新教材高中北师大版英语选择性必修1学案Unit3PartⅡLesson1TheSixthExtinction

PartⅡLesson1TheSixthExtinction【学习目标】话题语境人与自然之人与环境、人与植物的探讨课时词汇mass,varied,decrease,blame,rate,quantity常用短语dieout,beatrisk,betoblame,dependon/upon,takeaction,takesteps,setup,inshort,wipeout重点句式(1)介词提到关系代词前的定语从句(2)it作形式主语，主语从句作真正的主语(3)含有without的含蓄虚拟条件句单词巧练写准记牢Ⅰ.核心单词练习：请根据所给的词性和词义写出单词1．________________vt.(使)恢复2．________________vi.&vt.(使)孵化3．________________adj.濒危的4．________________vt.影响5．________________vt.责怪，指责6．________________vi.&vt.减少n.减少；减少的量7．________________adj.各种各样的，形形色色的8．________________adj.大量的9．________________adj.异常的；不平常的10．________________n.物种，种Ⅱ.常用单词练习：根据句意和所给的首字母或中文提示写出符合句中单词的正确形式1．Theseexerciseswillhelpyou________(恢复)yourfullhealth.2．Tenchicks________(孵化)outthismorning.3．Manymeasureshavebeentakentosave________(濒危的)wildlifeinChina.4．Sofar,morethansevenmillionpeople________(影响)bydrought.5．Whichdriverwas________(责怪)fortheaccident?6．Peopleshouldd________theamountoffattheyeat.7．Itisessentialthatyourdietisv________andbalanced.8．Theskywasfullofdarkm________ofclouds.9．Theweatherisabitu________thesedays.It'stoohot.10．Thereareseveralthousands________oftreeshere.Ⅲ.阅读本部分内容，翻译相关短语1．采取措施________________2．由于，幸亏________________3．总之________________4．处境危险，受到威胁________________5．依赖，依靠________________6．由于________________7．负有责任________________8．毁灭；抹去________________9．消失；绝迹，灭绝________________►第一版块：重点单词1.massadj.大批的，数量极多的，广泛的。仅用于名词前。n．[C]堆，团，块；[C，usuallysing.]大量，许多；[pl.]大量的东西n．[U](物理学中的)质量themasses[pl.]群众(教材P52)AboutwhatpercentofallspeciesonEarthbecameextinctduringthemassextinctionknownasthe“GreatDying”？在被称为“大灭绝”的大规模灭绝期间，地球上的所有物种中，有大约百分之几的物种灭绝了？massproduction批量生产amassof一堆……；大量的……massesof成堆的……；大量的……alandmass陆块，地块❶Theirlatestproductisaimedatthemassmarket.他们的最新产品瞄准了大众市场。❷Amassofbooksandpapersareonhisdesk.在他书桌上有一堆书和文件。❸Whereverthebandwent，massesoffanswouldwelethemattheairport.无论这支乐队去哪儿，都会有大量的歌迷在机场欢迎他们。❹Aliterofgasolinehaslessmassthanaliterofwater.一升汽油的质量比一升水的质量小。❺TheTVprogrammebringssciencetothemassesandenjoysgreatpopularity.这个电视节目向群众普及了科学知识，很受欢迎。特别提醒：amassof/massesof后可跟可数名词复数或不可数名词，当“amassof/massesof＋名词”作主语时，其谓语动词的形式以of后名词所表达的意义而定。Massesofcustomersareenteringthesupermarket.大批顾客正进入超市。Amassofsnowliesintheyard.院子里积了大量的雪。[即学即练]判断下列句子中mass的词性及含义/语法填空①ThepolarbearisfoundintheArcticCircleandsomebiglandmassesasfarsouthasNewfoundland.________________②Recentdevelopmenthasmadepossiblemachinesthatprint,cook,andservefoodsonamassscale.________________③Pluto(冥王星)andTriton(海王卫一)havenearlythesamesize,mass,anddensity(密度)．________________④Thegovernmentcaresmuchabouttheinterestsandwellbeingofthemasses.________________⑤Amassofwork________(do)topreventtheriverfrombeingpolluteduptonow.⑥Theyoungdancerslookedsocharmingintheirbeautifulclothesthatwetook________(mass)ofpicturesofthem.2.decreasen．[C，U]减少，降低vi.&vt.(使大小、数量等)减少，减小，降低(教材P52)Accordingtoscientists，theyincludevolcaniceruptions，asteroidshittingtheEarthfromspace,changesinsealevels,thedecreaseoftheoxygencontentoftheseaandglobalwarming.科学家认为原因包括火山爆发、小行星从太空撞击地球、海平面变化、海洋含氧量下降和全球变暖。adecreasein...在……方面减少onthedecrease在减少decreaseby...减少了……(表示减少的量)decrease(from...)to...(从……)减少到……(表示减少后的量)decreasein...在……方面减少❶Therehasbeenadecreaseinthenumberofyoungpeopleoutofwork.失业青年人数已经有所下降。❷Thedemandforcornisonthedecreaseeachyearinthiscountry.这个国家对玉米的需求量在逐年减少。❸Peopleplantedtreesonthewastehillstodecreasesoilerosion.人们在荒丘上种植树木以减少水土流失。❹Thenumberofthestudentsinourschoolhasdecreasedto1,200.我们学校的学生数量已减少到1200人。❺paredwithlastyear,thepriceofwheathasdecreasedby15%thisyear.和去年相比，今年小麦的价格已降低了15%。归纳拓展：increase(1)vi.&vt.(使)增长，增多，增加(2)n.[C，U]增长，增多，增加increaseto...增加到……(表示增加后的量)increaseby...增加了……(表示增加的量)ontheincrease在增加increasein...在……方面增加表“开、关”的英语短语比较：①eq\b\lc\{\rc\}(\a\vs4\al\co1(open,close))thedoor/window②turnon/offthelight/theradio③switchon/offtheelectricmachine注意：旋转开关的电器用turnon/off闸刀开关的电器用switchon/off门窗用open/close[即学即练]单句语法填空①InrecentyearssomeInuitpeopleinNunavuthavereportedincreases________bearsightingsaroundhumansettlements,leadingtoabeliefthatpopulationsareincreasing.②Theaccidentshavedecreased________20%sincethemeasuresweretaken.③Thecrimerateinthisareahasdecreased________thelowestlevelnowadays.④TeaisstillalargepartofdailylifeintheUKtoday,butitseemstobe________thedecrease.⑤Foodpricesincreased________10%inlessthanayear.3.blamevt.责怪，指责，把……归咎于n．[U]责任，责备(教材P52)Thistime,humanactivitywillbetoblame.这次，人类活动是肇因。blame...for(doing)sth.因(做)某事责备……blamesth.onsb./sth.把某事归咎于某人/某事betoblamefor(doing)sth.因(做)某事应受责备；对(做)某事负有责任(不定式用主动形式表示被动意义)take/beartheblameforsth.承担某事的责任lay/puttheblame(forsth.)on...把(某事的)责任归咎于……❶Don'tblamehimforbreakingthatvase;afterall,heisonlyachild.别怪他打碎了那个花瓶，毕竟，他只是个孩子。❷Theyblamedthefailureofthebusinessontheeconomicdownturn.他们把生意的失败归咎于经济衰退。❸Thehotweatherispartlytoblameforthewatershortage.炎热的天气是缺水的部分原因。❹Wewerereadytotaketheblameforwhathadhappened.我们准备好对所发生的事承担责任。❺Healthofficialsputtheblameforthediseaseonpoorhousingconditions.卫生官员们将该疾病的暴发归咎于恶劣的居住条件。语境串记：Heisblamedforthebigmistake,butheblameditonothers.Infact,itishe,notothers,thatistoblameforit.他因这次严重的错误受到了责备，但他把它归咎于别人。事实上，应该是他，而不是别人，应对此负责。考向追踪：高考通常从以下几个角度设题对blame进行考查；(1)toblame作表语或定语时要用主动形式表示被动意义；(2)通过非谓语动词结构对blame进行考查；(3)blame后的介词既可以用on又可以用for，on表示责怪的对象，for表示责怪的原因。[即学即练]单句语法填空/单句写作①Somepeopleblamethesmartphone________thetragedy,yetinfactpeople'sweakeningselfcontrolandselfdisciplineare________(blame)．②Lotsofpeoplefindithardtogetupinthemorning,andputtheblame________thealarmclock.③不要总是把自己的失败归咎于他人。你自己应该对其负责。________________________________________________________________________④科学家认为该疾病的暴发应归咎于被污染的水。________________________________________________________________________4.variedadj.各种各样的，形形色色的(教材P52)Thereasonsforextinctionsarevaried.物种灭绝的原因多种多样。varyv.存在不同之处；使多样化varyfrom...to...在……到……的范围内变化variousadj.各种各样的varietyn.品种；种类；多样化；变种avarietyofsth.各种各样的某事/物❶Anythingwillbeeboringifyoudoitrepeatedly.Thekeyistodevelopabalancedandvariedprogrammethatisfunaswellasprogressive.如果你重复做一件事，任何事情都会变得无聊。关键是要制订一个既有趣又能取得进步的平衡而又丰富多样的计划。❷Thenumberoftheaddedflightsvariesfromyeartoyearaccordingtothedemandshownbyflightticketbookingsystems.根据机票预订系统显示的需求，新增航班的数量每年都在变化。❸Skilledworkersalsobinevarioushardwoodsandmetaltocreatespecialdesigns.熟练的工人还将各种硬木和金属结合起来，创造出特殊的设计。❹Joinustotasteavarietyoffreshlocalfoodanddrinks.加入我们，与我们一起品尝各种新鲜的本地食物和饮料。词语比较：various,different,varied,variable(1)differentadj.“不同的”，可以和单数或复数名词连用。如：Thisisatotallydifferentmatter.这完全是另外一回事儿。Thetwoboystoldoneandthesamestoryindifferentwords.这两个孩子说的故事是一样的，只是用词不同。(2)variousadj.各种各样的。指同一范畴内的不同种类。后面只用复数名词。如：RepresentativesfromvariouspartsofthecountryhavearrivedinBeijing.全国各地的代表到达北京。(3)variable易变的。如：Heisofavariablemood;heneverfinisheswhathestarts.他是个易变脾气的人/没有准脾气的人，从来不做完已经开始的事情。(4)variedadj.种种的；各种各样的，富有变化的avariedlife丰富多彩的生活variedtypesofhappiness各种各样的幸福[即学即练]单句语法填空/单句写作①Thequalityoftheirproductsnever________(vary);itisalwaysexcellent.②Theseopinionschangewithtime,andvary________placetoplace.③Thesupermarketoffers________(vary)goodstochoosefrom,somoreandmorepeopleprefertoshopthere.④人们对这部新剧发表了各种各样的意见。(varied)________________________________________________________________________⑤大学所学的课程往往与当今工作所需要的各种知识和技能不相匹配。(varied)________________________________________________________________________5.raten．[C]速度；比率；价格，费用vt.&vi.评价，评估；vt.划分等级(教材P52)Althoughitisnotunusualforspeciestodieoutnaturally,therateatwhichthisisnowhappeningiscauseforconcern.虽然物种的自然灭绝并不罕见，但现在灭绝发生的速度让人担忧。ata(n)．..rate以……速度one'sheartrate某人的心率interestrate利率birth/deathrate出生率/死亡率highsuccess/failurerate很高的成功率/失败率❶Babiesdonotgrowatasteadyratebutinstopsandstarts.婴儿成长的速度并非一成不变，而是长长停停，停停长长。❷Thenewtechniquehasahighsuccess/failurerate.这种新技术的成功率/失败率很高。❸Howdoyouratehimasafootballplayer?你怎么评价他作为一个足球运动员的表现？❹Sheiscurrentlyratednumbertwointheworld.她目前排名世界第二。构词法：后缀rate表示“程度；水平(与first、second等词连用，表明你认为某物属于哪种程度或水平)”。Theschoolhaseducatedmanyfirstratestudents.这所学校培养出很多一流的学生。归纳拓展：ratingn．[C]等级，级别creditrating(银行等作出的)信用等级评定(2)与rate相关的常见短语：atanyrate(强调事情的真实性)无论如何，不管怎样atthis/thatrate照此情形，如此下去ImaybeawayonbusinessnextweekbutatanyrateI'llbebackbyFriday.我下周可能要出差，但无论如何，我最晚星期五回来。Atthisrate,wewon'tgethomeuntilmidnight.照这样下去，我们得半夜才能到家。[即学即练]判断下列句子中rate的词性及含义/单句语法填空①Hospitalpatientswhoseetreebranchesouttheirwindowarelikelytorecoveratafasterratethanpatientswhoseebuildingsorskyinstead.________________②Theexchangerateisinourfavourforthetimebeing.________________③Thisyear,ourschoolhasbeenratedasoneofthemostexcellentschoolsinthelocalarea.________________④Thegolfisratedamongthetoptensportsinthatcountry.________________⑤Thenewcarhasbeengivenanexcellentsafety________(rate)．⑥________thisrate,thisspeciesofanimalcouldbeeextinctinlessthan10years.6.quantityn．[C，U]数量，数额，数目；大量；[U]量(教材P55)Hewenttoacitywhereironwasproducedinhugequantities.他去了一个大批量生产铁的城市。eq\b\lc\{\rc\(\a\vs4\al\co1(\b\lc\\rc\}(\a\vs4\al\co1(aquantityof,quantitiesof))大量的，许多的既可修饰可数名词，又可修饰不可数名词,inlargequantities/inquantity大量))❶Weconsumedvastquantitiesoffoodanddrinkthatnight.那天晚上我们大吃大喝了一顿。❷Alargequantityofbooksarestoredinthelibraryneartheplayground.大量的书被保存在操场附近的图书馆里。❸Largequantitiesofwaterareneededtowaterthefieldsinthisarea.这个地区需要大量的水来灌溉田地。❹Theyarenowdevelopingwaystoproducethevaccinecheaplyinlargequantities.目前他们正在研究大批量廉价生产这种疫苗的方法。quantity和quantities前面可以用large,vast,huge等词修饰。特别提醒：“aquantityof＋不可数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式；“aquantityof＋可数名词复数”作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式；”quantitiesof＋可数名词复数/不可数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。Alargequantityofsoiliswashedawaybyraineveryyear.每年都有大量的土壤被雨水冲走。Largequantitiesofmoneyhavebeenspentonbringingupthethreechildren.抚养这三个孩子已经花费了许多钱。[即学即练]单句语法填空/完成句子①Inthepicturewecanseethatthere________quantitiesofapplesinthebasketandthere________alargequantityofmilkinthebucket.(be)②若是你大量订购的话，我认为有可能会打折。Ifyouorderit________________________，Ithinkadiscountwillbepossible.►第二版块：重点短语1.dieout灭绝，消失(教材P52)HowmanytimesuptotodayhaslifeonEarthalmostdiedout？到今天为止，地球上出现过几次生物几乎灭绝的情况？dieoff相继死去diefrom/of死于bedyingforsth.渴望某物，极想要某物bedyingtodosth.渴望做某事diedown(tobeegraduallylessstrong,loud,noticeable,etc.)逐渐变弱，逐渐平息dieaway(tobeegraduallyweakerorfainterandfinallydisappear)逐渐减弱，逐渐消失❶Thisspecieshasnearlydiedoutbecauseitshabitatisbeingdestroyed.因栖息地正受到破坏，这一物种已濒临灭绝。❷Thatstyleofmusicdiedouthundredsofyearsago.那种风格的音乐几百年前就消失了。❸Whentheapplausehaddieddown,shebeganherspeech.掌声平息后她便开始演讲了。❹Thesoundofhisfootstepsdiedaway.他的脚步声渐渐消失了。易混比较：dieaway与dieout,diedown(1)dieout通常指物种灭绝或习俗消失(2)dieaway(指运行中的车的声音)逐渐减弱(到消失)(3)diedown(指风势或火势)逐渐变弱(4)dieoff相继死去如：①Thesoundsofthetraindiedaway.火车的声音渐渐消失。②Thefire/windgraduallydieddown.(火/风势逐渐减弱)③Theanimalsintheforestdiedoff.森林里的动物相继死去。④Dinosaursdiedoutaverylongtimeago.恐龙很久以前就灭绝了。[即学即练]用die的相关短语完成句子①Withmoreandmorebirds______________，somedaysomespecieswill______________.Inaddition,someofthemhave________________environmentalpollution.②Don'tworry.Thestrongwindwill________________soonandwecangoouttohaveabaseballmatchasplanned.③NowI'mthirstyand________________aglassofwater.Ihavewalkedforalongtime.2.wipeout彻底消灭，全部摧毁使(人)疲惫不堪unusualadj.不寻常的，罕见的；独特的，与众不同的(教材P52)Extinctions,whereentirespeciesarewipedout,arenotunusualinourEarth'shistory.物种灭绝，即整个物种的完全消失，在地球的历史上并不罕见。Itisunusualforsb.todosth.做某事对某人来说是不寻常的。❶Avolcaniceruptionnearlywipedoutthesmallislandin1997.1997年的一次火山喷发差点把这个小岛毁灭了。❷Nothingcouldwipeouthisbittermemoriesofthepast.什么也抹不掉他对过去的痛苦记忆。❸Allthattravellinghaswipedherout.一路舟车劳顿让她疲惫不堪。❹It'snotunusualforhimtofeelveryangryinasituationlikethis.在像这样的情况下他觉得非常生气并不罕见。❺Hewasanunusualmanwithgreatbusinesstalents.他是一个与众不同的人，很有商业天赋。联想串记：usualadj.寻常的，惯常的asusual像往常一样，照例unusualadj.不寻常的；独特的unusuallyadv.不寻常地；特别地usuallyadv.通常地，一般地构词法：“un”是常见的否定前缀，常可加在形容词前表示相反的状态。常见的词有：unknown(未知的)，unsafe(不安全的)，unpleasant(令人不快的)等。语境串记：Itisunusualthattherainsuddenlyfallstoday,buthestillgoesrunningintheparkasusual.Heusuallysays,“Onceyouhavegotintothehabitofexercising,youwillsticktoit.”不寻常的是，今天突然下起雨来，但是他仍然像往常一样在公园里跑步。他经常说，“你一旦养成了锻炼的习惯，就会把它坚持下去。”[即学即练]单句写作/单句语法填空①地震把这个小村庄彻底毁灭了。________________________________________________________________________②史密斯照例是第一个到达教室的。________________________________________________________________________③在英国找到一个这么大的湖泊是不寻常的。________________________________________________________________________④Fearandhateforothersis________(usual)causedbyignorance(无知).We'rescaredofthethingsthatwedon'tunderstand.⑤Thistime,westayedtogether,incaseanythingelse________(usual)happened.3．atrisk意为“有危险，冒风险”(教材P53)Ofcourse,aswehumansdependonsomanyspeciesforoursurvival,wewouldalsobeatriskofdyingout.当然，由于人类的生存依赖很多种物种，我们也会有灭绝的危险。attheriskofdoingsth.冒着做某事的风险takearisk/risks(todosth.)冒险(做某事)runtherisk(ofsth./ofdoingsth.)冒……的风险；冒险(做某事)runrisks冒险riskdoingsth.冒险做某事Cloningmaygreatlycontributetohumanmedicine,butwemustuseitcautiously,becauseitmayputpeopleatrisk.克隆可能会对人类医学有很大帮助，但是我们必须谨慎地利用它，因为它可能会给人们带来危险。联想串记：[即学即练]结合risk的用法完成句子①Hegotwellpreparedforthejobinterview,forhecouldn't________________________(冒险失去这次良好的机会)．②Ifyou________________________(冒险不系安全带),youwillbe________________(处于危险中)．③Inspiteofgreatdanger,thesoldierjumpedintotheriverand________________________(冒着生命危险救那个女孩)．④Thoughitisfuntoplayonthefrozenriver,________________________(这有危险)．►第三版块：典型句式1.reason后接定语从句的用法(教材P53)Thereisalonglistofreasonswhysomanyspeciesaredyingout:airandwaterpollution,forestsbeingdestroyed,factoryfarmingandoverfishing.导致这么多物种正在消亡的原因有很多：空气和水污染、森林被毁、工厂化养殖和过度捕捞。reason作先行词，后接定语从句时：(1)若关系词在从句中作状语，要用why或forwhich引导定语从句。(2)若关系词在从句中作主语、宾语，要用which或that引导定语从句，其中作宾语时关系词可省略。❶There'sareasonwhy/forwhichpeopledon'treadthisstuff:it'snotfunny.人们不读这种东西是有原因的：它并不逗趣。❷Thereasonwhy/forwhichhewaslatewasthathegotuplate.他迟到的原因是他起床晚了。❸Hegaveusareasonthat/whichsoundedreasonable.他给了我们一个理由，这个理由听起来合情合理。(关系词在从句中作主语)❹Thereason(which/that)hehasgivensoundsreasonable.他给出的理由听起来合情合理。(关系词在从句中作宾语，可省略)归纳拓展：a/thereasonfor(doing)sth.(做)某事的原因a/thereasontodosth.做某事的原因a/thereasonwhy/forwhich...isthat...……的原因是……[即学即练]单句语法填空①Thereason________Iadmirehimis________hispositiveattitudetolifehasagreatinfluenceonme.②Isthisthereason________heexplainedatthemeetingforhiscarelessnessinhiswork?③Anotherreason________corn'srise:Thegovernmentencouragesfarmerstogrowcorninsteadofrice________(improve)waterquality.2.“without＋名词”引导含蓄条件句(教材P53)Withoutforests,wewouldhavenoairtobreathe,andwithoutcleanwaterwewouldbeunabletosurvive.没有森林，我们就不能呼吸空气；没有干净的水，我们将无法生存。虚拟条件句的条件有时不通过条件从句来表示，而是通过介词短语、上下文或其他方式表现出来，这种虚拟条件句叫作含蓄条件句。含蓄条件句的具体用法如下：❶Theywouldn'thavereachedtheagreementsoeasilywithoutthatmonground.没有共同的立场，他们是不会那么容易达成协议的。❷Butforyourhelp,wecouldn'thavesucceeded.要不是你帮忙，我们不可能成功。❸Igotupveryearlyyesterdaymorning,orIcouldnothavecaughttheearlybus.昨天早上我起床很早，否则就赶不上早班车了。❹Iwastoobusyatthattime.Otherwise,Iwouldhavecalledyou.我那时太忙了，否则我就给你打了。介词without的用法(1)without是with的反义词，意为“不”或“没有”。Wecandotheworkwithoutyourhelp.我们可以没有你的帮助而做这项工作。Theyworkedthewholedaywithouttakinganyrest.他们工作了一整天而未休息。(2)without可用在双重否定句中，往往是用介词短语代替整句。Nomangetsintotheconditionyouareinwithouttheaidofhisownfolly.＝Nomangetsintothecondictionyouareinifhehasnothisownfollytoblame.如果不是由于自己的愚蠢，没有人会落到你现在所处的这般光景。(3)without是介词，不是连接词，后面只能接名词或动名词，不能接不定式。(4)without常可用来表示条件。如：Wecouldneverhavesucceededinwhatweweredoingwithouthisguidance.如果没有他的指导，我们的工作决不会成功。句中withouthisguidance＝ifwehadn'thadhisguidance.[即学即练]单句语法填空/完成句子①Withouthissupport,wewouldn't________(be)wherewearenow.②—DoyouhaveBetty'sphonenumber?—Yes.Otherwise,Iwouldn't________(be)abletoreachheryesterday.③飞机晚点一个多小时才起飞，否则我就不会让你等这么久了。Therewasadelayofoveranhourbeforetheplanetookoff;otherwiseI________(keep)youwaitingforsuchalongtime.3.“介词＋关系代词”引导定语从句(教材P53)Althoughitisnotunusualforspeciestodieoutnaturally,therateatwhichthisisnowhappeningiscauseforconcern.尽管物种自然灭绝并不罕见，但它目前的发生速度令人担忧。(1)引导定语从句的关系代词不仅可以作动词的宾语，还可以作介词的宾语。若将介词提至关系代词之前，便形成了“介词＋关系代词”结构，该结构可引导限制性或非限制性定语从句；此结构中的关系代词可为which(先行词指物)，whom(先行词指人)。(2)“介词＋关系代词”结构中介词的确定在“介词＋which(先行词是物)/whom(先行词是人)/whose(所有格，既可指人又可指物)”引导的定语从句中，介词的选用有以下三种方式：①根据定语从句中谓语动词或形容词的搭配确定②根据与先行词的搭配确定③根据主从句的逻辑关系而定(通常是with/without)❶Theofficialtowhomweappliedforapermitwasverykind.给我们申请许可证的那位官员非常友好。❷HaveyoufoundthebookonwhichIspent￡10?你找到那本我花了10英镑买的书了吗？❸HewasthemanbywhomMasteroftheGamewastranslated.他就是翻译《谋略大师》的那个人。(betranslatedby)❹ThetwothingsofwhichtheyfeltproudwereJim'sgoldwatchandDella'shair.他们感到骄傲的两样东西是吉姆的金表和德拉的头发。(beproudof)❺IwillneverforgetthedayonwhichIfirstmethim.我永远也忘不了第一次见他的那一天。(ontheday)❻Rosehelpedmealot,withoutwhosehelpIwouldnothavepassedtheexam.罗丝帮助了我很多，没有她的帮助我不会通过考试。特别注意：listento,lookat,lookfor,dependon,payattentionto,takecareof等固定短语中的介词一般不放在关系代词前。Thisisthegirlwhom/who/thathewilltakecareof.这就是他将照料的女孩。“介词＋关系代词”结构可代替when,where,why,that等关系副词。如：①Thereusedtobeatimeatwhich/duringwhich(＝when)theChinesepeoplestruggledforfreedom.②In2006,wemovedtoBoston,inwhich(＝where)mygrandparentslived.③There'snoreasonforwhich(＝why)weshouldn'tbefriends.④Therearevarietiesofwaysinwhich(＝that)wecansolvetheproblem.(注：that在这里用作关系副词)[即学即练]单句语法填空①Thefellow,________whomIspokemadenoansweratfirst.②TheWestLake,________whichHangzhouisfamous,isabeautifulplace.③Inhisroom,Isawabigdesk________whichtherewereallkindsofbooks.④Yesterdaywehadameeting________whichwediscussedmanyproblems.⑤Air,________whichmancouldn'tlive,isreallyimportant.⑥Thisbookhasopenedawindow,________whichwecanseeawonderfulworld.⑦Yesterdaywepaidavisittothehouse________whichLuXunoncelived.⑧Whoisthepersonwith________youshookhandsjustnow?⑨MrLihastwosons,bothof________arecollegestudents.4.it作形式主语(教材P53)ItisclearthathumanactivityhasnegativelyaffectedallotherspeciesonEarth,includinganimalsandplants.很明显，人类活动已经对地球上其他所有物种产生了负面影响，包括动物和植物。主语从句充当主语时，为使句子平衡，常用it作形式主语，将主语从句后置，主语从句可用that，what，who，whether，why等词引导。常见的此类句式有：(1)It＋be＋名词＋从句It＋be＋apity/shamethat...遗憾的是……It＋be＋nowonderthat...难怪……It＋be＋nosurprisethat...……不足为奇(2)It＋be＋形容词＋从句It＋belikelythat...可能……It＋beclear/obviousthat...显而易见的是……(3)It＋动词的被动语态＋从句It＋besaidthat...据说……It＋bereportedthat...据报道……It＋bebelievedthat...人们相信……It＋besuggested/ordered/demandedthat...(should)do...建议/命令/要求……(从句要用虚拟语气，即从句谓语动词用shoulddo,should可以省略)(4)It＋特殊动词＋从句Itoccurstosb.that...某人突然想到……Ithappensthat...碰巧的是……Itdoesn'tmatter＋who/why/what...……无所谓/没关系❶Itisapity/shamethatyouhavemissedsuchawonderfullecture.你错过了这么精彩的演讲，真遗憾。❷Sheishardworking,soitisnosurprisethatshehaswonfirstprize.她学习努力，所以她获得一等奖不足为奇。❸Itisobviousthatthewaycoffeeisgrownaffectsmanyaspectsoflife.很明显，咖啡的种植方式影响了生活的很多方面。❹Itissaidthatabout20%of2534yearoldslivewiththeirparents,paredwith16%in1991.据说在25到34岁的人群中大约有20%和父母住在一起，而在1991年这一比例是16%。❺Itisgenerallybelievedthatabalanceddietisakeytopeople'shealth.人们普遍认为均衡的饮食是健康的关键。❻ItisdemandedbymyviolinteacherthatI(should)practiseplayingtheviolineveryday.我的小提琴老师要求我每天练习拉琴。❼Itoccurredtohimthathisfarmhadmuchpotential.他突然想到他的农场还是很有潜力的。句型Itiseq\b\lc\{\rc\}(\a\vs4\al\co1(said,reported,believed,known))that...的转换：(1)Itissaidthatsb.hasdonesth.→Sb.issaidtohavedonesth.据说某人已经做了某事Itissaidthatsb.isdoingsth.→Sb.issaidtobedoingsth.据说某人正在做某事(2)Itisreportedthatsb.isdoingsth.→Sb.isreportedtobedoingsth.据报道某人正在做某事Itisreportedthatsb.hasdonesth.→Sb.isreportedtohavedonesth.据报道某人已经做了某事(3)Itisbelievedthatsb.isdoingsth.→Sb.isbelievedtobedoingsth.人们相信某人正在做某事Itisbelievedthatsb.hasdonesth.→Sb.isbelievedtohavedonesth.人们相信某人已做了某事(4)Itisknownthatsb.isdoingsth.→Sb.isknowntobedoingsth.众所周知某人正在做某事Itisknownthatsb.hasdonesth.→Sb.isknowntohavedonesth.众所周知某人已经做过某事了[即学即练]单句语法填空/根据括号内提示，用it作形式主语单句写作①Itdoesn'tmatter________hesays.②Itisnotclear________willattendtothismatter.③Itdoesn'tinterestme________ornotyousucceed.④很显然，地球是圆的。(obvious)________________________________________________________________________⑤我很荣幸被邀请参加你的生日聚会。(anhonour)________________________________________________________________________⑥许多学生认为英语是一门有趣的学科。(consider)________________________________________________________________________⑦他在这次坠机事件中幸免于难真是奇迹。(wonder)________________________________________________________________________⑧人们常常建议生病时要多喝水。(suggest)________________________________________________________________________⑨我们已经决定将会议推迟到下周一。(decide)________________________________________________________________________[词语积累]①wipeout彻底消灭，全部摧毁②unusual/ʌn'juːʒuəl/adj.特别的，不寻常的，罕见的[反义]usualadj.寻常的，通常的③varied/'veərid/adj.各种各样的，不相同的；多变的④volcaniceruption火山喷发⑤asteroid/'æstərɔɪd/n.[C]小行星⑥decrease/dɪ'kriːs/n.[C，U]减少，降低，减少量vt.&vi.(使大小、数量等)减少，减小，降低⑦betoblame(forsth.)(对坏事)负有责任blamevt.归咎于，责怪，指责⑧at...rate以……的速度raten．[C]速度；比率⑨causeforconcern担忧的原因⑩basedadj.在……居住(或工作)⑪lookat思考，考虑，研究⑫factoryfarming工厂化养殖⑬overfishing/ˌəʊvə'fɪʃɪŋ/n．[U]过度捕捞[构词法]over可用作前缀，表示“太，过于”。overproductionn．[U]生产过剩overconfidentadj.过分自信的，自负的⑭affect/ə'fekt/vt.影响[辨析]effectn．[C，U]效应，影响⑮survivaln．[U]生存，存活survivevi.生存，存活⑯atrisk有危险，冒风险⑰avoid(doing)sth.避免(做)某事⑱takeaction采取行动[近义]takesteps/measures采取措施⑲endangered/ɪn'deɪndʒəd/adj.(物种)有灭种危险的，濒临灭绝的⑳solaradj.太阳能的；太阳的solarenergy/power太阳能eq\o(○,\s\up1(21))inshort总之，简言之[同义]inaword/inbriefeq\o(○,\s\up1(22))layeggs下蛋，产卵eq\o(○,\s\up1(23))beginaprogramme开始一项计划[拓展]programme构成的常见搭配：develop/setup/launch/carryoutaprogramme拟订/制订/启动/实施计划eq\o(○,\s\up1(24))raisevt.饲养，培育eq\o(○,\s\up1(25))hatchvi.孵化eq\o(○,\s\up1(26))restore/rɪ'stɔː(r)/vt.使复原eq\o(○,\s\up1(27))habitat/'hæbɪtæt/n.[C，U](动植物的)生活环境，栖息地naturalhabitat天然栖息地wildlifehabitat野生动植物的生存环境Extinctions,whereentirespeciesarewipedout①，arenotunusual②inourEarth'shistory.Infact,over90percentofallspeciesthateverlivedarenowextinct.Inthelast500millionyears,therehavebeenfivetimeswhenlifeonEarthhasalmostended.Theseincludethethirdmassextinction,knownasthe“GreatDying”，whichkilled90%to96%ofallspecies【1】.Andthefifthevent,whichoccurred66millionyearsago,causedthedeathofthedinosaurs.Thereasonsforextinctionsarevaried③.Accordingtoscientists,theyincludevolcaniceruptions④，asteroids⑤hittingtheEarthfromspace,changesinsealevels,thedecrease⑥oftheoxygencontentoftheseaandglobalwarming.ManyscientistssaywearenowenteringtheEarth'ssixthmassextinction.Thistime,humanactivitywillbetoblame⑦.【1】画线部分中“knownasthe‘GreatDying’”为过去分词短语作后置定语，与which引导的非限制性定语从句共同修饰thethirdmassextinction。Althoughitisnotunusualforspeciestodieoutnaturally,therate⑧atwhichthisisnowhappening【2】iscauseforconcern⑨.A2015studybyscientistswhowerebased⑩atBrownUniversityandDukeUniversityintheUS,lookedat⑪howquicklyspeciesdieoutduetonaturalcauses,thatis,the“backgroundextinctionrate”.Theyfoundthathumanactivityiscausingspeciestodieout1,000timesfasterthannormal.Thereisalonglistofreasonswhysomanyspeciesaredyingout【3】：airandwaterpollution,forestsbeingdestroyed,factoryfarming⑫andoverfishing⑬.Itisclearthathumanactivityhasnegativelyaffected⑭allotherspeciesonEarth,includinganimalsandplants.【2】画线部分为“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句，修饰therate。介词at的选用是考虑到与rate搭配。【3】画线部分为why引导的定语从句，修饰reasons,why在从句中作状语。Ifasixthmassextinctionoccurs,scientistswhohavestudiedtheissuebelievethatuptothreequartersofallspeciesonEarthcoulddieout【4】.Ofcourse,aswehumansdependonsomanyspeciesforoursurvival，⑮wewouldalsobeatrisk⑯ofdyingout.Ourworldandourlivesdependonthebalanceinnaturebetweenanimalsandplants.Withoutforests,wewouldhavenoairtobreathe,andwithoutcleanwaterwewouldbeunabletosurvive【5】．【4】本句的结构分析如下：If_a_sixth_mass_extinction_occurs，If引导的条件状语从句主句eq\b\lc\{\rc\(\a\vs4\al\co1(scientistswho...issuebelieve,who引导的定语从句，修饰scientists,thatuptothree...dieout.,that引导的宾语从句))【5】该句为含蓄条件句。介词短语Withoutforests和withoutcleanwater相当于条件，“wewouldhavenoairtobreathe”和“wewouldbeunabletosurvive”表示与现在事实相反的假设。Canasixthextinctionbeavoided⑰？Expertssaythatitisnotyettoolate,ifwetakeaction⑱now.Thiswouldmeanwehavetosignificantlychangethewaywelive.Forexample,weneedtotakestepstosaveendangered⑲species,includingsettingupspecialareaswhereplantsandanimalscanbeprotected.Weneedtochangehowweworkandtravelbyusingcleaner,morenaturalsourcesofenergy,suchaswindandsolar⑳energy.Wealsoneedtoimproveourfarmingmethodstoreducewater,airandlandpollution.Inshorteq\o(○,\s\up1(21))，ifwewanttosurvive,weneedtostopdestroyingtheplanetthatweliveonandstarttoprotectit.CaseStudyTheBlackRobinBlackrobinsarethebirdsthathumanssavedfromextinction.In1980,therewereonlyfiveblackrobinsleftintheworld.TheyalllivedonasmallislandoffthecoastofNewZealand.Onlyoneofthosebirds,afemalecalledOldBlue,wasabletolayeggseq\o(○,\s\up1(22)).Wildlifeworkersbeganaprogrammeeq\o(○,\s\up1(23))forraisingeq\o(○,\s\up1(24))blackrobinchicks.TheyprotectedOldBlue'seggs,helpedthemtohatcheq\o(○,\s\up1(25))，andtookcareofthechicks.Thankstotheirefforts,therearenowmo