急性上呼吸道感染(英文)课件

Acuteupperrespiratorytractinfection(English)目录CONTENCTDefinitionandOverviewofAcuteUpperRespiratoryTractInfectionDiagnosisanddifferentialdiagnosisofacuteupperrespiratorytractinfectionTreatmentandpreventionofacuteupperrespiratorytractinfections目录CONTENCTComplicationsandprognosisofacuteupperrespiratorytractinfectionNursingandrehabilitationofacuteupperrespiratorytractinfectionCaseanalysisofacuteupperrespiratorytractinfection01DefinitionandOverviewofAcuteUpperRespiratoryTractInfectiondefinitionAcuteUpperRespiratoryTractInfection(AURTI):AURTIisarapidlydevelopinginflammationoftheupperrespiratorytract,includingthenose,throat,sinuses,andpharynx.Itisusuallycausedbyvirusesbutcanalsobetriggeredbybacteria.VirusesBacteriaetiologyThemostcommonvirusesresponsibleforAURTIincludetherhinovirus,coronavirus,influenzavirus,andadenovirus.Thesevirusestypicallyspreadthroughcontactwithrespiratorysecretionsfromaninfectedperson,eitherthroughdirectcontactorthroughairbornedroplets.Whilelesscommon,somebacteriacanalsocauseAURTI.Thesebacteriaareusuallyopportunisticandtendtoinfectindividualswithweakenedimmunesystems.clinicalmanifestationSymptoms:CommonsymptomsofAURTIincludenasalcongestion,rhinorrhea(runnynose),sneezing,sorethroat,cough,andsometimesfeverandmalaise.Thesymptomsusuallydeveloprapidlyandreachtheirpeakwithinthefirstweek.Complications:ComplicationsofAURTIcanincludeotitismedia(middleearinfection),sinusitis(sinusinfection),andpharyngitis(sorethroat).Inseverecases,AURTIcanleadtopneumoniaorotherseriousrespiratoryinfections.Diagnosis:ThediagnosisofAURTIistypicallybasedonthepatient'ssymptomsandaphysicalexamination.Labtestscanbeusedtoidentifythespecificvirusorbacteriacausingtheinfectionbutarenotalwaysnecessary.Treatment:MostcasesofAURTIcanbetreatedathomewithrest,plentyoffluids,andover-the-counterpainrelieversanddecongestants.Ifsymptomspersistorworsen,medicalattentionshouldbesoughtpromptly.02DiagnosisanddifferentialdiagnosisofacuteupperrespiratorytractinfectionTemperatureabove37.5°C(100°F)orhigher.diagnosticcriteriaFeverDry,hackingcoughthatmaybesevere.CoughThroatmaybered,swollen,andpainful.SorethroatNasalcongestion,runnynose,orpostnasaldrip.NasalsymptomsExtremetirednessandweakness.FatigueMaybesevere,ofteninthebackoftheheadorbehindtheeyes.HeadachedifferentialdiagnosisCommoncoldMildsymptoms,usuallyself-limiting.SinusitisProlongedsymptoms,oftenassociatedwithfacialpainortenderness.AsthmaWheezing,shortnessofbreath,andchesttightness.BronchitisCoughwithphlegmproduction,chesttightnessorpain.InfluenzaSuddenonsetoffever,bodyaches,andfatigue,oftenwithadrycough.Examinationofthethroat,ears,andnosetoassessforsignsofinfection.PhysicalexaminationAswabistakenfromthethroattotestforthepresenceofvirusesorbacteria.ThroatswabArapidtesttodetectinfluenzaviruses.RapidflutestBloodtestsorculturesmaybeorderedtoconfirmthediagnosisandidentifythespecificcauseoftheinfection.LabtestsInspectionmethod03TreatmentandpreventionofacuteupperrespiratorytractinfectionsRestandrelaxationHydrationNutritionItisimportantforthepatienttorestandrelaxtoreducethestressonthebodyandspeeduprecovery.Drinkingplentyoffluidstopreventdehydrationandmaintaingoodhydrationstatus.Eatingabalanceddietrichinvitaminsandmineralstosupporttheimmunesystem.GeneraltreatmentPainreliefFevercontrolDecongestantsSymptomatictreatmentIfthepatienthasafever,takingappropriatemeasurestolowerthefever,suchasusingacoolcompressortakingacetaminophen.Fornasalcongestion,decongestantscanbeusedtoreducenasalswellingandimprovebreathing.Forpainordiscomfort,over-the-counterpainrelieverssuchasacetaminophenoribuprofencanbeused.Antibioticsarenotusuallyneededforacuteupperrespiratorytractinfectionsbecausetheyarecausedbyviruses.However,ifasecondarybacterialinfectionoccurs,antibioticsmaybeprescribedbyadoctor.Antibioticsshouldonlybeusedwhenprescribedbyadoctorandshouldbetakenexactlyasprescribed,includingthecorrectdosageandduration.AntibiotictherapyHandwashingRegularhandwashingwithsoapandwaterorusinganalcohol-basedhandsanitizercanhelpreducethespreadofgerms.RespiratoryhygieneCoveringthemouthandnosewhencoughingorsneezingcanhelpreducethespreadofgerms.AvoidingclosecontactwithpeoplewhoaresickStayingawayfrompeoplewhoaresickorinclosecontactwiththemcanhelpreducetheriskofgettingsick.Preventivemeasure04ComplicationsandprognosisofacuteupperrespiratorytractinfectionPneumoniaOtitisMediaSinusitisPharyngitisComplicationsInfectionofthelungs,oftencausedbythespreadoftheoriginalupperrespiratoryinfection.Symptomsincludefever,cough,anddifficultybreathing.Infectionofthemiddleear,oftenduetofluidbuildupresultingfromupperrespiratoryinfections.Symptomsincludeearpain,fever,andeardischarge.Infectionofthesinuses,causedbythespreadofbacteriaorvirusesfromtheupperrespiratorytract.Symptomsincludefacialpain,nasalcongestion,anddischarge.Inflammationofthepharynx,oftencausedbyvirusesorbacteria.Symptomsincludesorethroat,fever,anddifficultyswallowing.Typicallyresolvein1-2weekswithappropriatetreatmentandrest.MildCasesMayrequirehospitalizationandtreatmentwithantibiotics.Recoveryperiodmaybelongerandassociatedwithsignificantmorbidity.SevereCasesDevelopmentofcomplicationssuchaspneumonia,otitismedia,orsinusitiscanprolongrecoveryandincreasetheriskofchronichealthissues.ComplicationsVaccinationcanhelpreducetheriskofcontractingsometypesofacuteupperrespiratoryinfectionsandtheirassociatedcomplications.PreventionPrognosis05NursingandrehabilitationofacuteupperrespiratorytractinfectionNursingpointsEncouragethepatienttorestandsleep充足，andprovideaquietandcomfortableenvironmenttofacilitaterecovery.PromoterestandsleepRegularlycheckthepatient'stemperature,heartrate,respiratoryrate,andbloodpressuretoassesstheseverityoftheinfectionandresponsetotreatment.MonitorvitalsignsMonitorthepatientforsymptomssuchascough,sorethroat,nasalcongestion,anddifficultybreathing,andprovideappropriatecomfortmeasures.AssesssymptomsInstructinself-careEducatethepatientonhowtomanagetheirsymptomsathome,includingpropercoughingtechniques,nasalhygiene,andavoidanceofexposuretosmokeandirritants.ProvideemotionalsupportAssessthepatient'semotionalstateandprovideemotionalsupporttohelpthemcopewiththeirillness.NursingpointsRehabilitationguidanceExerciserehabilitation:Oncetheacutesymptomshaveresolved,encouragethep