通用学术英语综合教程-读写 课件 大学英语IV-4-2 Double-edged Design

通用学术英语综合教程（读写）EnglishforGeneralAcademicPurposesREADING&WRITING

Chapter4Double-edgedDesignReading1Reading2LearningObjectivesTounderstandvariousinterpersonalfunctionsofreportingverbsToidentifythelinguisticfeaturesofhypotheses,researchobjectivesandresearchquestionsTohaveagoodcommandoftenseandvoiceinwritingPBSEreports

BrainsoverBrawn?HarvestingHumanOrgansfromPigsUCASReading2HarvestingHumanOrgansfromPigsAnayellyMedina

UCASReading2UCASBeforeYouReadWhileYouReadAfterYouReadLanguageFocusAcademicLiteracySkillsReading2UCASBeforeYouReadWhileYouReadAfterYouReadLanguageFocusAcademicLiteracySkillsReading2UCASBeforeYouReadWhileYouReadAfterYouReadLanguageFocusAcademicLiteracySkillsReading2UCASBeforeYouReadWhileYouReadAfterYouReadLanguageFocusAcademicLiteracySkillsReading2UCASBeforeYouReadWhileYouReadAfterYouReadLanguageFocusAcademicLiteracySkillsReading2UCASBeforeYouReadWhileYouReadAfterYouReadLanguageFocusAcademicLiteracySkillsBeforeYouReadTheMagicofRealityWarming-upImaginesomeoneishavinguremia(kidneyfailure)andneedsakidneytransplant,whichofthefollowingsituationsofkidneysupplydoyouthinkisthemostacceptable?why?Akidneyfromfamilymembers;Akidneydonatedbyadeceasedperson;Akidneyfromalabthatgrowshumanorgansinotherspecies;AnartificialkidneyUCASMenuBeforeYouReadTheMagicofRealityDiscussion:Watchavideoanddecidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrue(T)orfalse(F).IntheU.S.,peopledieeverydaywaitingforakidney,liver,heartorlungtransplant.Wehaveconductedexperimenttoinjectthemodifiedembryoswithstemcellsfromhuman.Ifwegrewallkindsofhumanorgansinsideapig,theidentityofthepigisquestioned.UCASTFTMenuWhileYouReadTheMagicofRealityUCASWhatarethemainconcernsofgrowinghumanorgansinanimals?It’sdifficulttodeterminethevalueofthoseinterspeciesembryos.Towhatextendaretheyanimalsorhumanbeings?Humangenesmaymigrateintopig’sdevelopingbrain,anddevelopcognition,whichmakethepigsmorehuman.Canwesacrificethesecognitiveanimalsforthesakeofsavingotherpeople’slives?MenuAfterYouReadTheMagicofRealityUCASDrawaflowchartofhowahumanorganisgrowninapiganddescribeeachprocedureinyourownwords.MenuAfterYouReadTheMagicofRealityUCASVocabulary:CompletethecrosswordMenuAfterYouReadTheMagicofRealityUCASVocabulary:CompletethecrosswordMenuLanguageFocusTheMagicofRealityItreferstopreviouslyorforwardlyONEnoun/noungroup/phraseIfthereisnootherreferentthatinterferesthetie,thistiecangoonTipsUsepronounwithaclearreferenceUCASPronoun

MenuLanguageFocusTheMagicofRealityAccordingtotheUnitedNetworkforOrganSharing,intheUnitedStates,about22peopledieeachdaywhilewaitingforanorgantransplant.Thisshortageoforgantransplantshasplayedaroleinfuelingresearchers’interestsindevelopingalternativemethodstosolvethisproblem.Oneproposedmethod(Walsh,2016),byPabloRoss,involvescreatingahuman-pigchimeraembryo,insertingitintotheuterusofapig,allowingittodevelop,andhavinganendresultofthegrowthofahumanorganasthechimeradevelops.UCASTask1MenuLanguageFocus

TheMagicofRealityTheprocessofcreatingthechimera,inthiscaseonethatwillpotentiallydevelopahumanpancreas,firstinvolvesremovingtheDNAinapigembryothatwouldallowit

togrowapigpancreas.ThisremovalprocessisconductedthroughageneeditingtechniqueknownasCRISPR.TheCRISPRprocessinvolvesutilizingaproteinmoleculesuchasCAS9tocutoutthetargetedDNAsectionfromaDNAstrand.TheCAS9enzymeincludesaguideRNA(gRNA)thatmatchesuptothetargetDNAsectionandremovesit.UCASTask1MenuLanguageFocusUCASTask15.Theremovalofthepig’sDNAsectioncreateswhatiscalleda“niche”(void)intheDNAstrand;humaninducedpluripotentstemcells,oriPS,aretheninjectedintotheembryowhenit’sjustafewcellsinapetridish.6.ResearchersthenhopethattheseinjectedhumanstemcellswilltakeadvantageofthevoidintheDNAandresultinthedevelopmentofapigfetusgrowingahumanpancreas.ThishumanorganwouldthenbecompatiblewithahumanpatientfromwhomtheiPScellsarederived,reducingtheriskoforganrejectionbythebody.humaninducedreferstopluripotentstemcells,oriPSMenuLanguageFocusUCASTask17.Thepotentialabilitytogrowhumanorgansinsideofotheranimalsinordertosolvetheorgandonor/transplantshortageseemslikeaproposalwithoutfaults.Nevertheless,thefutureofthistechnologycouldleadtothepurposefulgrowthofahumanbraininadifferentspecies.8.Purposefullygrowingahumanbraininadifferentspecieswouldraiseamultitudeofquestionsregardingtheir

placement/personhoodonthehuman/animalscale.Furthermore,therearequestionssurroundingtheethicsofsuchaprocedurethatmustbeaddressed.MenuAcademicLiteracySkillsUCASOldinformationEstablishaconnectionwithprevious

contentNewinformation+Oldinformation1Newinformation1Oldinformation2(=newinformation1)Newinformation2Oldinformation3(=newinformation2)Newinformation3+++Sentence1=Sentence2Sentence3==Sentence4=...LineardevelopmentFormulaoflineardevelopmentHowtodevelopaparagraph?ThematicDevelopmentMenuAcademicLiteracySkillsTheMagicofRealityUCASComparethedifferencesbetweentheCRISPRprocesswrittenbelowandtheprocesswritteninPara.2Whichtypeofwritingdoyouthinkismorecoherent?First,weuseaprocesstocreatethechimeraandremovetheDNAinapigembryo.Second,weuseageneeditingtechniqueknownasCRISP.Third,weutilizeaproteinmoleculesuchasCas9tocutoutthetargetedDNAsectionfromaDNAstrand.Fourth,weuseaguideRNAtomatchuptothegargetDNAsectionandremoveit.ThematicDevelopmentMenunoconnectionsAcademicLiteracySkillsTheMagicofRealityUCASTheprocessofcreatingthechimera,inthiscaseonethatwillpotentiallydevelopahumanpancreas,firstinvolvesremovingtheDNAinapigembryo

(newinfor.1)thatwouldallowittogrowapigpancreas.Thisremovalprocess(oldinfor,2=newinfor.1)isconductedthroughageneeditingtechniqueknownasCRISPR(newinfor.2).TheCRISPRprocess(oldinfor.3=newinfor.2)involvesutilizingaproteinmoleculesuchasCas9(newinfor.3)tocutoutthetargetedDNAsectionfromaDNAstrand.TheCas9enzyme(oldinfor.4=newinfor.3)includesaguideRNA(gRNA)thatmatchesuptothetargetDNAsectionandremovesit.EchoingoldinformationCanyounoticetheconnections?ThematicDevelopmentMenuAcademicLiteracySkillsUCASThereareserioustechnicalbarriersandcomplexethicalissuesthatmustbediscussedandsolvedbeforeproducinghumanorgansinanimals.

___________AAnothercriticalpointconcernstheproductionofhumangametesbysuchchimericanimals.Themainethicalissuesaretherisksofconsciousnessandofhumanfeaturesinthechimericanimalduetoatoohighcontributionofhumancellstothebrain,inthefirstcase,orforinstancetolimbs,inthesecond✓ExerciseonlineardevelopmentBMenuAcademicLiteracySkillsUCAS2)Theideaofproducinghumanorgansinanimalsoriginatesfromthediscoveryofpluripotentstemcells(PSC).__________________________Suchcellscandifferentiateintoanycelltypesoftheorganism,forinstanceskin,liver,orheartcells.Pluripotencyisakeypropertyofveryspecifichumanembryoniccellsfoundintheinnercellmass(ICM)oftheearlyembryoandthatcanbederivedinvitrointolinesofembryonicstemcells(ESC).BAnothersourceofPSCareinducedpluripotentstemcells(iPSC)thatresultfromreprogrammingdifferentiatedcellsintopluripotentcellsbytransitionallyforcingtheexpressionoffourtranscriptionfactors.✓AExerciseonlineardevelopmentMenuAcademicLiteracySkillsUCASExerciseonlineardevelopment3)MorerecentattemptsusinghumaniPSCledtotheproductionofmicewithasignificantpercentageofchimerism.__________________________BASomepreliminaryexperimentshavealreadybeenperformed,suchasinjectionofhumanescintoamouseblastocyst.Thesemouseembryosweresacrificedatearlydevelopmentalstagesforethicalreasons.✓MenuAcademicLiteracySkillsUCASExerciseonlineardevelopment4)Theproductionofhumanorgansinanimalsalsoraiseslegalissuesandissubjecttodifferentlegalframeworksindifferentcountries.__________________________BATheymainlystemformthefearofspecies-boundarycrossing,namelytheriskofdevelopmentofhuman-likeconsciousnessinchimericanimals,ortheriskofappearanceofhuman-likeexternalfeatures,and,finally,theriskofhumangameteproduction.Thesedifferenceswillmostlikelyaffectthespeedofdevelopmentandimplementationofthisorganproductionstrategyindifferentcountries.✓MenuAcademicLiteracySkillsUCASTenseofreportingverbsWhenusingreportingverbstointroduceothers’ideas,writersoftenusethesimplepasttenseorthesimplepresenttense:a)Smith(2013)arguedthatpreventativemedicineisfarmorecosteffective,andthereforebetteradaptedtothedevelopingworld.b)AsChesterman(2004:3)pointsout,onceevidenceofsharedfeaturesoftranslatedlanguagehasbeenfound,“wecanthenlookforexplanatoryhypotheseswhichwouldplausiblyaccountforthem”.Tointroducetheviewpointofsomeoneelseinpastliterature.Toincorporateothers’ideaintothewriter’sownwritingandshowthewriter’sagreementwithsuchidea.MenuAcademicLiteracySkillsUCASWhenreportingwhatotherscholarsdidorfoundintheirresearch,thesimplepasttenseorthepresentperfectareoftenused:Tenseofreportingverbsc)Takebeetal.(2014)tookthingsastepfurtherbycreatingtinyliverswithafewdifferentcelltypes.(Here,thepasttenseisusedtoemphasizethepastactionitself.)d)Surfacefreshwaterperturbationshavebeenshowntoweakentheoceanmeridionalheattransport,andincreasetheAtlanticheatcontentchangeandsealevelrise(Smithetal.2014;Bouttesetal.2014;SvellecandFedorov2016;Svellecetal.2017).Toemphasizethepastactionitself.Toemphasizetheresultofpastresearch.MenuAcademicLiteracySkillsUCASExercise:Fillintheblankswithappropriateformsofreportingverbs.1.Thepreparationoftheagarblock_____________(describe)indetailinCapelandBatchvarov(2008).2.CapelandBatchvarov(2008)_________________(provide)thehelpfulhintthattissuesintheagarmoldshouldbelaidoutasymmetricallysothatiftheagarblockrotatesduringcultureindividualsamplescanbeidentified.3.WhiletherehasbeentremendousinterestinthefieldofnuclearcloningsincethebirthofDollyin1997,thefirstsuccessfulnucleartransferact