IG补课用Chapter-14-organic-chemistry(完整版课件)

OrganicChemistryIntroductiontoorganicchemistry(Chapter14)Hydrocarbons(Chapter15)Halogenoalkanes(Chapter16)Alcohols,estersandcarboxylicacid(Chapter17)Carbonylcompounds(Chapter18)YCICASOrganicChemistry课前预习认真听讲〔做好笔记，每人一个笔记本！〕认真独立的完成每一次作业〔勤翻课本和笔记〕做完课后章节的总练习及Questions!适当的做些真题进行强化！几点要求：YCICASOrganicChemistryChapter14Introduction

toorganicchemistryI.RepresentingorganicmoleculesII.Functionalgroup(官能团〕III.NamingorganiccompoundIV.BondinginorganicmoleculeV.Isomerism异构体VI.Organicreactions-mechanism有机化学反响机理VII、TypesoforganicreactionsYCICASOrganicChemistryI.Representingorganicmolecules1.Empiricalformula〔经验式〕Definition:theformulathattellsusthesimplestwholenumberratioofthedifferenttypesofatomspresentinonemolecule.e.gethaneempiricalformula:CH3Exercise：1.C3H62.C2H6O23.C4H8O4CH2CH3OCH2O2.Molecularformula〔分子式〕

Definition:theformulathattellsustheactualnumbersofeachtypeofatominamolecule.e.gethanemolecularformula:C2H6Exercise：1.propane2.ethanoicacid3.butanolC3H8C2H4O2C4H10Oa.TypesofformulaeYCICASOrganicChemistry3.Structuralformula(结构式〕Denefition:theformulathattellusabouttheatomsbondedtoeachcarbonatominanorganicmolecule.e.gethene(C2H4)CH2=CH2

propene(C3H6)CH2=CHCH3CH2=HCCH3

ethanol(C2H6O)CH3CH2OH

4.Displayedformula〔展开式〕Definition:adrawingofamoleculethatshowsalltheatomsandbondswithinthemolecule.e.gpropene(C3H6)displayedformulaethanol(C2H6O)Exercise：Question2YCICASOrganicChemistry6.3D(three-dimensional)displayedformulagivesthebestrepresentationoftheshapeofamolecule.e.gmethane5.skeletalformula〔键线式〕showsthecarbonskeleton(骨架〕only,hydrogenatomesareomitted〔省略〕,otheratomsthatarenotcarbonorhydrogen,andtheirbonds,areincludedintheskeletalformula.e.gpropene(C3H6)butan-2-olOHwedgedlines=bondstickingout;dottedline=bondstickinginto；Anormallineindicatesabondontheplaneofthepaper.Exercise:

Question3YCICASOrganicChemistrynameoffunctionalgroupstructureoffunctionalgroupnamesofexamplesstructuralformulaoftheexamplealkene(烯烃）C=Cethenearene（芳香烃）

benzenehalogenoalkane（氯代烷烃）-X,whereX=F、Cl、Br、IchloromethaneCH3Clalcohol醇-OHmethanolCH3OHaldehyde醛ethanalCH3CHOketone酮propanoneCH3COCH3Carboxylicacid羧酸ethanoicCH3COOHester酯ethylethanoateCH3CO2CH2CH3amine胺-NH2methylamineCH3NH2nitrile腈ethanenitrileCH3CNII.Functionalgroup(官能团〕YCICASOrganicChemistryIII.NamingorganiccompoundThelongeststraightchainonthemoleculeisindicatedbyoneofthefollowingprefixes:

Numberofcarbonatomsinthechainstem-(Prefix)前缀1Meth-2Eth-3Prop-4But-5Pent-6Hex-7hept-8oct-9non-10dec-YCICASOrganicChemistry1.alkane

(stem+ane)烷烃的命名口诀：选主链〔最长、最多支链的碳链〕，称某烷。编碳位〔最近、最简、最小〕，定支链。取代基，写在前，注位置，短支链。不同基，取代基首字母在前的先写，相同基，合并算。2-methylbutane2,2-dimethylpropane3-ethyl-2-methylpentanealkylgroup〔烷基〕CH3-methyl〔甲基〕CH3CH2-ethyl〔乙基〕CH3CH2CH2-propyl(丙基〕给以下烷烃命名：2,4-dimethylpentane4-ethyl-2-methylheptane3,5-dimethylheptaneYCICASOrganicChemistry2.alkene

stem+位次+enebut-2-enebut-1-ene2-methylbut-1-ene注：只有一种位次时，位次省略。YCICASOrganicChemistry3poundscontainaringofcarbonatomscyclohexanecyclopentanecyclopentene4.halogenoalkane2-chloro-2-methylpropane1-chloropropanefluorine

→

fluorochlorine→

chlorobromine→bromoiodine→

iodoYCICASOrganicChemistry5.aliphatic〔脂肪族的，无环的〕alcoholsandketones(arenamedinasimilarwaytoalkene)CH3CH2CH2OHpropan-1-olpropan-2-olCH3CH2COCH2CH3pentan-3-one6.aliphatic(无环的〕aldehydeandcarboxylicacid(arenamedinasimilarwaytoalkene)HCHOmethanal2-methylbutanal3,4-dimethylpentanoicacidbutanoicacidYCICASOrganicChemistry7.Amine胺8.nitrile腈CH3NH2methylamineCH3CH2NH2ethylaminedimethylamineethanenitrileCH3CH2CNCH3CNpropanenitrileYCICASOrganicChemistry9.Arene〔芳烃〕10.estermethylbenzenemethylmethanoate

ORCH3CH2CO2CH2CH3CH3OOCHethylpropanoate1,2-dimethylbenzene酯基CH3CH2COOCH2CH3propanenitrilepropanal2,2-dimethylpentanepropylaminepropanoicacidpropylethanoateCH3CH(OH)CH3Propan-2-olCH3CH2COCH2CH3Pentan-3-one几种物质的命名P236Q1YCICASOrganicChemistryIV.Bondinginorganicmolecule

Sigmabonds(σ)andPibonds(π)1.σbondσbondsareformedbythelinearoverlapofatomicorbitals.σ键是原子轨道“头碰头”重叠形成。σbondsaresymmetricalaboutalinejointingthenuclei(原子核，nucleus的复数形式〕oftheatomsformingthebond.σbondscanrotatefreely.YCICASOrganicChemistry2.πbondπbondsareformedbysidewaysoverlapofporbitals.原子轨道“肩并肩”重叠。πbondsarenotsymmetricalaboutalinejointingthenucleioftheatomsformingthebond.πbondrestricts(约束，限制〕rotation.πbondisoftendrawnastwoelectronclouds.answer:BYCICASOrganicChemistry3.Theshapes〔构型〕ofsomeorganicmolecules

(ethaneandethene)Ethane

allbondsareσbonds;theshapearoundeachcarbonatomistetrahedral;bondangle:109.5〬carboninalkaneissp3hybridization(杂化〕.YCICASOrganicChemistryEthenecontainsσbondandπbond;thebondangleH-C-His117.5〬,thebondangleH-C-Cis121〬;thecarboninetheneissp2hybridization（杂化）;etheneisplanarshape.π

bonds

σbond117.5〬121〬YCICASOrganicChemistry

V.Isomerism

(contains

structural

isomerism

and

stereoisomerism(立体异构).1.Structuralisomerism〔结构异构〕Definition：Compoundshavethesamemolecularformulabutdifferentstructuralformula.Threetypes:a.chainisomerismb.functionalgroupisomerismc.positionisomerism

a.chainisomerism:

C4H10

C5H12b.Functionalgroupisomerisme.g1

carbonylcompoundC3H6O

CH3CH2CHO

CH3COCH3c.

Position

isomerisme.g1.

alcohol

C3H7OHCH3CH2CH2OHCH3CH(OH)CH3Howmanystructuralisomersarethereofchlorobutane,C4H9Cl?answer:4C4H10O(alcohol)所有的structuralisomerism〔结构异构体〕Answer:CYCICASOrganicChemistry2.Stereoisomerism〔立体异构体〕Denifition:Compoundshavethesamestructuralformulabutwithdifferentarrangementsoftheatomsinspace.Twotypes:cis-transisomerism〔顺反异构体〕opticalisomerism〔光学异构体〕

i).conditionsforcis-transisomerismrestrictedrotationabouttheC=Cdoublebond.twodifferentgroupsoratomsbondedtoeachcarboninvolvingtheC=Cdoublebond.

Ifanalkylgrouporatomotherthanhydrogenisattachedtoeachcarbonthentheisomerscanbenamedeither

cis(‘onthesameside’)ortrans(‘ontheoppositeside’).cis-but-2-enetrans-but-2-enecis-1,2-dichloroethenetrans-1,2-dichloroethenee.g1e.g2下面哪一个分子不存在顺反异构体cis-trans

isomers?

Answer:BOpticalisomerism〔Anotherformofstereoisomerism〕opticalisomersofthe

aminoacidalanineChiralcentre:Acarbonatombondedtofourdifferentatomsorgroupsofatoms.e.g:Ifamoleculecontainsacarbonatomthatisbondedtofourdifferentatomsorgroupsofatoms,thenitcanformtwoopticalisomers.YCICASOrganicChemistryopticalisomerisme.g:CHBrCl(OH)CH3CHBr(OH)Answer:1,2,3Answer:DAnswer:DAnswer:DVIorganicreactions-mechanism有机化学反响机理a.twotypesofbondbreaking:homolyticfission〔均裂〕heterolyticfission〔异裂〕

i.Homolyticfission:Denefition:Whenacovalentbondbreaks,thetwoelectronsinthebondaresharedbetweenthetwoatoms.arefreeradicals（自由基）.andAllfreeradicalshaveanunpairedelectron.ii、HeterolyticfissionHeterolyticfission:Whenacovalentbondbreaks,themoreelectronegativeatomtakesboththeelectronsinthecovalentbond.Electronegativity(电负性〕:theabilityofanatomtoattractthebondingelectronsinacovalnetbond.ElectronegativityincreasesacrossaperiodfromGroup1toGroup17;(同一个周期，从第一主族到第十七主族，电负性越来越强；)Electronegativityincreasesupeachgroup;(同一个主族，从上到下，电负性越来越弱；)curlyarrowshowsthemovementofapairofelectrons.Cation阳离子:anegativelychargedion;Anion阴离子:apositivelychargedions;Alkylioniscalledacarbocation(碳正离子〕.e.g.CH3+、CH3CH2+Duetotheinductiveeffectofalkylgroup,

themorealkylgroupsadjacenttothepositivelychargedcarbonatom,themorestablethecarbocation.Carbocationisanexampleofaspeciescalledanelectrophile.Anelectrophileisanacceptorofapairofelectrons.A