英汉语言句法对比

英汉语言对比句法对比GeneraldifferencesEnglishChineseLanguagefamilyIndo-EuropearSino-TibetanWritingsystemAlphabeticwritingIdeagraphicwriting:oon,sun,desk,wood;月,日木history1500years6000natureSynthetic-analyticalAnalyticallanguagelanguage综合分析型分析型syntaxHypotaxis(形合)Parataxis(意合)Wordformation;wordorder;correspondenceofwordmeaning;partofspeech:etc1.syntheticlanguage&analyticallanguageoWhatisasyntheticlanguage◎综合性语言是指通过次词本身的形态变化来表达语法意义(格、数、时等)的语言。e.gHeisspeakingonthephone.(通过动词speak的变化来表示进行时态)Hespoketomesoyesterday.(speak变为spoke表示过去式)oWhatisaanalyticallanguage?○分析型语言指该语言中语法关系主要不是通过词本身的形态来表达,而是通过虚词、词序等手段来表示。eOEverynightforweekstherehadbeenmuchpreachingsinging,praying,andshouting,andsomeveryhardenedsinnershadbeenbroughttoChrist,andthemembershipofthechurchhadgrownbyleapsandbounds◎一连几周毎天晩上教堂里都有许多布道、唱歌、以及大声祈祷等活动,连一些极其顽固的罪人也被带引到了上帝面前,一时间教堂的信众人数陡增。●英语是从综合型向分析型语言发展的语言Hewillbespeakinginthecongresstomorrow.(综合型)Hewillspeakinthecongresstomorrow(分析型)汉语是分析型语言,语序是重要的语法手段:O学习政治tostudypolitics○政治学习thestudyofpolitics会儿再说∥再说一会儿坐车到郊外∥到郊外坐车○我喜欢,我选择。∥我选择,我喜欢。○屡战屡败∥屡败屡战2.HypotaxisparataxisWhatishypotaxis(形合),andwhatisparataxis(意合)?EnglishisahypotacticlanguageandChineseaparatacticoneoHypotacticrelationsatthesententiallevelrefertoconstructionwhosecomponentsarelinkedthroughtheuseofconjunctions●(句子的形合关系指依靠连接成分的使用将句子结构的各个组成部分的连接起来)eg.BreadandbutterismyfavouritebreakfastThemanranawaywhenhesawthedogJohnlovesMaryandMarylovesJohn,too英语语法呈外显性(overtness);语法型oParatacticrelationsrefertoconstructionswhosecomponentsarelinkedinmeaningthroughjuxtapositionandpunctuation/intonationandnotthroughtheuseofconjunctions句子的意合关系指组成句子的各个成分依靠意思来连接,只需将各个成分并列、或用标点符号,语调连接起来,而不使用连接词等●男女老少都参加了战斗。.(Menandwomen,oldandyoung,alljoinedinthebattle.定在下雪,外面这么亮oItmustbesnowing,foritissobrightoutside●趁热打铁。oStrikewhiletheironishot●她美,她年轻,她要强,她勤俭。●老太太理不直,气不壮,力不够,抵挡不住,索性坐到地上,哭了起来。汉语语法呈隐含性(covertness);语义型ConjunctionsareusedmorefrequentlyinEnglishthaninChineseWritetomewhenyouhavetime●有时间就给我写信。oTheyweresomovedthattearscametotheireyes他们感动得热泪盈眶Armymenandciviliansareunitedasone●军民团结如一人Wewillnotattackunlessweareattacked人不犯我,我不犯人●增、减词法比较:oShewasgladtogohome,andyetmostwoefullysadatleavingschool●形合:她回家很高兴,可是离开学校却很难过。●意合:她喜欢回家,又舍不得离校Chillygustso