中考英语语法重要考点归纳与灵活运用

中考英语语法重要考点归纳与灵活运用汇报人：XX2024-02-06考点一：时态与语态考点二：名词与冠词TestPoint3:PronounsandAdjectiveObjectPronounsTestpointfour:prepositionsandconjunctionsTestPoint5:VerbsandVerbPhrasesTestpointsix:Sentencetypesandstructurecontents目录TestPoint7:ConversionofDirectandIndirectSpeechTestPoint8:ClozeTestTechniquesTestpoint9:Readingcomprehensionproblem-solvingstrategiesTestpointten:Improvingwrittenexpressionskillscontents目录01考点一：时态与语态表示经常性或习惯性的动作或存在的状态动词形式：第三人称单数作主语时，谓语动词要用第三人称单数形式（动词+-s/-es）常与表示频率的时间状语连用，如always,usually,often,sometimes,never等否定句和疑问句的形成：借助助动词do/does一般现在时表示过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态常与表示过去的时间状语连用，如yesterday,lastnight,ago,in1990等动词形式：动词的过去式，分为规则变化和不规则变化否定句和疑问句的形成：借助助动词did01020304一般过去时表示将来某个时间里发生的动作或状态动词形式：will+动词原形；或begoingto+动词原形一般将来时常与表示将来的时间状语连用，如tomorrow,nextweek,inthefuture等否定句和疑问句的形成：在will或be上加上not构成否定句；将will或be提到句首构成疑问句010204现在进行时表示此时此刻或现阶段正在进行的动作常与表示现在的时间状语连用，如now,atthemoment,thesedays等动词形式：be（am/is/are）+动词-ing形式否定句和疑问句的形成：在be上加上not构成否定句；将be提到句首构成疑问句0301表示过去某个时刻或某段时间正在进行的动作02常与表示过去的时间状语连用，并常有另一动作与之对比，如when,while等引导的从句03动词形式：was/were+动词-ing形式04否定句和疑问句的形成：在was/were上加上not构成否定句；将was/were提到句首构成疑问句过去进行时语态：被动语态结构：be（根据时态不同而变化）+过去分词否定句和疑问句的形成：在be上加上not构成否定句；将be提到句首构成疑问句表示主语是动作的承受者，动作不是由主语而是由其他人或物完成的常用于科技文章或新闻报道中，以避免提及动作的执行者或使句子更加客观02考点二：名词与冠词123如一般情况下加-s，以s、x、ch、sh结尾的加-es等。规则变化如man-men，woman-women，child-children等。不规则变化通常将主要名词变为复数，如apasser-by-passers-by。复合名词的复数形式nounplural0102Thecollocationofuncountablenounsandquantifiers一些常见的不可数名词与量词的搭配需要记忆，如advice，information等。不可数名词前常用量词表示数量，如apieceofpaper，acupoftea等。不定冠词a/an用于泛指一类人或事物中的任何一个。定冠词the用于特指某人或某事物，或用于世界上独一无二的事物前。冠词的一些特殊用法，如用于序数词、形容词最高级前等。Usageofarticlea/an/the抽象名词、物质名词和专有名词前一般不加冠词。进行球类运动和棋牌类活动时，不加冠词。季节、月份、星期、节日、一日三餐前一般不加冠词。表示职位、身份、头衔的名词前不加冠词。Summaryofzeroarticlesituations名词的所有格表示所属关系，有's所有格、of所有格和双重所有格三种形式。of所有格的构成方法是用of短语表示无生命东西的所有关系，如thewindowsoftheroom等。双重所有格是由's所有格和of短语共同构成的，如afriendofmyfather's等。's所有格的构成方法是在名词后加's或仅加'，如theboy'sbook，women'srights等。Possessivecaseofnouns03TestPoint3:PronounsandAdjectiveObjectPronounsNominativecasePersonalpronounsareusedassubjectsinsentences.Forexample,"Iamastudent,""Heistall,"and"Theyarehappy."ObjectivecasePersonalpronounsareusedasobjectsinsentences.Forexample,"Marysawme,""Theteacherhelpedthem,"and"Welikeher."CorrectusageinsentencesItisimportanttousethecorrectcaseofpersonalpronounstoavoidgrammaticalerrors.Forinstance,"MeandJohnwenttothepark"isincorrect;itshouldbe"JohnandIwenttothepark."TheuseofpersonalpronounsinthenominativeandobjectivecasesAdjectivepartThisformofthepossessivepronounisusedbeforeanoun.Forexample,"mybook,""yourhouse,""hiscar,""herdress,""itstail,""ourteam,""theirschool."NounpartThisformofthepossessivepronounisusedwithoutanoun.Forexample,"Thebookismine,""Thehouseisyours,""Thecarishis,""Thedressishers,""Thetailisits,""Theteamisours,""Theschoolistheirs."CorrectusageItisessentialtousethecorrectformofpossessivepronounstoavoidconfusion.Forinstance,"Thisisher'sbook"isincorrect;itshouldbe"Thisisherbook"or"Thebookishers."DistinguishingbetweenadjectiveandnounpartsofpossessivepronounsReflexivepronounsareusedwhenthesubjectandobjectofaverbrefertothesamepersonorthing.Forexample,"Ihurtmyself,""Sheenjoyedherselfattheparty,"and"Theypridethemselvesontheirwork."Reflexivepronounscanalsobeusedforemphasis.Forexample,"Imyselfwilldothejob"or"Thepresidenthimselfwillattendthemeeting."Itisimportanttoplacereflexivepronounscorrectlyinsentences.Forinstance,"MyselfandJohnwillgo"isincorrect;itshouldbe"JohnandIwillgo"or"ImyselfwillgowithJohn."BasicusageEmphaticusageCorrectplacementTheusageofreflexivepronouns"Some"isusedinpositivesentences,while"any"isusedinnegativeandinterrogativesentences.Forexample,"Ihavesomeapples"(positive),"Doyouhaveanyapples?"(interrogative),"Idon'thaveanyapples"(negative).Therearesomeexceptionstothisrule.Forinstance,"some"canbeusedininterrogativesentencestomakeapoliterequestoroffer,asin"Wouldyoulikesomecoffee?"Both"some"and"any"canbeusedwithpluralnounsanduncountablenouns.Forexample,"Ihavesomebooks"(plural),"Ihavesomemoney"(uncountable),"Doyouhaveanyideas?"(pluraloruncountable).BasicdifferenceExceptionsUsagewithnounsDifferencesinindefinitepronounssuchassome/any04Testpointfour:prepositionsandconjunctionsPreposition"at"isoftenusedtoindicateaspecificpointintimeorspace,suchas"atnoon,""atthestore."Preposition"in"isusedtoindicateaperiodoftimeoralocationwithinalargerarea,suchas"inthemorning,""inthecity."Preposition"on"istypicallyusedtoindicateasurfaceoraspecificday,suchas"onthetable,""onMonday."Thebasicusageofprepositionssuchasat/in/on"atthemoment,""inthemeantime,""ontime"Time"athome,""intheoffice,""oncampus"Place"inahurry,""onpurpose,""byaccident"MannerPrepositivephrasesexpressingtime,place,andmannerConjunction"or"isusedtoindicateachoicebetweentwoormorepossibilities,suchas"Doyouwantcoffeeortea?"Conjunction"and"isusedtoconnectwords,phrases,orclausesthatarerelatedorsimilar,suchas"Ilikeapplesandoranges."Conjunction"but"isusedtointroduceacontrastoropposition,suchas"Iwanttogoout,butit'sraining."Basicusageofconjunctionssuchasand/but/orSubordinateconjunctionssuchas"when,""while,""if,"and"because"areusedtointroduceadverbialclausesthatprovideadditionalinformationaboutthemainclause.Forexample:"Whendidyouarrive?""Wewereeatingdinnerwhenthephonerang."Adverbialclausescanalsobeintroducedbyexpressionssuchas"assoonas,""inorderthat,"and"sothat."Subordinateconjunctionsguideadverbialclauses05TestPoint5:VerbsandVerbPhrasesTheinfinitiveoftheverbservesasthesubjectandtheobjectasthecomplementTheinfinitiveasthesubjectToseeistobelieve.(Seeingisbelieving.)TheinfinitiveastheobjectcomplementHeaskedmetohelphim.(Herequestedmyassistance.)TheinfinitiveafteradjectivesIamwillingtohelp.(Iamreadytoassist.)TheinfinitiveafternounsHisdecisiontoleavewasunexpected.(Wedidn'texpecthimtoleave.)ThegerundasthesubjectSmokingisharmfultohealth.(Theactofsmokingisdetrimentaltoone'swell-being.)Ienjoyreadingbooks.(Iderivepleasurefromtheactivityofreading.)Heisgoodatswimming.(Heexcelsinthesportofswimming.)It'snousecryingoverspiltmilk.(Thereisnopointinlamentingwhatcannotbeundone.)ThegerundastheobjectThegerundafterprepositionsThegerundinfixedphrasesAgerundservesasthesubjectandobjectParticiplesserveasadverbsandattributivesParticiplesasadverbsHavingfinishedhiswork,hewenthome.(Aftercompletinghistask,hereturnedhome.)ParticiplesasattributivesThesmilingfacegreetedme.(Thefacewithasmilewelcomedme.)ParticiplesinfixedphrasesFeelingtired,Idecidedtorest.(Sensingfatigue,Ioptedforrespite.)Thedistinctionbetw…Rememberingthepastanddreamingofthefuture.(Recallinghistoricaleventsandimaginingwhatthefuturemighthold.)Verb+adverbparticle:Helookedupthewordinthedictionary.(Heconsultedthedictionarytofindthemeaningoftheword.)Verb+preposition:Idependonyouforhelp.(Irelyonyouasmysourceofassistance.)Verb+adverb+preposition:Theytalkedabouttheproblemindetail.(Theydiscussedtheissueatlength.)Phrasalverbswithmultiplemeanings:Heturnedupthevolume.(Heincreasedtheloudness.)/Sheturnedupattheparty.(Shemadeanappearanceatthegathering.)Commonverbphrasecombinationsandtheirmeanings06Testpointsix:SentencetypesandstructureStatementsthatexpressfacts,opinions,orbeliefs.DeclarativesentencesQuestionsthataskforinformationorconfirmation.InterrogativesentencesExpressionsofstrongemotionorsurprise.ExclamationsentencesCommandsorrequeststhatgiveordersoradvice.ImperativesentencesDeclarativesentences,interrogativesentences,exclamationsentences,andimperativesentences0102Subject+Verb(SV)Thebasicsentencestructurewithasubjectandaverb.Subject+V…Asentencestructurewithasubject,verb,anddirectobject.Subject+V…Asentencestructurewithasubject,verb,andadverbialphraseorclause.Subject+V…Asentencestructurewithasubject,verb,indirectobject,anddirectobject.Subject+V…Asentencestructurewithasubject,verb,andcomplement,whichcompletesthemeaningofthesubjectorverb.030405FiveBasicSentencePatternsforSimpleSentencesSentenceswithsimilarstructureandrelatedideasthatarejoinedbycoordinatingconjunctionssuchas"and,""but,"or"or."ParallelsentencesSentencesthatcontaintwoormoreindependentclausesjoinedbysubordinatingconjunctionssuchas"because,""although,"or"while."CompoundsentencesAnalysisoftheStructureofParallelandCompoundSentencesTherebesentencestructureThe"therebe"constructionisusedtointroducetheexistenceorpresenceofsomeoneorsomething.Theverb"be"agreeswiththenearestnounornounphraseinnumber.PrincipleofsubjectverbconsistencyThesubjectandverbofasentencemustagreeinnumber.Ifthesubjectissingular,theverbmustbesingular;ifthesubjectisplural,theverbmustbeplural.Therebesentencestructureandtheprincipleofsubjectverbconsistency07TestPoint7:ConversionofDirectandIndirectSpeech01Shiftthetenseoftheverbinthedirectspeechtomatchthetenseofthereportingverb.Useappropriateconjunctionssuchas'that','whether','if'tointroducetheindirectspeech.Changetheorderofwordsandphrasestofitthegrammaticalstructureoftheindirectspeech.Changethepronounsandverbsaccordingtothesubjectofthereportingverb.020304Rulesforconvertingdirectspeechtoindirectspeech01Thepresenttenseindirectspeechbecomesthepasttenseinindirectspeech;thepasttensebecomesthepastperfecttense,andsoon.Tensechanges02Thefirstpersonindirectspeech(I/we)becomesthethirdperson(he/she/they)inindirectspeech,andviceversa.Personchanges03'This'becomes'that','these'becomes'those'inindirectspeech.Demonstrativepronouns04Certainwordsandphraseslike'here','there','come','go'alsoundergochangestofitthecontextoftheindirectspeech.OtherchangesChangesintense,person,demonstrativepronouns,etcInterrogativesentencesStarttheindirectquotationwithaquestionword(who,what,when,where,why,how)andusetheappropriateverbform.Forexample,"Wheredoyoulive?"becomes"HeaskedwhereIlived."ImperativesentencesConverttheimperativesentenceintoaninfinitivephraseandusetheappropriateverbform.Forexample,"Closethedoor"becomes"Heaskedmetoclosethedoor"or"Hetoldmetoclosethedoor."Methodofconvertinginterrogativeandimperativesentencesintoindirectquotations08TestPoint8:ClozeTestTechniquesIdentifyingthetopicandmainpointsofthepassage.Payingattentiontothelogicalrelationshipsbetweensentencesandparagraphs.Readingthepassagequicklytograspthegeneralideaandtone.Contextconnection,understandingthemainideaofthearticleVocabularyanalysisandselectingthebestanswerUnderstandingthemeaningofthewordsincontext.Consideringsynonyms,antonyms,andrelatedwords.Analyzingthewordformation,prefixes,suffixes,androots.Eliminatingimplausibleanswersbasedonvocabularyknowledge.Ensuringthatthechosenanswerfitsgrammaticallyandsemanticallyintothesentence.Verifyingadjectiveandadverbforms,comparisons,andpositions.Checkingnounplurals,articles,andpossessives.Identifyingthegrammaticalstructureofthesentenceandtherequiredpartofspeech.Analyzingverbtenses,voices,moods,andagreements.Applyinggrammarknowledgeandcheckingthecorrectnessofanswers09Testpoint9:Readingcomprehensionproblem-solvingstrategiesSkimmingthequestion01Quicklybrowsethroughthequestiontounderstandthegeneralrequirementsanddeterminethereadingobjectives.Analyzingthequestiontype02Identifythetypeofquestion(e.g.,mainidea,details,inference)toguideyourreadingstrategy.Predictingthecontent03Basedonthequestionandanygivenoptions,predictwhatthepassagemightbeaboutandwhatinformationyouneedtofocuson.Previewthequestionandclarifythereadingobjectives03IdentifyingparagraphtopicsUnderstandthemaintopicofeachparagraphtohelplocaterelevantinformationmorequickly.01ScanningforkeywordsLookforkeywordsorphrasesinthepassagethatarerelatedtothequestionoroptions.02LocatingspecificinformationReadthepassagecarefullytofindspecificinformationthatdirectlyanswersthequestion.SearchforkeyinformationandlocatetheanswerlocationInferenceandjudgment,understandingimplicitmeaningsLookforcluesandhintsinthepassagethatsuggestadeepermeaningorinterpretation.UnderstandingimplicitmeaningsU