综合英语教学课件

Contents123456ActiveReading2Workinpairs.Readthequotationsabouthistoryanddiscusswhichyoulikebest,andwhy?

Whocontrolsthepastcontrolsthefuture;whocontrolsthepresentcontrolsthepast.

—GeorgeOrwell,Britishnovelistandessayist

Thosewhofailtolearnfromhistoryaredoomedtorepeatit.

—WinstonChurchill,Britishstatesmanandwriter

Historywillbekindtome,forIintendtowriteit.—WinstonChurchill,Britishstatesmanandwriter

WarmingUp

Hegelsayssomewherethatallgreateventsandpersonalitiesinworldhistoryreappearinonefashionoranother.Heforgottoadd:thefirsttimeastragedy,thesecondasfarce.—KarlMarx,Germanphilosopher,socialistandrconomist

Thatmendonotlearnverymuchfromthelessonsofhistoryisthemostimportantofallthelessonsthathistoryhastoteach.

—AldousHuxley,BritishnovelistandcriticWarmingUp

Whocontrolsthepastcontrolsthefuture;whocontrolsthepresentcontrolsthepast.

—GeorgeOrwell,BritishnovelistandessayistIliketheOrwellquote:Itissoneatlybalancedanditistrue.Ifyoucontrolthewaypeopleseehistory,youcancontrol(oratleastinfluencestrongly)howtheyactandwhatwillhappen.Thoseinpowertodaycancontrolhowhistoryiswritten.WarmingUpThosewhofailtolearnfromhistoryaredoomedtorepeatit.

—WinstonChurchill,BritishstatesmanandwriterThisisanimpressivewarning–ifwedonotlearnfromhistorywewillkeeponmakingthesamemistakes.AtleastinthelastworldeconomiccrisisgovernmentslearntfromtheGreatDepressionandadopteddifferentpoliciestodealwiththecrisis.Historywillbekindtome,forIintendtowriteit.—WinstonChurchill,BritishstatesmanandwriterThisoneisveryamusing–ChurchillthehistoriancangiveChurchillthestatesmanagoodimage!WarmingUpHegelsayssomewherethatallgreateventsandpersonalitiesinworldhistoryreappearinonefashionoranother.Heforgottoadd:thefirsttimeastragedy,thesecondasfarce.

—KarlMarx,Germanphilosopher,socialistandeconomistThe19th-centuryGermanphilosopherHegelsawhistoryasaprogressiverealizationofhiddenprinciplesdrivinghumanityforwardfromprimitivebeginningstohighcivilization.MarxinhiscommentwasparticularlycriticizingtheSecondFrenchEmpireofNapoleonIII,towhichMarxwasdeeplyopposed.WarmingUpInhiseyes,NapoleonI’sempiremayhavehadglory,butNapoleonIII’swascorruptanddishonorable.I

don’treallythinkthatisparticularlytrue–istheFrenchRevolutionatragedyandtheRussianoneafarce?

Surelynot.WarmingUpThatmendonotlearnverymuchfromthelessonsofhistoryisthemostimportantofallthelessonsthathistoryhastoteach.

—AldousHuxley,BritishnovelistandcriticHuxleyisverycynical,butIliketheparadoxicalstyle.Ofcourse,hemayberight–notwosetsofeventsare

eversimilarenoughforthelessonsfromonetoapplyto

another.WarmingUpTextBackgroundinformationGotothetextBackgroundinformation

ThepassageisanextractfromthebookWhatIsHistory?bytheBritishhistorianEdwardHallettCarr

(1892–1982).Carrwasbestknownforhis14-volumehistoryoftheSovietUnion,inwhichheprovidedan

accountofSoviethistoryfrom1917to1929,forhiswritingsoninternationalrelations,andforhisbook

WhatIsHistory?,inwhichhelaidouthistoriographicalprinciplesrejectingtraditionalhistoricalmethods

andpractices.TextTextThebookdiscusseshistory,facts,thebiasofhistorians,science,morality,individualsandsociety,and

moraljudgmentsinhistory.ItoriginatedinaseriesoflecturesgivenbyCarrin1961attheUniversityof

Cambridge.

TheHistorianandHisFacts1Whatisahistoricalfact?Thisisacrucialquestionintowhichwemustlookalittlemoreclosely.Accordingtothecommon-senseview,therearecertainbasicfactswhicharethesameforallhistoriansandwhichform,sotospeak,thebackboneofhistory–thefact,forexample,thattheBattleofHastingswasfoughtin1066.Butthisviewcallsfortwoobservations.Inthefirstplace,itisnotwithfactslikethesethatthehistorianisprimarilyconcerned.Itisnodoubtimportanttoknowthatthegreatbattlewasfoughtin1066andnotin1065or1067,andthatitwasfoughtatHastingsandnotatEastbourneorBrighton.TextThehistorianmustnotgetthesethingswrong.Butwhenpointsofthiskindareraised,IamremindedofHousman'sremarkthat"accuracyisaduty,notavirtue".Topraiseahistorianforhisaccuracyislikepraisinganarchitectforusingwell-seasoned

timberorproperlymixedconcreteinhisbuilding.Itisanecessaryconditionofhiswork,butnothisessentialfunction.Itispreciselyformattersofthiskindthatthehistorianisentitledtorelyonwhathavebeencalledthe"auxiliarysciences"ofhistory–archaeology,epigraphy,numismatics,chronology,andsoforth.Text

Thehistorianisnotrequiredtohavethespecialskillswhichenabletheexperttodeterminetheoriginandperiodofafragmentofpotteryormarble,todecipheranobscureinscription,ortomaketheelaborate

astronomicalcalculationsnecessarytoestablishaprecisedate.Theseso-calledbasicfactswhicharethesameforallhistorianscommonlybelongtothecategoryoftherawmaterialsofthehistorianratherthanofhistoryitself.Text

Thesecondobservationisthatthenecessitytoestablishthesebasicfactsrestsnotonanyqualityinthefactsthemselves,butonanaprioridecisionofthehistorian.InspiteofC.P.Scott'smotto,everyjournalistknowstodaythatthemosteffectivewaytoinfluenceopinionisbytheselectionandarrangementoftheappropriatefacts.Itusedtobesaidthatfactsspeakforthemselves.Thisis,ofcourse,untrue.Thefactsspeakonlywhenthehistoriancallsonthem:Itishewhodecidestowhichfactstogivethefloor,andinwhatorderorcontext.TextItwas,Ithink,oneofPirandello'scharacterswhosaidthatafactislikeasack–itwon'tstanduptillyou'veputsomethinginit.TheonlyreasonwhyweareinterestedtoknowthatthebattlewasfoughtatHastingsin1066isthathistoriansregarditasamajorhistoricalevent.TextItisthehistorianwhohasdecidedforhisownreasonsthatCaesar'scrossingofthatpettystream,theRubicon,isafactofhistory,whereasthecrossingoftheRubiconbymillionsofotherpeoplebeforeorsinceinterestsnobodyatall.Thefactthatyouarrivedinthisbuildinghalfanhouragoonfoot,oronabicycle,orinacar,isjustasmuchafactaboutthepastasthefactthatCaesarcrossedtheRubicon.TextButitwillprobablybeignoredbyhistorians.ProfessorTalcottParsonsoncecalledscience"aselectivesystemofcognitiveorientationstoreality".Itmightperhapshavebeenputmoresimply.Buthistoryis,amongotherthings,that.Thehistorianisnecessarilyselective.Thebeliefinahardcoreofhistoricalfactsexistingobjectivelyandindependentlyoftheinterpretationofthehistorianisapreposterousfallacy,butonewhichitisveryhardtoeradicate.Text2 Letustakealookattheprocessbywhichamerefactaboutthepastistransformedintoafactofhistory.AtStalybridgeWakesin1850,avendorofgingerbread,astheresultofsomepettydispute,wasdeliberatelykickedtodeathbyanangrymob.Isthisafactofhistory?AyearagoIshouldunhesitatinglyhavesaid"no".Itwasrecordedbyaneyewitnessinsomelittle-knownmemoirs;butIhadneverseenitjudgedworthyofmentionbyanyhistorian.TextAyearagoDr.KitsonClarkciteditinhisFordlecturesinOxford.Doesthismakeitintoahistoricalfact?Not,Ithink,yet.Itspresentstatus,Isuggest,isthatithasbeenproposedformembershipoftheselectclubofhistoricalfacts.Itnowawaitsaseconderandsponsors.Itmaybethatinthecourseofthenextfewyearsweshallseethisfactappearingfirstinfootnotes,theninthetext,ofarticlesandbooksabout19th-centuryEngland,andthatin20or30years'timeitmaybeawell-establishedhistoricalfact.TextAlternatively,nobodymaytakeitup,inwhichcaseitwillrelapseintothelimboofunhistoricalfactsaboutthepastfromwhichDr.KitsonClarkhasgallantlyattemptedtorescueit.Whatwilldecidewhichofthesetwothingswillhappen?Itwilldepend,Ithink,onwhetherthethesisorinterpretationinsupportofwhichDr.KitsonClarkcitedthisincidentisacceptedbyotherhistoriansasvalidandsignificant.Itsstatusasahistoricalfactwillturnonaquestionofinterpretation.Thiselementofinterpretationentersintoeveryfactofhistory.Text历史学家与史实

1

什么是史实？我们必须进一步深入地审视这个关键的问题。按照一般的常识判断，确定的基本事实对所有历史学家都是一样的，可以说，这些事实构成了历史的基石——比如黑斯廷斯战役发生在1066年。但是有必要针对这一观点提出两点评论意见。首先，历史学家首先关注的并不是这样的事实。当然，了解这样一个事实毫无疑问是很重要的，即那场伟大的战役发生在1066年，而不是1065年或1067年，发生在黑斯廷斯而不是在伊斯特本或是布赖顿。Text历史学家在这样的事实上不能出错。但是当人们提出这样的看法时，我想起了豪斯曼说过的话“准确是本分，而并非美德”。赞扬一位历史学家所采用的史料准确，就像称赞建筑师盖房子时用的木材干燥、混凝土调配得当一样。准确是他工作的必要条件，但不是他的基本职能。正是在这类事情上，历史学家可以依靠像考古学、铭文学、钱币学、年代学等等这些被称为历史“辅助科学”的学科。Text历史学家不需要掌握特殊的技能去确定陶瓷或大理石残片的起源与断代、去解读一段意义隐晦的铭文的含义、或是为确定一个准确的日期而进行繁复的天文计算。这些所谓的基本事实对所有的历史学家来说都是一样的，它们是历史学家可用的原始素材，而非历史本身。Text

我要说的第二点是，是否需要确定这些基本的事实并不取决于这些事实本身，而是取决于历史学家事先做出的判断。尽管C.P.

斯科特的那句箴言深入人心（译者注：斯科特的箴言Commentisfree,butfactsaresacred.“事实不可歪曲，评述大可自由”），但是现在每一名新闻记者都知道要影响大众舆论，最有效的方式就是对特定的事实进行选择和剪接。人们以前常说事实不言自明。这种说法显然是错误的，历史事实只是在历史学家用到时才会不言自明。哪些事实可以现身说法，以及这些事实以什么样的顺序或是在什么样的情景中出现，都是由历史学家来决定的。Text

我记得皮兰德娄笔下的一个人物曾经说过：事实就像一个麻袋——不塞点东西进去就立不起来。我们之所以对1066年发生在黑斯廷斯的战役感兴趣，其唯一的原因就是历史学家把这一战役看作是一个重大的历史事件。Text

历史学家依照自己的推断，认为凯撒穿越那条小河——卢比孔河——是一个史实，但没有人对在他之前或是之后几百万其他人穿过这条河的举动感兴趣。你半个小时之前或徒步、或骑车或开车来到这座大楼，这件事和当年凯撒渡过卢比孔河一样都是一个关于过去的客观事实。Text

但是历史学家不太可能会去注意你到达这座大楼这件事。塔尔科特·帕森斯教授曾经把科学称为“对现实认知取向的一种选择性体系”。这一点或许可以用更简单的话来表述。但是历史的一个重要特点就是它的选择性。历史学家必然要选择史实。有人坚信史实是确实存在的，是客观的，不为历史家的阐释而左右。这种见解非常荒谬，但却难以根除。Text

2

现在让我们来看一下一个关于过去的事实是怎样变成史实的。1850年，在斯泰利布里奇的守护神节那天，一个卖姜饼的小贩因为一点小事儿与人发生口角，最后被一群愤怒的暴民故意活活踢死。这是一个史实吗？要是在一年前，我肯定会毫不犹豫地说“不是”。这件事被一个目击者记载在了一本鲜为人知的回忆录中，但是我从来没有听到哪位历史学家提及此事。Text

但是一年前，基特森·克拉克博士在牛津大学的福特系列讲座上提到了这件事。这样它就变成史实了吗？我想还没有。我认为，在这个对入会标准有严格规定的史实俱乐部里，这个事件现在的地位相当于候选会员。它现在正在等待附议者和担保人。也许在接下来的几年中，我们会看到这个事实首先出现在关于19世纪英国的文章和书籍的脚注当中，然后可能会出现在正文中。再过二三十年，它也许就是一个确定无疑的史实了。Text

另外还有一种可能，那就是再也没人提起这件事。这样它就会重新被湮没在关于过去的那些非历史的事实堆中而被人遗忘，而基特森·克拉克博士拯救它的英勇努力也就付之东流了。这两种可能性哪一种会发生呢？又取决于什么呢？我想这取决于其他历史学家是否认为基特森·克拉克博士引用这个事件来证明的论点或者阐释言之有据，并且具有重大意义。这个事件作为史实的地位取决于历史学家的阐释。而任何一个史实都包含阐释的成分。TextWords&Phraseshistorianobservationseasontimberauxiliaryarchaeologyepigraphymottoa

prioriastronomicalelaborateinscriptiondeciphermarbledisputegingerbreadvendoreradicatefallacyobjectivelyorientationnumismaticschronologyfragmentpettyfloorselectioneyewitnessunhesitatinglymobWords&PhrasesproposeseconderfootnotealternativelyrelapselimbounhistoricalgallantlyinthefirstplacerestonamongotherthingstakeupWords&PhrasestheBattleofHastings

黑斯廷斯战役Eastbourne

伊斯特本Brighton

布赖顿（英格兰东南部城市）Housman豪斯曼C.P.ScottC.P.

斯科特Pirandello皮兰德娄theRubicon

卢比孔河（意大利北部）TalcottParsons

塔尔科特·帕森斯Stalybridge

斯泰利布里奇（英国城镇）KitsonClark

基特森·克拉克historiann.

[C]someonewhostudiesorwritesabouteventsinhistory历史学家e.g.1.

Historiansshouldstriveafterobjectivity.

历史学家应当力求做到客观。

2.

SimaQian(145-86BC)wassuchanextensivelytraveledWesternHanhistorian.

司马迁(公元前145-公元前86年)就是这样的一位曾四处游历的西汉历史学家。Wordfamily:

historic,historicala.

history

n.Words&Phrasesobservation

n.

[C,U]1)[C]awrittenorspokencommentaboutsth.thatyouhaveseen,heard,orfelt

评述；评论；言论e.g.ShemadeseveralexcellentobservationsinheressayonCharlesDickens.

她在关于查尔斯•狄更斯的论文中发表过一些非常好的评论。

2)[U]

theprocessofwatchingsb.orsth.carefully,inordertofindsth.out注意；观察；观测e.g.She’sbeenadmittedtohospitalforobservation.

她被收进医院进行观察。Wordfamily:

observev.Words&Phrasesseasonvt.

allowwoodtodrysothatitisreadytobeused

对（木材）进行风干处理e.g.1.

Thecarpentertaughtushowtoseasonwood.

这位木匠教我们怎样对木材进行干燥处理。2.

Thetimberhasseasonedwell.

这木材现在已干燥可用了。Words&Phrasestimber

n.

[U]woodusedforbuildinghousesormakingfurniture

木材；木料e.g.1.

Thetimberhasstartedtodecay.

木材已开始腐烂。2.Seasonedtimberdoesnotwarp.经干燥处理的木材不会翘曲。3.Theyaredecoratingtheirnewhouse,andneedsomesurfaced/dressedtimber.他们在装修新房子，需要一些刨光木材。Words&Phrasesauxiliary

a.

providingsupplementaryoradditionalhelpandsupport

辅助的e.g.1.

anauxiliaryverb

助动词

2.

Scienceandtechnologyareauxiliarytoeachother.

科学和技术是相辅相成的。3.

Wehaveanauxiliarygeneratorincaseofpowercuts.我们有一台备用发电机，以防断电时使用。Words&Phrasesarchaeology

n.

[U]

thestudyofancientsocieties,donebylookingattools,bones,buildings,andotherthingsfromthattimethathavebeenfound考古学e.g.1.

I'mafraidarchaeologyjustisn'tmycupoftea.

恐怕考古根本不合我的胃口。2.Thenewspaperarticlewakedmyinterestinarchaeology.

报纸上的文章激起了我对考古学的兴趣。Wordfamily:archaeological

a.

archaeologist

n.

Words&Phrasesepigraphy

n.

[U]

thestudyofancientinscriptions;sphragistics

碑铭学，碑铭研究；金石学e.g.1.

Heawell-knownancientwritingscholarandaspecialistinepigraphyinthecapitalcity.他是京城有名的古文字学者、金石学家。2.Anotedscholarofepigraphysuggestedthattheseculturalrelicsbesenttotheprovincialcapitalforpreservation.

一位碑铭学者建议把这些文物运到省城保管。Words&Phrasesnumismatics

n.

[U]

thestudyandcollectionofcoinsandmedals

钱币学e.g.1.Asanemergingsubject,thesubjectofnumismaticsneedtobeperfectedinitstheoryandmethod.钱币学作为一门新兴的学科门类，其学科理论、研究方法还有待进一步完善。2.Iamaspeculatorinrarities,andIhavedealingswithpersonsinterestedinnumismaticsallovertheworld.

我是做精品生意的商人，我和全世界各地热衷钱币收藏的人们有生意往来。

Words&Phraseschronology

n.

[U]

thescienceofdiscoveringthedatesandtimesofhistoricalevents

年代学e.g.1.

Idon’tlikethatnovel.It’sahistoricalnovelthattakeslibertieswithchronology.

我不喜欢那部小说，那是一部随便改变年代顺序的历史小说。

2.Heiswritingaresearchpaperonthechronologyoftheearth'shistoryasdeterminedbygeologicevents. 他正在写一篇以地质事件测定的地质历史年代学的论文。Wordfamily:

chronological

a.Words&Phrasesfragmentn.[C]1)asmallpieceofalargerobjectthathasbroken,oftenintoalotofpieces碎片；碎块e.g.TheyhavefoundseveralfragmentsofaRomanvaseinthearea.

在这一地区他们发现了一只罗马瓷瓶的碎片。2)anisolatedorpletepartofsth.片断，片段；不完整的部分e.g.Iheardonlyafragmentoftheirconversation.

我只听到他们谈话的只言片语。Wordfamily:fragmentala.Words&Phrasesmarble

n.

[U]

ahardsmoothstoneusedforbuildingandmakingstatues.Marbleisusuallywhitewithdarklinesthatarenotregularinshape

大理石e.g.1.

Thereisamarblestatueonthecornerofthestreet.

街的拐角处就有一座大理石雕塑。2.Thehotelistraditionallyfurnishedwithmarblefloors.这家旅馆铺设传统的大理石地面。3.Hehasaheartofmarble.

他有一副铁石心肠。Words&Phrasesdecipher

v.

1)

succeedinreadinguntidyorcarelesswriting

辨认（潦草的字迹）e.g.Ican'tdecipherwhatisinscribedonthepillar.

我认不出刻在柱子上的是什么。2)succeedinunderstandingthemeaningofsth.writteninasecretsystemoflettersorsymbolscalledacode破译e.g.Researchersaregraduallydecipheringthegeneticstructurefoundinthecellsoforganisms.

研究者正渐渐破译存于有机体细胞内的基因结构。Words&Phrasesinscriptionn.

[C]

apieceofwritingwrittenorcutonorinsth.,especiallyasarecordofanachievementorinordertohonor题词；题名；铭文e.g.1.

TherewasaninscriptioninChinesecharactersoverthearch.

牌楼上有汉字题字。2.Theinscriptiononthecoinhaswornaway.

铸造在硬币上的文字已经磨损。

Words&Phraseselaborate

a.&vi.

1)

a.

verydetailedandcomplicated

详尽的；复杂的e.g.Iwasgreatlyshockedatthelongandelaboratemisrepresentation.

我对这长期的、精心编造的欺骗感到极其震惊。

2)vi.

(~on)givemoredetailsorinformationaboutsomething详尽说明e.g.Youunderstandthesituation;Ineedn’telaborateonitanyfurther.

你对情况是了解的，我不必再进一步详谈了。Wordfamily:

elaboration

n.Words&Phrasesastronomicala.relatingtothescientificstudyofthestarsandplanets

天文学的e.g.1.

Light-yearisanastronomicalunit.

光年是一个天文单位。2.HewasanexpertonancientChineseastronomicalliterature.

他是研究中国古代天文学文献的专家。Wordfamily:

astronomyn. astronomern.

Words&Phrasesapriori

a.(fml)

usingknowledgeorexperiencethatyoualreadyhaveinordertomakeajudgmentordecision

按经验推断（的）；先验（的）e.g.Itwasan

apriorispeculationuponquestionsthatareunanswerabletoscientificobservation,analysis,orexperiment这是对于通过科学观察、分析或实验无法解决的问题进行的高深莫测的推理。Words&Phrasesmotto

n.

[C]

ashortstatementthatexpressessth.suchasaprincipleoranaim,oftenusedasastatementofbeliefbyanorganizationorindividual

座右铭；箴言；格言e.g.1.

Themotto"InGodWeTrust"isprintedonAmericancoins.

美国的硬币上刻有一句铭言:“我们相信上帝。”2.

“Doeverythinginmoderationandnothingtoexcess”washismottoforahappyandhealthylife.

“凡事节制勿过度”是他追求愉快、健康生活的座右铭。Words&Phrasesselection

n.

[C,U]

theprocessofchoosingonepersonorthingfromagroup

选择；选拔e.g.1.

Welefttheselectionoftheteamtothecaptain.

我们把挑选队员的工作交给了队长。2.

It’sworthtakingthetimetomakeacarefulselection.值得花时间仔细挑选。Wordfamily:

select

v. selectivea.Words&Phrasesfloor

n.

[sing]

aplacewherediscussionsordebatestakeplace,especiallyinaparliament

（常指会议的）议席takethefloor

=starttalkinginadiscussionordebatee.g.Thechairmantookthefloor.

主席开始了讨论。havethefloor=bespeakinginadiscussionordebatee.g.Excuseme,Mr.Gregory,butMr.Barneshasthefloor.

对不起，格雷格里先生，可是巴恩斯先生正说着呢。Words&Phrasespetty

a.

(usubeforenoun)

notimportantandnotworthworryingabout

微不足道的；不重要的e.g.1.

apettyquarrel2.

apettytheft3.pettygossip4.Itwasapettyproblemandtheysoonsolvedit.

这仅是一个小问题，他们很快就解决了。Words&Phrases口角，小争吵小偷小摸闲聊，流言蜚语orientation

n.

1)

[C,U]

theparticularinterests,aims,andemphasisofabusiness,politicalgroup,orotherorganization

定位；目标e.g.Marketorientationemphasizestheneedsofthecustomer.市场定位强调客户的需求。2)[C]

thepositionofanobject,orthedirectioninwhichitispointing方向；方位；朝向e.g.Thewindingtrailcausedthehikerstolosetheirorientation.

蜿蜒的小径使徒步旅行者迷失了方向。Words&Phrasesobjectivelyad.

usingfactsandnotinfluencedbypersonalfeelingsorbeliefs

客观地e.g.1.

Matterobjectivelyexistsindependentofhumanconsciousness.

物质是客观存在，不以人的意志为转移。2.

HehopedthattheywouldwriteobjectivelyaboutChina.

他希望他们能客观地报导中国的情况。Wordfamily:

objective

a.objectivenessn.Antonym:subjectivelyWords&Phrasesfallacy

n.

[C]

anideaorbeliefthatisfalsebutthatmanypeoplethinkistrue

谬论；谬见e.g.1.

Theyaredelightedthattheyhaveexplodedsuchafallacy.

把这样一个谬论推翻，他们感到高兴。2.

Itisapopularfallacythatsuccessalwaysbringshappiness.

认为成功必能带来幸福，是一个普遍的错误见解。Words&Phraseseradicate

vt.

getridofsth.completely,especiallysth.bad

根除e.g.1.

Thediseasehasbeeneradicatedfromtheworld.

这种疾病已在全世界得到根除。2.

Toeradicateprivilege,wemustsolveboththeideologicalproblemsinvolvedandproblemsrelatingtorulesandregulations.要克服特权现象，我们必须要解决思想问题，也要解决制度问题。Words&PhrasesTranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese:1.

Withtheunbalancedeconomicandsocialdevelopmentamongdifferentregionscontinuingtoexistforalongperiod,itisamostarduoustasktoeradicatepoverty.

地区间经济和社会发展不平衡现象将长期存在，消除贫困的任务依然艰巨。2.

Thisisanabnormalphenomenonandwemustworkseriouslytoeradicateit.

这是一种很不正常的现象，一定要认真扭转。Wordfamily:

eradication

n.Words&Phrasesvendor

n.

[C]

someonewhosellssth.,butnotinashop

小贩；摊贩e.g.Kevinstoppedtobuytheeveningpaperfromanewsvendor.

凯文停下来向报贩买了一份晚报。Words&Phrasesgingerbread

n.

[U]

atypeofcakemadewithginger

姜汁饼干e.g.GingerbreadcookiesareoftenfashionedintospecialshapessuchasChristmastreesandSantaClaus.

姜饼通常会流行做成像圣诞树和圣诞老人等的形状。

Words&Phrasesdispute

n.&vt.1)

n.

[C,U]

aseriousdisagreement,especiallyonebetweengroupsofpeoplethatlastsforalongtime

（尤指长时间的）争论，纠纷e.g.1.

Manyoftheoldlabordisputesareover,butthereisstillsomeemployeeanxiety.(CET4-2003-06)

许多旧的劳工争议已经不再，但仍然存在着一些员工焦虑。2.

aterritorialdisputebetweenrivalgangs

与敌对团伙关于领地的争论3.adisputeoverpay

关于报酬的争执4.JohngotintoadisputewithJackaboutthemoney.

约翰与杰克为了钱的事吵了起来。Words&Phrases2)

vt.

saythatsth.suchasafactisnottrueorcorrect对（……）表示质疑，提出异议e.g.1.

Idisputedtheminister'sfigures,thetruecostoftheprojectwasmuchhigher.我怀疑部长所说的数字；那个项目的实际花费要高得多。2.Theydonotdisputethefactthatthecompanyisintrouble.

他们没有对公司陷入困境的事实提出异议。Words&Phrasesmob

n.

[C]

alargecrowdofpeoplethatisdangerousordifficulttocontrol

乱民，暴民e.g.1.

Theangrymobgatheredoutsidethepalace.

一群愤怒的暴民聚集在宫殿外面。2.

Themobrampagedthroughthevillage.

这伙暴徒在村中横冲直撞。Words&Phrasesunhesitatingly

ad.

quicklyandconfidently,withoutwaitingorstopping

毫不迟疑地；毫不犹豫地e.g.1.

Ifanyofthemdisruptpublicorderorviolatethelaw,theymustbedealtwithunhesitatingly.

如果他们中有任何人破坏社会秩序，触犯了刑律，就必须坚决处理。

2.

Realizingtherewasnothingforhimtodotosavehisplane,thepilotunhesitatinglybaledout.

飞行员意识到自己已无力挽救飞机，便毫不犹豫地跳了伞。Antonym:hesitatinglyWordfamily:

hesitate

v.hesitationn.Words&Phraseseyewitness

n.[C]

someonewhohasseensth.happen,especiallyacrimeoranaccident

目击者；见证人e.g.1.

Policecalledtheeyewitnessaboutthetrafficaccidentwhichhappenedinthestreetyesterday.

有关昨天街上发生的交通事故，警察调查了目击者。

2.

Oneeyewitnessisbetterthantenhearsays.

百闻不如一见。Synonym:witnessWords&Phrasespropose

vt.

1)

(fml)

(~doing)suggestaplan,idea,oraction

提议，建议（计划、想法或行动）e.g.1.

Iproposegoingtoanearlyfilmandhavingdinnerafterwards.

我建议先去看电影，然后吃晚饭。

2.

Sheproposedthatweseeamarriagecounselor.她建议我们去见一位婚姻顾问。Words&Phrases2)

ifyouproposetodosth.,youintendorplantodoit计划；打算e.g.1.

Weproposeanearlystarttomorrow.

我们打算明天早早出发。2.Manproposesbutgoddisposes.

谋事在人，成事在天。Wordfamily:

proposal

n.Words&Phrasessecondern.[C]

someonewho

officiallysupportsaproposalmadebyanotherpersoninameeting

附议者；赞成者e.g.1.

Thereisnoseconderforthemotionsoitisnotputtothevote.因为该提议无赞同者，所以不再交付表决。2.

Themotioncannotbeput,becausetheproposercannotfindaseconderforit.

因为建议者找不到赞同者，动议不能通过。Wordfamily:second

v.

Words&Phrasesfootnote

n.[C]

anoteatthebottomofapagethatgivesmoredetailedinformationaboutsth.onthepage

脚注e.g.1.

Footnotesilluminatedthedifficultpassagesofthetext.

脚注阐明了文中难解的段落。2.

IthasbeensaidthatallphilosophyisafootnotetoPlato.

有人说过一切哲学都不过是柏拉图哲学的一个脚注而已。Words&Phrasesalternatively

ad.

usedformakinganothersuggestion

或；或者；要不e.g.1.

Wecantakethetrainoralternativelygobybus.

我们可以坐火车去，也可以坐汽车去。2.

Alternatively,youmaytelephoneusdirectifyouwish.

或者，你愿意的话可以直接打电话给我们。Wordfamily:

alternative

a.

Words&Phrasesrelapse

vi.

(~into)returntoyourpreviouscharacterorbehaviour

故态复萌e.g.1.

Herelapsedintohisoldhabits.

他的老习惯又故态复萌了。2.

Afterashortburstofenthusiasm,herelapsedintohisusualapathy.

一阵心血来潮后，他又恢复了平时冷漠的样子。Words&Phraseslimbo

n.

[sing,U]

asituationorstatewhereyouarenotcertainandyouhavetowaittofindoutwhatwillhappennext

不确定状态e.g.1.

We’reinlimboatthemomentbecausewe’vefinishedourworkinthiscountryandnowwe’rewaitingforournextcontract.

我们目前正处于断档期，因为我们在这个国家的工作已经完成，正在等待下一个合同。2.

OurplanforbuyingaflatinSpainisinlimboatthemoment.

我们在西班牙购置一套公寓的计划目前被搁置。Words&Phrasesunhistoricala.notconnectedwithhistoryorwiththepast非历史的，不符合历史事实的e.g.Theeventdescribedinthebookisunhistorical.

这本书里描述的事件不符合历史事实。Antonym:

historicalWords&Phrasesgallantlyad.inthemannerthatyoutryveryhard,butdonotsucceed努力但未成功地；徒劳地e.g.1.

Thoseexplorersgallantlyadventuredonunknownseas.

那些探险家们徒劳地在陌生的海域探险。2.

Thetroopsbehavedgallantlybutnobodycouldseeanyeffectivestrategiestoturnthetide.部队表现得很英勇，但是没人能看得到力挽狂澜的有效策略。Wordfamily:

gallant

a.Words&Phrasesinthefirstplace:1)

us