四级真题-历年英语四级真题及答案解析

四级真题_历年英语四级真题及答案解析artIWriting(30minutes)

Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowritealettertoaforeignfriendwhowantstoteachEnglishinChina.Pleaserecommendacitytohim.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsbutnomorethan180words.

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PartIIListeningComprehension(30minutes)

听力音频MP3文件，点击进入听力真题页面

SectionANewsReport

Directions：Inthissection,youwillhearthreenewsreports.Attheendofeachnewsreport,youwillheartwoorthreequestions.Boththenewsreportandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet1withasinglelinethroughthecentre.

Questions1and2arebasedonthenewsreportyouhavejustheard.

1.A)Manyfacilitiesweredestroyedbyawanderingcow.

B)Awanderingcowknockeddownoneofitsfences.

C)Sometouristswereinjuredbyawanderingcow.

D)Awanderingcowwascapturedbythepolice.

2.A)Itwasshottodeathbyapoliceofficer.

B)Itfounditswaybacktotheparkszoo.

C)Itbecameagreatattractionfortourists.

D)Itwassenttotheanimalcontroldepartment.

Questions3and4arebasedonthenewsreportyouhavejustheard.

3.A)Itisthelargestofitskind.

B)Itisgoingtobeexpanded.

C)Itisdisplayingmorefossilspecimens.

D)Itisstaringanonlineexhibition.

4.A)AcollectionofbirdfossilsfromAustralia.

B)Photographsofcertainrarefossilexhibits.

C)SomeancientwallpaintingsfromAustralia.

D)Picturesbywinnersofawildlifephotocontest.

Questions5to7arebasedonthenewsreportyouhavejustheard.

5.A)Pickuptrash.

B)Amusevisitors.

C)Delivermessages.

D)Playwithchildren.

6.A)Theyareespeciallyintelligent.

B)Theyarechildrensfavorite.

C)Theyarequiteeasytotame.

D)Theyarecleanandpretty.

7.A)Childrenmaybeharmedbytherooks.

B)Childrenmaybetemptedtodroplitter.

C)Childrenmaycontractbirddiseases.

D)Childrenmayoverfeedtherooks.

SectionBConversation

Directions：Inthissection,youwillheartwolongconversations.Attheendofeachconversationsyouwillhearfourquestions.Boththeconversationsandthequestion-swillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion.YoumustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet1withasinglelinethroughthecentre.

Questions8to11arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.

8.A)ItwillbeproducedatHarvardUniversity.

B)Itwillbehostedbyfamousprofessors.

C)Itwillcoverdifferentareasofscience.

D)Itwillfocusonrecentscientificdiscoveries.

9.A)Itwillbemorefuturistic.

B)Itwillbemoresystematic.

C)Itwillbemoreentertaining.

D)Itwillbeeasiertounderstand.

10.A)Peopleinterestedinscience.

B)Youngsterseagertoexplore.

C)Childrenintheirearlyteens.

D)Studentsmajoringinscience.

11.A)Offerprofessionaladvice.

B)Providefinancialsupport.

C)HelppromoteitontheInternet.

D)Makeepisodesforitsfirstseason.

Questions12to15arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.

12.A)Unsure.

B)Helpless.

C)Concerned.

D)Dissatisfied.

13.A)Heistooconcernedwithbeingperfect.

B)Helosesheartwhenfacedwithsetbacks.

C)Heistooambitiousinachievinggoals.

D)Hetakesonprojectsbeyondhisability.

14.A)Embarrassed.

B)Unconcerned.

C)Miserable.

D)Resentful.

15.A)Trytobeoptimisticwhateverhappens.

B)Comparehispresentwithhispastonly.

C)Alwayslearnfromothersachievements.

D)Treatothersthewayhewouldbetreated.

SectionCPassage

Directions：Inthissection,youwillhearthreepassages.Attheendofeachpassage,youwillhearthreeorfourquestions.Boththepassageandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet1withasinglelinethroughthecentre.

Questions16to18arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.

16.A)Theyhaveastrongersenseofsocialresponsibility.

B)Theyaremorelikelytosucceedinthehumanities.

C)Theyaremorelikelytobecomeengineers.

D)Theyhavegreaterpotentialtobeleaders.

17.A)Praisegirlswholiketospeakupfrequently.

B)Encouragegirlstosolveproblemsontheirown.

c)Insistthatboysandgirlsworktogethermore.

D)Respondmorepositivelytoboyscomments.

18.A)Offerpersonalizedteachingmaterials.

B)Provideavarietyofoptionalcourses.

C)Placegreatemphasisontestscores.

D)Payextraattentiontotopstudents.

Questions19to21arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.

19.A)Itoftenrainscatsanddogs.

B)Itseldomrainsinsummertime.

C)Itdoesnotrainasmuchaspeoplethink.

D)ItisoneofthemostrainycitiesintheUS.

20.A)Theydrivemostofthetime.

B)Therainisusuallyverylight.

C)Theyhavegotusedtotherain.

D)Theraincomesmostlyatnight.

21.A)Ithasalotofplacesforentertainment.

B)Ithasneverseenthunderandlighting.

C)Ithasfewercloudydaysthananyothercoastalcity.

D)Ithasmildweatherbothinsummerandinwinter.

Questions22to25arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.

22.A)Itoccurswhenpeoplearedoingarepetitiveactivity.

B)Itresultsfromexertingonesmusclescontinuously.

C)Ithappenswhenpeopleengageinanuncommonactivity.

D)Itcomesfromstainingonesmusclesinanunusualway.

23.A)Bloodflowandbodyheatincreaseintheaffectedarea.

B)Bodymovementsintheaffectedareabecomedifficult.

C)Theybegintomakerepairsimmediately.

D)Theygraduallybecomefragmented.

24.A)Aboutoneweek.

B)Abouttwodays.

C)Abouttendays.

D)Aboutfourweeks.

25.A)Applymusclecreams.

B)Drinkplentyofwater.

C)Haveahotshower.

D)Takepain-killers.

PartIIIReadingComprehension(40minutes)

SectionA

Directions:Inthissection,thereisapassagewithtenblanks.Youarerequiredtoselectonewordforeachblankfromalistofchoicesgiveninawordbankfollowingthepassage.Readthepassagethroughcarefullybeforemakingyourchoices.Eachchoiceinthebankisidentifiedbyaletter.PleasemarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Youmaynotuseanyofthewordsinthebankmorethanonce.

Whentravellingoverseas,doyoubuywaterinplasticbottlesortakeyourchanceswithtapwater?ImagineyouarewanderingaboutonaThaiislandor__26__theruinsofAngkor.Itshotsoyougrababottleofwaterfromalocalvendor.Itsthesafethingtodo,right?Thebottleis__27__,andthelabelsayspurewater.Butmaybewhatsinsideisnotso__28__.Wouldyoustillbedrinkingitifyouknewthatmorethan90percentofallbottledwatersoldaroundtheworld__29__microplastics?

Thatstheconclusionofarecently__30__study,whichanalysed259bottlesfrom11brandssoldinninecountries,__31__anaverageof325plasticparticlesperlitreofwater.Thesemicroplasticsincludeda__32__commonlyknownasPETandwidelyusedinthemanufactureofclothingandfoodand__33__containers.ThestudywasconductedattheStateUniversityofNewYorkonbehalfofOrbMedia,ajournalismorganisation.Aboutamillionbottlesareboughteveryminute,notonlybythirstytouristsbutalsobymanyofthe2.1billionworldwidewholivewithunsafedrinkingwater.

Confrontedwiththis__34__,severalbottled-watermanufacturersincludingNestleandCoca-Colaundertooktheirownstudiesusingthesamemethodology.Thesestudiesshowedthattheirwaterdidcontainmicroplastics,butfarlessthantheOrbstudysuggested.Regardless,theWorldHealthOrganisationhaslaunchedareviewintothe__35__healthrisksofdrinkingwaterfromplasticbottles.

A)adequate

B)admiring

C)contains

D)defending

E)evidence

F)instant

G)liquid

H)modified

I)natural

J)potential

K)released

L)revealing

M)sealed

N)solves

O)substance

SectionB

Directions:Inthissection,youaregoingtoreadapassagewithtenstatementsattachedtoit.EachstatementcontainsinformationgiveninoneoftheparagraphsIdentifytheparagraphfromwhichtheinformationisderived.Youmaychooseaparagraphmorethanonce.Eachparagraphismarkedwithaletter.AnswerthequestionsbymarkingthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2.

MakeStuff,Fail,AndLearnWhileYoureAtIt

A)Wevealwaysbeenahands-on,doit-yourselfkindofnation.BenFranklin,oneofAmericasfoundingfathers,didntjustinventthelightningrod.Hiscreationsincludeglasses,innovativestovesandmore.

B)Franklin,whowaslargelyself-taught,mayhavebeenagenius,buthewasntreallyanexceptionwhenitcomestoAmericanmakingandcreativity.

C)ThepersonalcomputingrevolutionandphilosophyofdisruptiveinnovationofSiliconValleygrew,inpart,outofthecreationsoftheHomebrewComputerClub,whichwasfoundedinagarageinMenloPark,California,inthemid-1970s.Members-includingguysnamedJobsandWozniak-startedmakingandinventingthingstheycouldntbuy.

D)SoitsnosurprisethattheMakerMovementtodayisthrivingincommunitiesandsomeschoolsacrossAmerica.Makingisavailabletoordinarypeoplewhoarenttiedtobigcompanies,bigdefenselabsorresearchuniversities.ThemakerphilosophyechoesoldideasadvocatedbyJohnDewey,Montessori,andevenancientGreekphilosophers,aswepointedoutrecently.

E)Thesemakerspacesareoftenoutsideofclassrooms,andareservinganimportanteducationalfunction.TheMakerMovementisrediscoveringlearningbydoing,whichisDeweysphrasefrom100yearsago.WearerediscoveringDeweyandMontessoriandalotofthepracticesthattheypioneeredthathavebeenforgottenoratleastputaside.Amakerspaceisaplacewhichcanbeinaschool,butitdoesntlooklikeaclassroom.Itcanbeinalibrary.Itcanbeoutinthecommunity.Ithastoolsandmaterials.Itsaplacewhereyougettomakethingsbasedonyourinterestandonwhatyou,relearningtodo.

F)Ideasaboutlearningbydoinghavestruggledtobecomemainstreameducationally,despitebeingoldconceptsfromDeweyandMontessori,PlatoandAristotle,andintheAmericancontext,RalphEmerson,onthevalueofexperienceandself-reliance.Itsnotnecessarilyanefficientwaytolearn.Welearn,inasense,bytrialanderror.Learningfromexperienceissomethingthattakestimeandpatience.Itsveryindividualized.Ifyourgoalistohavestandardizedapproachestolearning,whereeverybodylearnsthesamethingatthesametimeinthesameway,thenlearningbydoingdoesntreallyfitthatmoldanymore.Itsnottheworldoftextbooks.Itsnottheworldoftesting.

G)Learningbydoingmaynotbeefficient,butitiseffective.Project-basedlearninghasgrowninpopularitywithteachersandadministrators.However,project-basedlearningisnotmaking.Althoughthereisaconnection,thereisalsoadistinction.Thedifferenceliesinwhethertheprojectisinasensedefinedanddevelopedbythestudentorwhetheritsassignedbyateacher.Wellallgetthekidstobuildasmallboat.WeareallgoingtolearnaboutX,Y,andZ.Thattendstobeoneformofproject-basedlearning.

H)Ireallybelievethecoreideaofmakingistohaveanideawithinyourhead—oryoujustborrowitfromsomeone—andbegintodevelopit,repeatitandimproveit.Then,realizethatideasomehow.Thatthingthatyoumakeisvaluabletoyouandyoucanshareitwithothers.Iminterestedinhowthesethingsareexpressionsofthatperson,theirideas,andtheirinteractionswiththeworld.

I)Insomeways,alotofformsofmakinginschooltrivialize（使变得无足轻重）making.Thethingthatyoumakehasnovaluetoyou.Onceyouaredonedemonstratingwhateverconceptwasinthe;textbook,youthrowawaythepipecleaners,thestraws,thecardboardtubes.

J)Makingshouldbestudent-directedandstudent-led,otherwiseitsboring.Itdoesnthavethemotivationofthestudent.Imnotsayingthatstudentsshouldnotlearnconceptsornotlearnskills.Theydo.Buttoreallyharnesstheirmotivationistobuildupontheirinterest.Itstoletthembeincontrolandtodrivethecar.

K)Teachersshouldaimtobuildasupportive,creativeenvironmentforstudentstodothiswork.Averysocialenvironment,wheretheyarelearningfromeachother.Whentheyhaveaproblem,itisnttheteachernecessarilycomingintosolveit.Theyareresponsibleforworkingthroughthatproblem.Itmightbetheyhavetotalktootherstudentsintheclasstohelpgetananswer.

L)Theteachersroleismoreofacoachorobserver.Sometimes,topeople,itsoundslikethisisadiminishedroleforteachers.Ithinkitsaheightenedrole.Yourecreatingthisenvironment,likeamakerspace.Youhave20kidsdoingdifferentthings.Youarewatchingthemandreallyitsthehumanbehaviorsyourelookingat.Aretheyengaged?Aretheydevelopingandrepeatingtheirproject?Aretheystumbling（受挫）？Dotheyneedsomethingthattheydonthave?Canyouhelpthembeawareofwheretheyare?

M)Mybeliefisthatthegoalofmakingisnottogeteverykidtobehands-on,butitenablesustobegoodlearners.Itsnottheknowledgethatisvaluable;itsthepracticeoflearningnewthingsandunderstandinghowthingswork.Theseareprocessesthatyouaredevelopingsothatyouareable,overtime,totacklemoreinterestingproblems,morechallengingproblems-problemsthatrequiremanypeopleinsteadofoneperson,andmanyskillsinsteadofone.

N)Ifteacherskeepitform-freeandstudent-led,itcanstillbetiedtoacurriculumandaneducationalplan.Ithinkamakerspaceismorelikealibraryinthattherearemultiplesubjectsandmultiplethingsthatyoucanlearn.Whatseemstobemissinginschoolishowthesesubjectsintegrate,howtheyfitttogetherinanymeaningfulway.Ratherthansaying,Thisisscience,overhereishistory,Iseeschoolstakingthisideaofprojectsandlookingat:Howdotheysupportchildreninhigherlevellearning?

O)Ifeellikethisisashiftawayfromasubjectmatter-basedcurriculumtoamoreexperientialcurriculumorlearning.Itsstillinitsearlystages,butIthinkitsshiftingaroundnotwhatkidslearnbuthowtheylearn.

36.Amakerspaceiswherepeoplemakethingsaccordingtotheirpersonalinterests.

37.Theteachers,roleisenhancedinamakerspaceastheyhavetomonitorandfacilitateduringtheprocess.

38.Comingupwithanideaofonesownorimprovingonefromothersiskeytotheconceptofmaking.

39.Contrarytostructuredlearning,learningbydoingishighlyindividualized.

40.Americaisanationknownfortheideaofmakingthingsbyoneself.

41.Makingwillbeboringunlessstudentsareabletotakecharge.

42.Makingcanberelatedtoaproject,butitiscreatedandcarriedoutbystudentsthemselves.

43.Theauthorsuggestsincorporatingtheideaofamakerspaceintoaschoolcurriculum.

44.Themakerconceptisamodernversionofsomeancientphilosophicalideas.

45.Makingisnottakenseriouslyinschoolwhenstudentsareaskedtomakesomethingmeaninglesstothembasedontextbooks.

SectionC

Directions:Inthissection,youwillhearapassagethreetimes.Whenthepassageisreadforthefirsttime，youshouldlistencarefullyforitsgeneralidea.Whenthepassageisreadforthesecondtime，youarerequiredtofillintheblankswiththeexactwordsyouhavejustheard.Finally，whenthepassageisreadforthethirdtime，youshouldcheckwhatyouhavewritten.

PassageOne

Questions46to50arebasedonthefollowingpassage.

ProfessorAshokGoelofGeorgiaTechdevelopedanartificiallyintelligentteachingassistanttohelphandletheenormousnumberofstudentquestionsintheonlineclass,Knowledge-BasedArtificialIntelligence.ThisonlinecourseisacorerequirementofGeorgiaTechsonlineMasterofScienceinComputerScienceprogram.ProfessorGoelalreadyhadeightteachingassistants,butthatwasntenoughtodealwiththeoverwhelmingnumberofdailyquestionsfromstudents.

Manystudentsdropoutofonlinecoursesbecauseofthelackofteachingsupport.Whenstudentsfeelisolatedorconfusedandreachoutwithquestionsthatgounanswered,theirmotivationtocontinuebeginstofade.ProfessorGoeldecidedtodosomethingtoremedythissituationandhissolutionwastocreateavirtualassistantnamedJillWatson,whichisbasedontheIBMWatsonplatform.

GoelandhisteamdevelopedseveralversionsofJillWatsonbeforereleasinghertotheonlineforums.Atfirst,thevirtualassistantwasnttoogreat.ButGoelandhisteamsourcedtheonlinediscussionforumtofindallthe40,000questionsthathadeverbeenaskedsincetheclasswaslaunched.ThentheybegantofeedJillwiththequestionsandanswers.Aftersomeadjustmentsandsufficienttime,Jillwasabletoanswerthestudentsquestionscorrectly97%ofthetime.Thevirtualassistantbecamesoadvancedandrealisticthatthestudentsdidntknowshewasacomputer.Thestudents,whowerestudyingartificialintelligence,wereinteractingwiththevirtualassistantandcouldnttellitapartfromarealhumanbeing.GoeldidntinformthemaboutJillstrueidentityuntilApril26.Thestudentswereactuallyverypositiveabouttheexperience.

ThegoalofProfessorGoelsvirtualassistantnextyearistotakeoveranswering40%ofallthequestionsposedbystudentsontheonlineforum.ThenameJillWatsonwill,ofcourse,changetosomethingelsenextsemester.ProfessorGoelhasamuchrosieroutlookonthefutureofartificialintelligencethan,say,ElonMusk,StephenHawking,BillGatesorSteveWozniak.

46.WhatdowelearaboutKnowledge-BasedArificialItelligence?

A)Itisarobotthatcananswerstudentsquestions.

B)Itisacoursedesignedforstudentstoleamnonline.

C)Itisahigh-techdevicethatrevolutionizesteaching.

D)Itisacomputerprogramthataidsstudentleaming.

47.WhatproblemdidProfessorGoelmeetwith?

A)Hisstudentswereunsatisfiedwiththeassistants.

B)Hiscoursewastoodifficultforthestudents.

C)Studentsquestionsweretoomanytohandle.

D)Toomanystudentsdroppedoutofhiscourse.

48.WhatdowelearaboutJillWatson?

A)Sheturnedouttobeagreatsucess.

B)Shegotalongprettywellwithstudents.

C)Shewasunwelcometostudentsatfirst.

D)Shewasreleasedonlineasanexperiment.

49.HowdidthestudentsfeelaboutJillWatson?

A)Theythoughtshewasabittooartificial.

B)Theyfoundhernotascapableasexpected.

C)Theycouldnotbutadmireherknowledge.

D)Theycouldnottellherfromarealperson.

50.WhatdoesProfessorGoelplantodonextwithJillWatson?

A)Launchdifferentversionsofheronline.

B)Feedherwithnewquestionsandanswers.

C)Assignhertoanswermoreofstudentsquestions.

D)Encouragestudentstointeractwithhermorefreely.

PassageTwo

Questions51to55arebasedonthefollowingpassage.

Thinkingsmall,beingengaging,andhavingasenseofhumordonthurt.Thoseareafewofthetraitsofsuccessfulsciencecrowdfundingeffortsthatemergefromarecentstudythatexaminednearly400campaigns.Buthavingalargenetworkandsomepromotionalskillsmaybemorecrucial.

Crowdfunding,raisingmoneyforaprojectthroughonlineappeals,hastakenoffinrecentyearsforeverythingfrommakingmoviestoproducingwater-savinggadgets.ScientistshavetriedtotapInternetdonors,too,withmixedsuccess.Someraisedmorethantwicetheirgoals,butothershavefallenshortofreachingevenmodesttargets.

Todeterminewhatseparatessciencecrowdfundingtriumphsfromfailures,ateamledbysciencecommunicationsscholarMikeSch?feroftheUniversityofZurichexaminedthecontentofthewebpagesfor371recentcampaigns.

Fourtraitsstoodoutforthosethatachievedtheirgoals,theresearchersreportinPublicUnderstandingofScience.Forone,theyuseacrowdfundingplatformthatspecializesinraisingmoneyforscience,andnotjustanykindofproject.AlthoughsiteslikeKickstartertakeallcomers,platformssuchasEandPonlypresentscientificprojects.Foranother,theypresenttheprojectwithafunnyvideobecausegoodvisualsandasenseofhumorimprovedsuccess.Mostofthemengagewithpotentialdonors,sinceprojectsthatansweredquestionsfrominteresteddonorsfaredbetter.Andtheytargetasmallamountofmoney.Theprojectsincludedinthestudyraised$4,000onaverage,with30%receivinglessthan$1,000.Themoremoneyaprojectsought,thelowerthechanceitreacheditsgoal,theresearchersfound.

Otherfactorsmayalsosignificantlyinfluenceaprojectssuccess,mostnotably,thesizeofascientistspersonalandprofessionalnetworks,andhowmucharesearcherpromotesaprojectontheirown.Thosetwofactorsarebyfarmorecriticalthanthecontentonthepage.Crowdfundingcanbepartofresearcherseffortstoreachthepublic,andpeoplegivebecausetheyfeelaconnectiontothepersonwhoisdoingthefundraising—notnecessarilytothescience.

51.Whatdowelearnaboutthescientiststryingtoraisemoneyonlinefortheirprojects?

A)Theydidnotraisemuchduetomodesttargets.

B)Theymadeuseofmixedfundraisingstrategies.

C)Notallofthemachievedtheiranticipatedgoals.

D)Mostofthemputmoviesonlineforthepurpose.

52.WhatisthepurposeofMikeSchafersresearchofrecentcrowdfundingcampaigns?

A)Tocreateatractivecontentforsciencewebsites.

B)Toidentifyreasonsfortheirdifferentoutcomes.

C)Tohelpscientiststolaunchinnovativeprojects.

D)Toseparatescienceprojectsfromgeneralones.

53.Whattraitcontributestothesuccessofacrowdfiundingcampaign?

A)Thepotentialbenefittofuturegenerations.

B)Itsinteractionwithprospectivedonors.

C)Itsoriginalityinaddressingfinancialissues.

D)Thevalueoftheproposedproject.

54.Whatdidtheresearchersthinkofthefinancialtargetsofcrowdfundingprojects?

A)Theyshouldbesmalltobesucessful.

B)Theyshouldbebasedonactualneeds.

C)Theyshouldbeassedwithgreatcare.

D)Theyshouldbeambitioustogainnotice.

55.Whatmotivatespeopletodonateinacrowdfundingcampaign?

A)Theeaseofaccesstothecontentofthewebpage.

B)Theirdesiretocontributetothecauseofscience.

C)The