18世纪汉文明向苗疆的传播及苗文明的回应研究

18世纪汉文明向苗疆的传播及苗文明的回应研究IthadbeenahistoricalperiodthatHanandMiaoculturehadwentthroughadifficulttimetobeintegratedeachotherin18century,evenwhentheirinteractionshadbeenquitefrequentbuttheirrelationssometimeswaseasy-going,sometimesnot.TheresearchesaboutthisintheacademisworldoftenfocusedontheissuesoftheintenseexpansionofcentralauthorityandthefiercerevoltagainstitfromMiaointhoseareas.Forinstance,referingtotheissuesofinvasionofthecentralgovernment,“GAITUGUILIU”policy(takingtheadministrativepowerfromthelocalchieftainsbacktothecentralgovernment)hasbeenstudiedbynumerousreseacherswhoaccountedthepolicyasaevidenceof“thelawofhistoricdevelopment”;astotherevoltissues,therearemanystudiesabouttheMiaorebellionsoccurredinYongZheng-QianLongandQianLong-JiaQingperiodstoo,arguedthattherebellionsarerighteousandcorrectfromaperspectivesofclassðicalstruggle.Theauthorthinks,ifthesetwokindsofstudiesareexaminedseparately,thenbothofthemhastheiruniqueviewfortheresearchandtheirconclusionsreflectedsomehistoricalfeaturesonacertainlevel,butingeneral,asregardtothepositivecorrelationbetween“GAiTUGUILIU”andtheMiaorebellionsexistedinhistory,someinferencesfromresearchesarecontradictoryandpartited.Therearemorethanonescaleplatebeingusedtomakecommentsandjudgementsabouttwokindsofresearches,soitwouldnothaveacompleteandrealimageofhistoricalevent.Basedontheaboveopinions,theauthoradoptedseveraltheoreticalperspectivesinstudyoftherationship&culturaldisseminationbetweenHanandMiaoinSouth-Chinain18century:thetheoreticalframeof“WorldEconomySystem”ofAmericansociologistEmmanuelWallersteinwhousedconceptssuchas“Centralareas”,“Peripheralareas”and“Semi-peripheralareas”inhisbookModernWorldSystem”,and“Multi-ethnicitiesinoneChineseentity“theoryofferedbyrenownedsociologistFeiXiaotong,aswellassomeothertheoreticalideasaboutcivilization,civilizedentityandculturaldissemination.Threeissueshasbeenargued:First,RedMiaolivedinLaErmountainareasofWest-Hunanprovincebefore“GAITUGUILIU”andBlackMiaolivedinLeiGongmountainareasofSoutheast-GuizhouprovincewereoriginalMiaowhohaddevelopeditsownindependentcivilization.Second,“GAITUGUILIU”isregardedasakindofstrongculturaldisseminationtowardsMiaofrommonarchyQingDynasty.Third,18centuryMiaorebellionshappenedinHunanandGuizhouprovinceswastheresultofconfrontationofbigdifferencesbetweenoriginalMiaocultureinLeigong&LaErmountainareasandastrongpoliticalConfucianistculture,whichforceduponMiaobythepolicyof“GAITUGUILIU”.Atthesametime,whilethepolicyof“GAITUGUILIU”hadbeencarriedoutinMiaoareasmanyHanpeopleimmigratedthereandbroughtnewproductiontechnicsandneweconomicalrelations,whichhadtheintensecollisionandtheculturalconflictwiththeoldwayofproductionandeconomicalrelationexistedinMiaoareas.Thiskindofcoerciveculturedissemination(fromtoptobottom,fromoutsidetoinside)withaextremelystrongspeedandforceaffectedoriginalMiaoareasmorethantheirculturecouldwithstand,therefore,therewereseriousproblemsofsuitabilities,anomiesandtensionsduringtheprocessofculturalintergration.ThelocalofficialsandtheiradministrativeorganizationswhohadplayedamainroleintransmittingpoliticalcultureofCentralauthoritydidnotprovideimmediatefeedbackofwhatwasgoingonthentothecentralgovernmentforitspromptreadjustmentinthewayofdissemination,instead,theytriedtofree-loadorlinedtheirpockets.Theeasygainsofofficials,plustheproblemsofunsuitabilities,anomiesandtensionsoforiginalMiao,madeMiaopeopleincludingsomeofhighclassMiaofeelthattheyweremarginalizedanddeprived,allofthosediscontentmentsstrengthenedMiaoidentityandtheirethnicemotionandfinallybroughtalarge-scaleMiaorebellions.ThisresearchdescribedtheculturaldisseminationandexpansionimplementedbyQingDynastythroughits’spolitical,economicalandmilitarypowertowardsremoteMiaoareasin18century;howMiaowhoseculturedevelopmentwasinferiorinthetimerespondedtothisculturalexpansionanddissemination;throughwhatwaythisrespondencewasmanifested.Thisdescriptionwillhelpustoknownotonlythemutualrelationsamongvariousethnicgroups,minoritiesandculturesinourmultinationalcountrybutalsotheprocessandthelawoftheirmutualcommunication,assimilation,struggleoramalgamation,aswellasthespecificbackgroundandhistoryconditions.So,thisresearch,byusingbothdescriptiveandexplanatorymethods,isastudyofhistoryofancientsociety.Itisahistoricalresearchandmainlyuseshistoricalliteratures.“Officialliteratures”beingalwaysimportantinhistoricalapproachescertainlyaremainresourcesofthisstudy.ButinviewofthefactthattherearesomeofHan-centralismandpoliticalcentralisminhistorycompilingandediting,thisstudyquotedalargeamountsofarchives,localc