实用IT英语（第4版） 课件 Unit 6 Database Technology

DatabaseTechnologyUnit6实用IT英语（第4版）INFORMATIONCommunicationsTECHNOLOGYInthisunit,wearefocusingonthefollowingissues.database;relationaldatabase;structuredquerylanguage(SQL);datastructure;dataquerylanguage(DQL);datamanipulationlanguage(DML);datadefinitionlanguage(DDL);datacontrollanguage(DCL)OutlineRelationalDatabase.IntroductiontoSQL.Dataminingvs.datawarehousing.Whatcustomerdatabaseis.Howtowriteaprojectproposal.HowtouseBaiduMaptosearchforalocation.ProfessionalTerminologyDialogue:ACustomerDatabaseSection

2ReadingTextA:WhatRelationalDatabasesAreTextB:IntroductiontoSQLTextC:HowDataMiningandDataWarehousingareRelatedOccupationalTips:HowtoWriteaProjectProposalClassActivities:UsingBaiduMaptoSearchforaLocationCONTENTSSection

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4Dialogue:ACustomerDatabase01Directions:Readthefollowingdialogueinpairsandtalkabouttheneedforacustomerdatabase.Situation:TompersuadeshisfriendJessietoestablishacustomerdatabaseinhercompanyTom:Hi,Jessie.Haveyouheardaboutcompaniesusingcustomerdatabases?Jessie:Yes,quitealot.However,IneverreallythoughtIneededoneformycompany.IhavemyorganizationdownandIknowmycustomersandeverythingaboutthem.AnythingIneedtoknowislocatedinmybrainorafilecabinetinmyoffice.Tom:Haveyoueverstoppedtothinkabouthowmuchmoreefficientyourcompanycouldbejustbyimplementingacustomerdatabasesystem?Jessie:Couldit?How?Tom:Well,youmayknowwherepaperworkis,butdoyouremployeesknow?Dialogue:ACustomerDatabase01Jessie:Theysometimeshavetoaskmewhentheyneedthatinformationtohelpmycustomers.Tom:Acustomerdatabasecanhelp.Itputsallofthatinformationinacentrallocationwhereallemployeescanaccessit.Jessie:Anythingelseitcando?Tom:Howisyourcustomercommunication?Doyouknoweverythingaboutallofyourcustomers?Doyouknowwhospokewithyourcustomerlast?Doyouremployeesknow?Probablynot.Andwithoutacustomerdatabasesystem,youruntheriskoflookingunprofessionalandunpreparedbecauseyouremployeesmaynotknowaboutyourcustomer’sworkhistoryorneeds.Acustomerdatabaseputsthatatyouremployee’sfingertips.Jessie:Idon’twanttoruntheriskoflosingmycustomers.Itseemstobeagoodsolution.Tom:Acustomerdatabasecanalsotrackwhichcustomersoweyoumoneyandwhenitisdue.Thatwayyoucankeepupwithcollectionofrevenuetohelprunyourbusiness.Jessie:IthinkIreallyneedacustomerdatabasesystemformycompany.Thankyou,Tom!Dialogue:ACustomerDatabase01Notesimplementcustomerdatabasesystemruntheriskoffingertiprevenue0102030405实施，执行客户数据库系统冒着危险做某事指尖；指套收入，收益，所得Dialogue:ACustomerDatabaseSection

2ReadingTextA:WhatRelationalDatabasesAreTextB:IntroductiontoSQLTextC:HowDataMiningandDataWarehousingareRelatedOccupationalTips:HowtoWriteaProjectProposalClassActivities:UsingBaiduMaptoSearchforaLocationCONTENTSSection

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4TextA:WhatRelationalDatabasesAre01Databaseshavebeenastapleofbusinesscomputingfromtheverybeginningofthedigitalera.Infact,therelationaldatabasewasbornin1970whenE.F.Codd,aresearcheratIBM,wroteapaperoutliningtheprocess.Sincethen,relationaldatabaseshavegrowninpopularitytobecomethestandard.Originally,databaseswereflat.Thismeansthattheinformationwasstoredinonelongtextfile,calledatabdelimitedfile.Eachentryinthetabdelimitedfileisseparatedbyaspecialcharacter,suchasaverticalbar(|).Eachentrycontainsmultiplepiecesofinformation(fields)aboutaparticularobjectorpersongroupedtogetherasarecord.Thetextfilemakesitdifficulttosearchforspecificinformationortocreatereportsthatincludeonlycertainfieldsfromeachrecord.Here’sanexampleofthefilecreatedbyaflatdatabase(Table6-1).Table6-1FileCreatedbyaFlatDatabaseLNameFNameCityAgeSalarySmithJohn335$280DoeJane128$325BrownScott341$265HowardShemp448$359TaylorTom222$250TextA:WhatRelationalDatabasesAre01Youcanseethatyouhavetosearchsequentiallythroughtheentirefiletogatherrelatedinformation,suchasageorsalary.Arelationaldatabaseallowsyoutoeasilyfindspecificinformation.Italsoallowsyoutosortbasedonanyfieldandgeneratereportsthatcontainonlycertainfieldsfromeachrecord.Relationaldatabasesusetablestostoreinformation.Thestandardfieldsandrecordsarerepresentedascolumns(fields)androws(records)inatable(Table6-2).Table6-2Columns(fields)andRows(records)inaTableLNameFNameCityAgeSalarySmithJohn335$280DoeJane128$325BrownScott341$265HowardShemp448$359TaylorTom222$250TextA:WhatRelationalDatabasesAre01Intherelationaldatabaseexample,youcanquicklycomparesalariesandagesbecauseofthearrangementofdataincolumns.Therelationaldatabasemodeltakesadvantageofthisuniformitytobuildcompletelynewtablesoutofrequiredinformationfromexistingtables.Inotherwords,itusestherelationshipofsimilardatatoincreasethespeedandversatilityofthedatabase.The“relational”partofthenamecomesintoplaybecauseofmathmaticalrelations.Atypicalrelationaldatabasehasanywherefrom10tomorethan1,000tables.Eachtablecontainsacolumnorcolumnsthatothertablescankeyontogatherinformationfromthattable.LookatTable6-3thatmatchesthenumberintheCitycolumnoftheabovetablewiththenameofacity.Table6-3CityColumnCity#CityName1Boston2London3NewYork4LosAngelesTextA:WhatRelationalDatabasesAre01Bystoringthisinformationinanothertable,thedatabasecancreateasinglesmalltablewiththelocationsthatcanthenbeusedforavarietyofpurposesbyothertablesinthedatabase.Atypicallargedatabase,liketheoneabigwebsite,suchasAmazonwouldhave,willcontainhundredsorthousandsoftableslikethisallusedtogethertoquicklyfindtheexactinformationneededatanygiventime.Relationaldatabasesarecreatedusingaspecialcomputerlanguage,structuredquerylanguage(SQL).Thatisthestandardfordatabaseinteroperability.SQListhefoundationforallofthepopulardatabaseapplicationsavailabletoday,fromAccesstoOracle.NewWords&Expressionsstapledatabaserelationaldatabaseflat01020304n.主要成分；主题n.数据库关系型数据库adj.平面的；单调的tabdelimitedfilefieldrecordtable05060708行间分隔符为Tab键的文档n.字段n.记录n.表TextA:WhatRelationalDatabasesAre01rowcolumnversatilityuniformitykeystructuredquerylanguage(SQL)interoperability01020304n.行；记录n.列；字段n.多样性n.统一性n.键结构化查询语言n.互用性；协同工作的能力050607TextA:WhatRelationalDatabasesAre01Ⅰ.Fillintheblankswiththerightwords.ExercisesSQLRowscolumns fields records tables information related databaseskeyRelational___________use____________tostoreinformation.Thestandard__________and___________arerepresentedas___________and___________inatable.Atypicalrelationaldatabasehasanywherefrom10tomorethan1,000tables.Eachtablecontainsacolumnorcolumnsthatothertablescan_________ontogather___________fromthattable.Sowecansaythetablesare___________.Relationaldatabasesarecreatedusingaspecialcomputerlanguage__________.Ⅱ.Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.()1.Databaseisanewtechnologythatisusedincomputingbusinessinrecentyears.()2.Arelationaldatabaseallowsyoutoeasilyfindspecificinformation.()3.Theoriginal,flatdatabasesusetablestostoreinformation.()4.Atypicalrelationaldatabasehasanywherefrom1,000tomorethan10,000tables.()5.SQLisusedonlyonAccessandOracle.databasestablesrecordsfieldsRowscolumnskeyInformationrelatedSQLFTFFFTextB:IntroductiontoSQL01WhatisSQLSQLstandsforStructuredQueryLanguageandisadeclarativeprogramminglanguageusedtoaccessandmanipulatedatainRDBMS(RelationalDatabaseManagementSystems).SQLwasdevelopedbyIBMin1970’sfortheirmainframeplatform.Severalyearslater,SQLbecamestandardizedbybothAmericanNationalStandardsInstitute(ANSI-SQL)andInternationalOrganizationforStandardization(ISO-SQL).AccordingtoANSISQLispronounced“esqueueel”,butmanysoftwareanddatabasedeveloperswithbackgroundinMSSQLServerpronounceit“sequel”.WhatisRDBMSARelationalDatabaseManagementSystemisapieceofsoftwareusedtostoreandmanagedataindatabaseobjectscalledtables.Arelationaldatabasetableisatabulardatastructurearrangedincolumnsandrows.Thetablecolumnsalsoknownastablefieldshaveuniquenamesanddifferentattributesdefiningthecolumntype,defaultvalue,indexesandseveralothercolumncharacteristics.Therowsoftherelationaldatabasetablearetheactualdataentries.WhatcanyoudowithSQLSQLqueriesareusedtoretrievedatafromdatabasetables.TheSQLqueriesusetheSELECTSQLkeywordwhichispartoftheDataQueryLanguage(DQL).Ifwehaveatablecalled“Orders”andyouwanttoselectallentrieswheretheordervalueisgreaterthan$100orderedbytheordervalue,youcandoitwiththefollowingSQLSELECTquery.SELECTOrderID,ProductID,CustomerID,OrderDate,OrderValueFROMOrdersWHEREOrderValue>100ORDERBYOrderValue;TextB:IntroductiontoSQL01MostpopularSQLRDBMSThemostpopularRDBMSareMSSQLServerfromMicrosoft,OraclefromOracleCorp.,DB2fromIBM,MySQLfromMySQL,andMSAccessfromMicrosoft.MostcommercialdatabasevendorshavedevelopedtheirproprietarySQLextensionbasedonANSI_x0002_SQLstandard.Forexample,theSQLversionutilizedbyMSSQLServeriscalledTransact_x0002_SQLorsimplyT-SQL.TheOracle’sversioniscalledPL/SQL(shortforProceduralLanguage/SQL),andMSAccessuseJet-SQL.INSERTINTOOrders(ProductID,CustomerID,OrderDate,OrderValue)VALUES(10,108,’12/12/2007’,99.95);TextB:IntroductiontoSQL01TheFROMSQLclausespecifiesfromwhichtable(s)weareretrievingdata.TheWHERESQLclausespecifiessearchcriteria(inourcasetoretrieveonlyrecordswithOrderValuegreaterthan$200).TheORDERBYclausespecifiesthatthereturneddatahastobeorderbytheOrderValuecolumn.TheWHEREandORDERBYclausesareoptional.Youcanmanipulatedatastoredinrelationaldatabasetables,byusingtheINSERT,UPDATEandDELETESQLkeywords.ThesethreeSQLcommandsarepartoftheDataManipulationLanguage(DML).—Toinsertdataintoatablecalled“Orders”youcanuseaSQLstatementsimilartotheonebelow:—Tomodifydatainatableyoucanuseastatementlikethis:UPDATEOrdersSETOrderValue=199.99WHERECustomerID=10ANDOrderDate='12/12/2007';DELETEOrdersWHERECustomerID=10;TextB:IntroductiontoSQL01—Todeletedatafromdatabasetableuseastatementliketheonebelow:Youcancreate,modifyordeletedatabaseobjects(exampleofdatabaseobjectsaredatabasetables,views,storedprocedures,etc.),byusingtheCREATE,ALTERandDROPSQLkeywords.ThesethreeSQLkeywordsarepartoftheDataDefinitionLanguage(DDL).Forexampletocreatetable“Orders”youcanusethefollowingSQLstatement.CREATEOrders(OrderIDINTIDENTITY(1,1)PRIMARYKEY,ProductIDINT,CustomerIDID,OrderDateDATE,OrderValueCurrency)GRANTSELECTONOrdersTOUser1TextB:IntroductiontoSQL01YoucancontroldatabaseobjectsprivilegesbyusingtheGRANTandREVOKEkeywords,partoftheDataControlLanguage(DCL).Forexamples,toallowtheuserwithusername“User1”toselectdatafromtable“Orders”youcanusethefollowingSQLstatement.WhySQLTodayeverysoftwareprofessionalneedsatleastabasicunderstandingofhowSQLworks.IfyouarenewtoSQL,youmightfeeloverwhelmedandconfusedinthebeginning,butasyouprogressyouwilldiscoverhowpowerfulandelegantSQLis.NewWords&Expressions01020304declarativeaccessmanipulateRDBMS(RelationalDatabaseManagementSystems)adj.声明的；申报的；陈述的v.访问v.操作；控制；手持关系型数据库管理系统TextB:IntroductiontoSQL0105060708developerdatastructureindexproprietaryextensionretrievequerycriteriaoptionalcreaten.开发人员数据结构n.索引adj.私有的；专利的n.扩展v.检索；撷取（信息）v.查询n.标准；要求adj.可选的v.创建modifyinsertdeleteprivilegegrantrevokeDataQueryLanguage(DQL)DataManipulationLanguage(DML)DataDefinitionLanguage(DDL)DataControlLanguage(DCL)v.修改v.插入v.删除n.特权；权限v.授予v.取消数据查询语言数据操纵语言数据定义语言数据控制语言09101112131415161718192021222324TextB:IntroductiontoSQL01Ⅰ.Choosetherightanswer.Exercises1.MostcommercialdatabasevendorshavedevelopedtheirproprietarySQLextensionbasedonANSI-SQLstandard.WhatistheonefortheOracle’sversioncalled?A.MySQL B.Jet-SQL C.PL/SQL D.T-SQL2.SQLcanbeusedtoaccessandmanipulatedatain_______.A.SQLServer B.Oracle C.DB2 D.Access E.Alloftheabove3.Ifyouwanttoretrievedatafromdatabasetables,youcanuse_______.A.DCL B.DDL C.DML D.DQL4.Ifyouwanttoallowanusertoselectdatafromatable,youcanusethefollowing_______SQLkeywords.A.grant B.select C.modify D.alter5.Youcandeletedatabaseobjectsbyusing_______SQLkeywords.A.alter B.delete C.drop D.revokeCEDACTextB:IntroductiontoSQL01Ⅱ.Fillintheblankswiththerightwords.Exercisesprivileges DCL DDL DML DQLCREATE DELETE SELECT REVOKE RDBMSSQLisadeclarativeprogramminglanguageusedtoaccessandmanipulatedatain________.TheSQLqueriesusethe________SQLkeywordwhichispartofthe________.Youcanmanipulatedatastoredinrelationaldatabasetables,byusingtheINSERT,UPDATEand________SQLkeywords.ThesethreeSQLcommandsarepartof________.Youcancreate,modifyordeletedatabaseobjectsbyusingthe________,ALTERandDROPSQLkeywords.ThesethreeSQLkeywordsarepartofthe________.Youcancontroldatabaseobjects________byusingtheGRANTand________keywords,partofthe________.RDBMSSELECTDQLDELETEDMLCREATEDDLprivilegesREVOKEDCLTextC:HowDataMiningandDataWarehousingareRelated01Bothdatamininganddatawarehousingarebusinessintelligencetoolsthatareusedtoturninformation(ordata)intoactionableknowledge.Theimportantdistinctionsbetweenthetwotoolsarethemethodsandprocesseseachusestoachievethisgoal.Datamining(Figure6-1)isaprocessofstatisticalanalysis.Analystsusetechnicaltoolstoqueryandsortthroughterabytesofdatalookingforpatterns.Usually,theanalystwilldevelopahypothesis,suchascustomerswhobuyproductXusuallybuyproductYwithinsixmonths.Runningaqueryontherelevantdatatoproveordisprovethistheoryisdatamining.Businessesthenusethisinformationtomakebetterbusinessdecisionsbasedonhowtheyunderstandtheircustomers’andsuppliers’behaviors.Figure6-1DataMiningTextC:HowDataMiningandDataWarehousingareRelated01Datawarehousing(Figure6-2)describestheprocessofdesigninghowthedataisstoredinordertoimprovereportingandanalysis.Datawarehouseexpertsconsiderthatthevariousstoresofdataareconnectedandrelatedtoeachotherconceptuallyaswellasphysically.Abusiness’sdataisusuallystoredacrossanumberofdatabases.However,tobeabletoanalyzethebroadestrangeofdata,eachofthesedatabasesneedstobeconnectedinsomeway.Thismeansthatthedatawithinthemneedawayofbeingrelatedtootherrelevantdataandthatthephysicaldatabasesthemselveshaveaconnectionsotheirdatacanbelookedattogetherforreportingpurposes.Figure6-2ArchitectureofaDataWarehouseTextC:HowDataMiningandDataWarehousingareRelated01Sothecruxoftherelationshipbetweendatamininganddatawarehousingisthatdata,properlywarehoused,iseasiertomine.Ifadataminingqueryhastorunthroughterabytesofdataspreadacrossmultipledatabases,whichsitondifferentphysicalnetworks—thatisnotanefficientqueryandgettingresultswilltakealongtime.However,ifthedatawarehouseexpertdesignsadatastoragesystemthatcloselyconnectsrelevantdataindifferentdatabases,thedataminercannowrunmuchmoremeaningfulandefficientqueriestoimprovethebusiness.NewWords&Expressions010203dataminingdatawarehousingbusinessintelligencetoolstatisticaln.太字节；万亿字节n.假设；前提n.要点；关键04050607terabytehypothesiscrux 数据挖掘数据仓库商业智能工具adj.统计的TextC:HowDataMiningandDataWarehousingareRelated01Ⅰ.Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.Ⅱ.Discussingroupsonthefollowingissues.Exercises()1.Bothdatamininganddatawarehousingarebusinessintelligencetoolsthatareusedtoturndataintoinformation.()2.Dataminingisnotagoodtoolbecauseitisbasedonhypotheses.()3.Datawarehousinganalyzesdatastoredacrossanumberofdatabases.()4.Ifthedatawarehouseexpertdesignsadatastoragesystemthatcloselyconnectsrelevantdataindifferentdatabases,thedataminercanrunmuchmoremeaningfulandefficientqueriestoimprovethebusiness.()5.Thedifferencesbetweendatamininganddatawarehousingarethedatabasesystemseachuses.1.Whatarethedifferencesbetweendatamininganddatawarehousing?2.Howaredatamininganddatawarehousingrelated?TFTTFDialogue:ACustomerDatabaseSection

2ReadingTextA:WhatRelationalDatabasesAreTextB:IntroductiontoSQLTextC:HowDataMiningandDataWarehousingareRelatedOccupationalTips:HowtoWriteaProjectProposalClassActivities:UsingBaiduMaptoSearchforaLocationCONTENTSSection

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4OccupationalTips:HowtoWriteaProjectProposal01Directions:Readthetipsonhowtowriteaprojectproposalandtrytowriteasimpleprojectproposalbyyourself.HowtoWriteaProjectProposalTherecanbetimeswhenyouhavetowriteprojectproposalsfordifferentreasons.Butthesolepurposeofwritingaprojectproposalisconvincingthereaderortheauthoritythattheprojectisviableandcanbecompletedinastipulatedtime.Mostofyoumighthavealreadywrittenaprojectproposalforthesisorresearchduringcollegedays.Thisprocessgenerallyinvolvesanargumentthatyoumustsupportwithproof,clarification,justification,analysis,andfactualdata,etc.Anon-convincingandnon-comprehensiveprojectproposalisgenerallyrejectedasitshowslackofplanningonpartoftheapplicant.Suchpoorprojectproposalsarenotseentrustworthyandpractical.Soitisimportanttodraftagoodprojectproposalforeverytaskathand,maybeabusinessproposal,aresearchproposal,orafundingproposal.Thisarticletellsyouhowtowriteaprojectproposalingeneral.OccupationalTips:HowtoWriteaProjectProposal01ProjectProposalFormatGivenbelowisaprojectproposaltemplatethatnotonlytellsyouhowtowriteaprojectproposalbutalsosharessomeinsightonthegeneralstructureoftheprojectproposal.PrimaryInformation:Youmustprovideareaderwithprimaryinformationabouttheproposalsuchastitleoftheproposal,nameoftheapplicantindividualoracompany,dateofpresentingtheproposal,etc.ProjectOverview/ExecutiveSummary:Executivesummaryincludestheoverallinformationabouttheprojectinbrief.Itshouldnotbemorethan1,000wordsandshouldlooklikeanintroductiontoyourproject.BackgroundInformation:Inthissectionyoumustwritethereasonsbehindtheproject,theneedoftheproject,andthescopeoftheproject,etc.Youmustalsoincludehowyouthoughtofplanningthisproject,etc.ProjectDetails:Hereyoumustpresenttheprojectstatement.Aimsandobjectivesoftheproject,expectedoutcomeoftheproject,andthemeasurablegoalsyouwanttoachievebythisproject.Thishelpsthereadertoidentifytheshorttermandlongtermgoalsinvolvedinyourplanning.Execution:Inthissectionyoumustgiveallthedetailsabouthowyouplantoexecutetheentireproject.Socomprehensiveinformationaboutthemethodsandideasyouareplanningtouseshouldbementionedhere.Youmustalsowriteabouttheavailableresourcesandhowyouwillusethem,etc.OccupationalTips:HowtoWriteaProjectProposal01Forbetterunderstanding,aprojectproposalsampleforfundingisprovidedbelow.Budget:Thisisoneofthemostimportantaspectsofanyprojectproposal.Youmustpresentthedetailsofbudgetallottedtoeachactivityinvolvedintheproject.Abudgetshouldbecategorizedproperlysuchascompensations,salaries,supplies,equipment,etc.Evaluation/Summary:Asthenamesuggestedinthissectionyouaresupposedtosummarizeallthedetailsabouttheproject.Thesummaryshouldalsoreflectyourprofessionalism,planning,readiness,andpassiontowardsaproject.HowtoWriteaProjectProposalforFundingTheaimofprojectproposalforfundingshouldbetoconvinceandinspirethedonortodonatesomethingforthecause.Foryourprojectproposalyoualsohavetobeemotionallyappealingtothedonorapartfrombeingprofessional.Givenbelowisatemplateofprojectproposalforfunding.OccupationalTips:HowtoWriteaProjectProposal01PrimaryInformationTitle:FundraisingProposalforOrphanageNameoftheOrganization:Mary’sKidsOrphanage,California.ExecutiveSummary:Inthissectionabriefintroductionabouttheorganizationshouldbegiven.Forexample,whentheorganizationwasstarted,themissionandvisionstatementoftheorganization,andbriefintroductiontotheproject,etc.Forexample,youareplanningathreedayeducationtourforchildrenintheorphanagebutdonothavetheresources.BackgroundInformation:Inthissectionyoumustmentioninformationabouthowyourprogramisgoingtobebeneficialforthekids.Forexample,aneducationaltourwouldbeaconstructiverecreationforthekidsanditwillexposethemtonewscientificthingsintheworld.Itwilladdtotheirknowledgeandhelpinacademicsaswell,etc.ProjectDetails:Hereyoumustgiveallthedetailsofthetripthatyouareorganizing.Forexample,thevenue,howfarisit,howmanychildrenaregoing,theirfoodandlodgingarrangements,etc.Execution:Hereyoumustmentionabouthowmanypeoplearegoingtomonitortheentiretrip,howmanypersonnelareappointed,theirdutiesandresponsibilities,etc.Budget:Inthissectionyoumustpresenttheentirebudgetforthetripandshouldcategorizeitintravelexpenses,lodgingexpenses,foodexpenses,etc.Onceyoupresentthebudgetyoumustalsomentionhowmuchcontributionyoucanmakeandhowmuchyouexpectfromthedonor.OccupationalTips:HowtoWriteaProjectProposal01Inshort,aproposalshouldincludewhoisplanningtheproject,wheretheprojectistakingplace,whattheprojectisallabout,whyyouareplanningtheproject,whatpurposeitwillserve,whentheprojectwillbecompleted,howyouareplanningtocompletetheproject,etc.Aprojectproposalislikeablueprintoftheproject.Help:Sinceitisaprojectproposalforfundingyoumustrequestforthenecessaryfunds.Youmayaskforthecashorhelpinotherform,suchaspersonnelorfreelodgingarrangements,etc.Evaluation:Againyouneedtosummarizethewholetripactivityandhowi