版权说明:本文档由用户提供并上传,收益归属内容提供方,若内容存在侵权,请进行举报或认领
文档简介
OrganicChemistryIntroductiontoorganicchemistry(Chapter14)Hydrocarbons(Chapter15)Halogenoalkanes(Chapter16)Alcohols,estersandcarboxylicacid(Chapter17)Carbonylcompounds(Chapter18)YCICASOrganicChemistry课前预习认真听讲〔做好笔记,每人一个笔记本!〕认真独立的完成每一次作业〔勤翻课本和笔记〕做完课后章节的总练习及Questions!适当的做些真题进行强化!几点要求:YCICASOrganicChemistryChapter14Introduction
toorganicchemistryI.RepresentingorganicmoleculesII.Functionalgroup(官能团〕III.NamingorganiccompoundIV.BondinginorganicmoleculeV.Isomerism异构体VI.Organicreactions-mechanism有机化学反响机理VII、TypesoforganicreactionsYCICASOrganicChemistryI.Representingorganicmolecules1.Empiricalformula〔经验式〕Definition:theformulathattellsusthesimplestwholenumberratioofthedifferenttypesofatomspresentinonemolecule.e.gethaneempiricalformula:CH3Exercise:1.C3H62.C2H6O23.C4H8O4CH2CH3OCH2O2.Molecularformula〔分子式〕
Definition:theformulathattellsustheactualnumbersofeachtypeofatominamolecule.e.gethanemolecularformula:C2H6Exercise:1.propane2.ethanoicacid3.butanolC3H8C2H4O2C4H10Oa.TypesofformulaeYCICASOrganicChemistry3.Structuralformula(结构式〕Denefition:theformulathattellusabouttheatomsbondedtoeachcarbonatominanorganicmolecule.e.gethene(C2H4)CH2=CH2
propene(C3H6)CH2=CHCH3CH2=HCCH3
ethanol(C2H6O)CH3CH2OH
4.Displayedformula〔展开式〕Definition:adrawingofamoleculethatshowsalltheatomsandbondswithinthemolecule.e.gpropene(C3H6)displayedformulaethanol(C2H6O)Exercise:Question2YCICASOrganicChemistry6.3D(three-dimensional)displayedformulagivesthebestrepresentationoftheshapeofamolecule.e.gmethane5.skeletalformula〔键线式〕showsthecarbonskeleton(骨架〕only,hydrogenatomesareomitted〔省略〕,otheratomsthatarenotcarbonorhydrogen,andtheirbonds,areincludedintheskeletalformula.e.gpropene(C3H6)butan-2-olOHwedgedlines=bondstickingout;dottedline=bondstickinginto;Anormallineindicatesabondontheplaneofthepaper.Exercise:
Question3YCICASOrganicChemistrynameoffunctionalgroupstructureoffunctionalgroupnamesofexamplesstructuralformulaoftheexamplealkene(烯烃)C=Cethenearene(芳香烃)
benzenehalogenoalkane(氯代烷烃)-X,whereX=F、Cl、Br、IchloromethaneCH3Clalcohol醇-OHmethanolCH3OHaldehyde醛ethanalCH3CHOketone酮propanoneCH3COCH3Carboxylicacid羧酸ethanoicCH3COOHester酯ethylethanoateCH3CO2CH2CH3amine胺-NH2methylamineCH3NH2nitrile腈ethanenitrileCH3CNII.Functionalgroup(官能团〕YCICASOrganicChemistryIII.NamingorganiccompoundThelongeststraightchainonthemoleculeisindicatedbyoneofthefollowingprefixes:
Numberofcarbonatomsinthechainstem-(Prefix)前缀1Meth-2Eth-3Prop-4But-5Pent-6Hex-7hept-8oct-9non-10dec-YCICASOrganicChemistry1.alkane
(stem+ane)烷烃的命名口诀:选主链〔最长、最多支链的碳链〕,称某烷。编碳位〔最近、最简、最小〕,定支链。取代基,写在前,注位置,短支链。不同基,取代基首字母在前的先写,相同基,合并算。2-methylbutane2,2-dimethylpropane3-ethyl-2-methylpentanealkylgroup〔烷基〕CH3-methyl〔甲基〕CH3CH2-ethyl〔乙基〕CH3CH2CH2-propyl(丙基〕给以下烷烃命名:2,4-dimethylpentane4-ethyl-2-methylheptane3,5-dimethylheptaneYCICASOrganicChemistry2.alkene
stem+位次+enebut-2-enebut-1-ene2-methylbut-1-ene注:只有一种位次时,位次省略。YCICASOrganicChemistry3poundscontainaringofcarbonatomscyclohexanecyclopentanecyclopentene4.halogenoalkane2-chloro-2-methylpropane1-chloropropanefluorine
→
fluorochlorine→
chlorobromine→bromoiodine→
iodoYCICASOrganicChemistry5.aliphatic〔脂肪族的,无环的〕alcoholsandketones(arenamedinasimilarwaytoalkene)CH3CH2CH2OHpropan-1-olpropan-2-olCH3CH2COCH2CH3pentan-3-one6.aliphatic(无环的〕aldehydeandcarboxylicacid(arenamedinasimilarwaytoalkene)HCHOmethanal2-methylbutanal3,4-dimethylpentanoicacidbutanoicacidYCICASOrganicChemistry7.Amine胺8.nitrile腈CH3NH2methylamineCH3CH2NH2ethylaminedimethylamineethanenitrileCH3CH2CNCH3CNpropanenitrileYCICASOrganicChemistry9.Arene〔芳烃〕10.estermethylbenzenemethylmethanoate
ORCH3CH2CO2CH2CH3CH3OOCHethylpropanoate1,2-dimethylbenzene酯基CH3CH2COOCH2CH3propanenitrilepropanal2,2-dimethylpentanepropylaminepropanoicacidpropylethanoateCH3CH(OH)CH3Propan-2-olCH3CH2COCH2CH3Pentan-3-one几种物质的命名P236Q1YCICASOrganicChemistryIV.Bondinginorganicmolecule
Sigmabonds(σ)andPibonds(π)1.σbondσbondsareformedbythelinearoverlapofatomicorbitals.σ键是原子轨道“头碰头”重叠形成。σbondsaresymmetricalaboutalinejointingthenuclei(原子核,nucleus的复数形式〕oftheatomsformingthebond.σbondscanrotatefreely.YCICASOrganicChemistry2.πbondπbondsareformedbysidewaysoverlapofporbitals.原子轨道“肩并肩”重叠。πbondsarenotsymmetricalaboutalinejointingthenucleioftheatomsformingthebond.πbondrestricts(约束,限制〕rotation.πbondisoftendrawnastwoelectronclouds.answer:BYCICASOrganicChemistry3.Theshapes〔构型〕ofsomeorganicmolecules
(ethaneandethene)Ethane
allbondsareσbonds;theshapearoundeachcarbonatomistetrahedral;bondangle:109.5〬carboninalkaneissp3hybridization(杂化〕.YCICASOrganicChemistryEthenecontainsσbondandπbond;thebondangleH-C-His117.5〬,thebondangleH-C-Cis121〬;thecarboninetheneissp2hybridization(杂化);etheneisplanarshape.π
bonds
σbond117.5〬121〬YCICASOrganicChemistry
V.Isomerism
(contains
structural
isomerism
and
stereoisomerism(立体异构).1.Structuralisomerism〔结构异构〕Definition:Compoundshavethesamemolecularformulabutdifferentstructuralformula.Threetypes:a.chainisomerismb.functionalgroupisomerismc.positionisomerism
a.chainisomerism:
C4H10
C5H12b.Functionalgroupisomerisme.g1
carbonylcompoundC3H6O
CH3CH2CHO
CH3COCH3c.
Position
isomerisme.g1.
alcohol
C3H7OHCH3CH2CH2OHCH3CH(OH)CH3Howmanystructuralisomersarethereofchlorobutane,C4H9Cl?answer:4C4H10O(alcohol)所有的structuralisomerism〔结构异构体〕Answer:CYCICASOrganicChemistry2.Stereoisomerism〔立体异构体〕Denifition:Compoundshavethesamestructuralformulabutwithdifferentarrangementsoftheatomsinspace.Twotypes:cis-transisomerism〔顺反异构体〕opticalisomerism〔光学异构体〕
i).conditionsforcis-transisomerismrestrictedrotationabouttheC=Cdoublebond.twodifferentgroupsoratomsbondedtoeachcarboninvolvingtheC=Cdoublebond.
Ifanalkylgrouporatomotherthanhydrogenisattachedtoeachcarbonthentheisomerscanbenamedeither
cis(‘onthesameside’)ortrans(‘ontheoppositeside’).cis-but-2-enetrans-but-2-enecis-1,2-dichloroethenetrans-1,2-dichloroethenee.g1e.g2下面哪一个分子不存在顺反异构体cis-trans
isomers?
Answer:BOpticalisomerism〔Anotherformofstereoisomerism〕opticalisomersofthe
aminoacidalanineChiralcentre:Acarbonatombondedtofourdifferentatomsorgroupsofatoms.e.g:Ifamoleculecontainsacarbonatomthatisbondedtofourdifferentatomsorgroupsofatoms,thenitcanformtwoopticalisomers.YCICASOrganicChemistryopticalisomerisme.g:CHBrCl(OH)CH3CHBr(OH)Answer:1,2,3Answer:DAnswer:DAnswer:DVIorganicreactions-mechanism有机化学反响机理a.twotypesofbondbreaking:homolyticfission〔均裂〕heterolyticfission〔异裂〕
i.Homolyticfission:Denefition:Whenacovalentbondbreaks,thetwoelectronsinthebondaresharedbetweenthetwoatoms.arefreeradicals(自由基).andAllfreeradicalshaveanunpairedelectron.ii、HeterolyticfissionHeterolyticfission:Whenacovalentbondbreaks,themoreelectronegativeatomtakesboththeelectronsinthecovalentbond.Electronegativity(电负性〕:theabilityofanatomtoattractthebondingelectronsinacovalnetbond.ElectronegativityincreasesacrossaperiodfromGroup1toGroup17;(同一个周期,从第一主族到第十七主族,电负性越来越强;)Electronegativityincreasesupeachgroup;(同一个主族,从上到下,电负性越来越弱;)curlyarrowshowsthemovementofapairofelectrons.Cation阳离子:anegativelychargedion;Anion阴离子:apositivelychargedions;Alkylioniscalledacarbocation(碳正离子〕.e.g.CH3+、CH3CH2+Duetotheinductiveeffectofalkylgroup,
themorealkylgroupsadjacenttothepositivelychargedcarbonatom,themorestablethecarbocation.Carbocationisanexampleofaspeciescalledanelectrophile.Anelectrophileisanacceptorofapairofelectrons.A
温馨提示
- 1. 本站所有资源如无特殊说明,都需要本地电脑安装OFFICE2007和PDF阅读器。图纸软件为CAD,CAXA,PROE,UG,SolidWorks等.压缩文件请下载最新的WinRAR软件解压。
- 2. 本站的文档不包含任何第三方提供的附件图纸等,如果需要附件,请联系上传者。文件的所有权益归上传用户所有。
- 3. 本站RAR压缩包中若带图纸,网页内容里面会有图纸预览,若没有图纸预览就没有图纸。
- 4. 未经权益所有人同意不得将文件中的内容挪作商业或盈利用途。
- 5. 人人文库网仅提供信息存储空间,仅对用户上传内容的表现方式做保护处理,对用户上传分享的文档内容本身不做任何修改或编辑,并不能对任何下载内容负责。
- 6. 下载文件中如有侵权或不适当内容,请与我们联系,我们立即纠正。
- 7. 本站不保证下载资源的准确性、安全性和完整性, 同时也不承担用户因使用这些下载资源对自己和他人造成任何形式的伤害或损失。
最新文档
- 中国古典风乡愁语文教学课件说明乡愁
- 航空快递限时配送服务合同
- 烹饪教室装修材料购买模板
- 航天器材安全运输协议
- 法律行业人才猎头服务协议
- 旅游服务居间合同委托书
- 跨国公司办公区装修合同
- 纺织原料运输车租赁协议
- 2024年燃气掺混设备合作协议书
- 鱼尾零食市场调查问卷
- “建设五型政府打造最优环境”专题调研活动方案
- 2025届四川省新高考八省适应性联考模拟演练政治试卷(含答案)
- 中国民用航空局信息中心招聘笔试题库2024
- 提高医疗废物处置规范率的品管圈
- 黄埔区八年级上学期1月期末考试语文试卷
- 《初心与使命-时代的美术担当》参考课件3
- 3.2 代数式的值第2课时(课件)-2024-2025学年七年级数学上册(人教版2024)
- 醒脾开胃颗粒产业发展研究
- 2.2生命活动的主要承担者-蛋白质(公开课)
- 2024年民族团结知识竞赛题库(含答案)
- 人教版部编历史八年级上册《第10课 中华民国的创建》教学设计1
评论
0/150
提交评论