2021新高考英语二轮复习专题限时集训9主旨大意之概括全文主题和段落大意

专题限时集训(九)主旨大意之概括全文主题和段落大意A(2020·湖南师大附中模拟)TheBluePlanetII'slatestepisodefocusesonhowtheplasticishavingadestructiveeffectontheoceanandslowlypoisoningourseacreatures.ResearchersrecentlyalsofoundthatseacreatureslivinginthedeepestplaceonEarth，theMarianaTrench，haveplasticsintheirstomachs.Indeed,oceansaredrownedinplastics.Thoughitseemsthattheworldcouldn'tpossiblyfunctionwithoutplastics，plasticsarearemarkablyrecentinvention.Thefirstplasticbagswereintroducedinthe1950s，thesamedecadewhenplasticpackagingbegangainingpopularityintheUnitedStates.Thisgrowthhashappenedsofastthatscienceisstillcatchingupwiththechange.Plasticspollutionresearch，forinstance，isstillaveryearlyscience.Weputalltheseplasticsintotheenvironment，butwestilldon'treallyknowwhattheoutesaregoingtobe.Whatwedoknow，though，isdisturbing.Theoceanplasticisestimatedtokillmillionsofmarineanimalseveryyear.Nearly700species，includingendangeredones，areknowntohavebeenaffectedbyit.Oneinthreeleatherbackturtles，whichoftenmistakeplasticbagsforjellyfish，havebeenfoundwithplasticsintheirbellies.Ninetypercentofseabirdsarenoweatingplasticsonaregularbasis.By2050,thatfigureisexpectedtoriseto100percent.Andit'snotjustwildlifethatisthreatenedbytheplasticsinourseas.Humansareconsumingplasticsthroughtheseafoodweeat.Icouldunderstandwhysomepeopleseetheoceanplasticasadisaster，worthbeingmentionedinthesamebreathasclimatechange.Buttheoceanplasticisnotasplicatedasclimatechange.Therearenooceantrashdeniers(否认者)，atleastsofar.Todosomethingaboutit，wedon'thavetoremakeourplanetenergysystem.Thisisnotaproblemwherewedon'tknowwhatthesolutionis.Weknowhowtopickupgarbage.Anyonecandoit.Weknowhowtodealwithit.Weknowhowtorecycle.Wecanallstartbythinkingtwicebeforeweusesingle­useplasticproducts.Thingsmayseemordinary，likeusingareusablebottleorareusablebag，butwhentakencollectively，thesechoicesreallydomakeadifference.【语篇解读】塑料(制品)在我们的生活中无处不在，但我们却把它们都抛到了环境中，给海洋以及海洋生物造成了灾难性的影响，同时也对人体造成很大危害。我们要从日常小事做起，注意自己的行为，避免塑料污染。1．Whyisplasticpollutionresearchstillaveryearlyscience?A．Theplasticpollutionresearchistoodifficult.B．Plasticshaveproducedlesspollutionthancoal.C．Plasticshavegainedpopularitytoofastforsciencetocatchupwith.D．Theworldcouldn'tpossiblyfunctionwithoutplastics.C[考查细节理解。根据第二段的内容可知，第一批塑料袋出现在20世纪50年代，同一时期，塑料包装开始流行起来。塑料的发展如此之快，以至于科学研究仍在努力追赶塑料发展的速度。由此可知，对塑料污染问题的研究才开展不久，是因为塑料发展速度太快，使得科学研究没能及时跟上，故C项正确。]2．HowdidtheauthorsupporthisopinioninParagraph3?A．Bycitingquotesfromleadingexperts.B．Bymakingaparisonandcontrast.C．Bylistingexamplesfromhisownexperience.D．Bypresentingsolidstatistics.D[考查细节理解。根据第三段中的“killmillionsofmarineanimals”“Nearly700species”“Oneinthreeleatherbackturtles”“Ninetypercentofseabirds”等可知，作者通过列数据来支撑自己的观点，故选择D项。]3．Whatdoestheauthorintendtotellusinthelastparagraph?A．Wereapwhatwesow.B．Theshortestanswerisdoing.C．Allthingsaredifficultbeforetheyareeasy.D．Actionsspeaklouderthanwords.B[考查推理判断。根据文章最后一段尤其是最后一句的内容可知，作者号召我们从一些日常小事做起，这些行动都会有很大的影响。所以B项(最直接的答案就是行动起来)是正确的。]4．Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?A．Theoceanshavebeenseriouslypollutedbyplastics.B．Theoceanplasticisaglobalissue.C．TheBluePlanetIIhasleftviewersheartbroken.D．Plasticsgainpopularityallovertheworld.A[考查主旨大意。本文介绍了塑料在给人们的生活带来便利的同时，也造成了严重的污染，给海洋以及海洋生物造成了灾难性的影响，同时也对人体造成很大危害。故选A。]BWorldEnvironmentDayiscelebratedannuallyonJune5thandwascreatedtoinspirepeoplearoundtheglobetotakeanactivepartinenvironmentalprotectionandlearnmoreaboutwayswecanhelptoguaranteethefutureofourplanetissafe.TheveryfirstWorldEnvironmentDaytookplacein1974，establishedbytheUnitedNationsGeneralAssemblyonthefirstdayoftheStockholmConferenceontheHumanEnvironmentthattookplacein1972.EachyeartheUnitedNationspickathemeandahostcitywhereanyonewhoisconcernedabouttheenvironmentcantalkaboutenvironmentaltopicswithothers，followedbydifferentkindsofexhibitstopromoteenvironmentalawareness.Environmentalists，academicsandscientistsetogethertobringnewideasonthetableconcerningtheenvironment.The2018WorldEnvironmentDayishostedbyIndia，andthethemeisBeatPlasticPollution.Iturgespeopletoexploreandchoosesupportablealternativeslikepaperorclothbagstoreducetheproductionanduseofdisposableplastic，whichmakesup10%ofallofthewaste.EventhoughtheUnitedNationspickaspecifichostcityeveryyear，peoplearoundtheworldstillcelebrateWorldEnvironmentDayintheirhometownswithparades(游行)，concerts，cleaningupandtreeplantingandallkindsofgreenactionstoworktowardshavingabeautifulplanetandbattlingpollution.WorldEnvironmentDayisnotapublicholiday，soyouwon'tbegettingthedayoffworkorschool，butifyouwanttocelebrate，whynotbringittotheattentionofyourparents，friends，colleaguesorclassmates？WorldEnvironmentDayisallaboutworkingtogethertotakeactionfortheplanet，sotrytogeteveryoneyouknowinterestedinhelpingdosomething.Thingsassmallasmakingsurepeoplehaveawaytorecyclecanmakeadifference.Youcouldalsotrybeautifyingyourneighborhoodbyplantinggardens，learnaboutgreenfoods，raisemoneyforalocalwildlifeconservationgroupofsimplylearnabouttheeffectsofdifferentproductsontheearth.【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了世界环境日的由来和情况，呼吁全员行动起来帮助保护地球。5．WhyisWorldEnvironmentDaysetup?A．Tomakepeopleknowmoreaboutnature.B．Toaskpeopletohelptoprotecttheglobe.C．Towarnpeopleofthedangerofairpollution.D．Toencouragepeopletoplantheearth'sfuture.B[考查细节理解。从第一段中的不定式所作的目的状语toinspire可以看出，世界环境日的目的是鼓励人们积极参与环境保护并学会很多方法来帮助确保地球将来的安全，故选B。]6．WhatdopeopledoonWorldEnvironmentDay?A．Decideahostcity.B．Holdathemeparty.C．Discussenvironmentalideas.D．Showsomeplasticproducts.C[考查细节理解。从第二段中的“whereanyonewhoisconcernedabouttheenvironmentcantalkaboutenvironmentaltopicswithothers”以及第二段最后一句可以看出，人们主要是在这一天讨论环境问题。]7．Whichofthefollowingwordsistheclosestinmeaningto“disposable”inParagraph3?A．High­cost. B．Poor­quality.C．Second­hand. D．Single­use.D[考查词义猜测。从第三段中的BeatPlasticPollution可以看出，2018年的主题是“塑战速决”，再结合画线词前面的“Iturgespeopletoexploreandchoosesupportablealternativeslikepaperorclothbags”和后面的“whichmakesup10%ofallofthewaste”可知，disposableplastic造成大量资源浪费，所以“一次性的”符合语境，故选D项。]8．What'sthemainideaofthelastparagraph?A．Everybitofeffortcounts.B．Doingisbetterthansaying.C．Manyhandsmakelightwork.D．Nothingisimpossibletoawillingheart.A[考查段落大意。根据最后一段的内容可知，世界环境日不是公共节日，所以人们不放假。但如果你想庆祝的话，为何不让你周围的人关注它呢？所以最后一段主要是讲每个人都可以从身边小事做起，行动起来保护地球，每个人的微小努力都很重要，故选A项。]CThepolicerecentlycaughtthesuspectedGoldenStateKillerusingatooltheycouldonlyhavedreamedofdecadesago，whenashockingseriesofmurdersshookCalifornia：adatabasefilledwithpeople'sgeneticdata(基因数据)．Thepoliceusedanopen­sourcedatabasecalledGEDmatchtofindrelativeswhomatchedgeneticmaterialtakenfromatoldcrimescene，thenworkedbackwardtoidentifyandcatchthe72­year­oldformerpoliceofficerJosephJamesDeAngelo.GEDmatch's950，000usersvoluntarilyuploadandsharetheirgeneticinformation，makingitaccessibletootherswhosharetheirowndata—includinglawenforcementagencies(执法机关)．Morethanadozenothersimilarplatformsalsoexist.“Ifyourrelativeshavecontributedandyouarepartofevenafamilytreethatappearsonlineinoneofthesesharedresources，youcanbeindirectlytrackedthroughthebinationoftheirDNAandthepubliclyavailablefamilyhistory，”saysDrRobertGreen，amedicalgeneticistatHarvardMedicalSchool.Datesenttomercialpanieslike23andMe，whichhasover5millioncustomers，ismuchtougherforoutsiderstoaccess，butthecasehasstillhighlightedtheissueofgeneticprivacy.Althoughmanygenetic­testingpanieshavebeenaskedtocooperatewithlegalinvestigations，andclearlywarncustomersofthispossibility，notallrequestsarehonored.“23andMehasnevergivencustomerinformationtolaw­enforcementofficials，”apanyrepresentativetoldTime.Therisksofkeepingsuchsensitivedatearehigh.Thepotentialforabuseexists；forexample，insurancepaniescouldtheoreticallyusegeneticdatetorefusecoverage(保险范围)，Greensays.Butthesystemsinplacetopreventmisuseappeartobeworking.OneistheGeneticInformationNondiscriminationActof2008，alawthatprotectsconsumersfromemploymentandinsurancediscriminationrelatedtogenetics.Aslongasthat'sthecase，Greensays，“thegoodofgenetictestsoutweighsthebad.”SharonZehe，alawyerforthedepartmentoflaboratorymedicineandpathologyattheMayoClinic，takesamorecautiousapproach.“Familytreeservicescanbefun，butmakesureyouareusingareputableorganizationthathasstrongprivacypoliciesinplace，”shesays.“Geneticdataisbiologicallyasimportantasafingerprint.”【语篇解读】本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。警方利用遗传基因数据库技术识别并逮捕了“金州杀手”嫌疑人。合法使用基因数据库技术可以帮助警方破案，但是基因数据库的保密风险很高，一