ch03TheGlobalTradeEnvironment(全球营销,沃伦·J·FreeTradeAreasReturn©2005PrenticeHall28ch03TheGlobalTradeEnvironment(全球营销,沃伦·J·CustomsUnionsEvolutionofFreeTradeAreaIncludestheeliminationofinternalbarrierstotrade(asinFTA)ANDEstablishescommonexternalbarrierstotradeReturn©2005PrenticeHall29ch03TheGlobalTradeEnvir