浅析《野性的呼唤》中的自然主义倾向

AnAnalysisofNaturalisminTheCalloftheWild浅析《野性的呼唤》中的自然主义倾向AbstractJackLondonisafamousAmericannaturalismauthor.Whenreadinghisworks,weoftensenseJackLondon’sadmirationoflifeitself.Inhisnovels,the“SurvivaloftheFittest”lawisoftenwellembodied.ThispaperaimstostudyhisnaturalisticideasinhisworkTheCalloftheWild.Thisthesisfallsintofourchapters.ThefirstchapterprobesintotheemergenceanddevelopmentofnaturalismandtriestofigureouthowJackLondon’snaturalismideawasformed.Chaptertwoattemptstoanalyzeenvironmentandheredity,thetwomajorelementsofnaturalismappearedinthenovel.Chapterthreemakesadetailedanalysisofthetwosurvivalrulesofnaturalism:“TheLawofClubandFang”and“SurvivaloftheFittest”.Inchapterfour,theauthorfocusesonintroducingthefriendlyrelationshipbetweenBuckandhistwomasters.Weshouldloveandprotectnatureanddoourbesttobuildafriendlyandharmoniousrelationshipwithnature.Keywords:JackLondon;naturalism;environment;survivalrules摘要杰克•伦敦是美国著名自然主义小说家。在其的作品中，我们时常能感受到他对生命本身的崇拜。“物竞天择，适者生存”的自然主义法则在他的小说中体现的淋漓尽致。本文主要研究的是自然主义在作品《野性的呼唤》中的体现和运用。全文共分为四章。第一章简介自然主义的产生和发展以及杰克•伦敦自然主义思想的形成。第二章分析自然主义的两大元素，即环境和遗传在《野性的呼唤》中的运用。第三章探究自然主义两大生存法则，即“棍棒法则”和“适者生存”法则在作品中的体现。第四章重点介绍了小说主人公巴克和两人主人的友好关系，最后指出了我们应当爱护和保护自然，努力构建人与自然的和谐关系。关键词:杰克·伦敦自然主义环境生存法则ContentsAbstract I摘要 IIContents IIIIIntroduction 1IIJackLondonandhisNaturalisticThoughts 32.1ABriefIntroductiontoNaturalism 32.2FormationofJackLondon’snaturalisticthoughts 4IIITwoElementsofNaturalismreflectedintheNovel 63.1ExternalEnvironment 63.2InternalHeredity 8IVSpecificSurvivalPrinciples 104.1TheLawofClubandFang 104.2SurvivaloftheFittest 11VPursuitofHarmonybetweenHumanBeingsandNature 145.1HarmoniousRelationshipbetweenBuckandOthers 145.2DisharmonybetweenBuckandThreeSelfishHumanBeings 155.3PursuingHarmonybetweenHumanandNature 16VIConclusion 18References 19Acknowledgements 20IIntroductionJackLondonwasaneminentandlegendarywriterintheUnitedStates.Heisknownasthe"GorkyoftheUnitedStates"inliterature.Hewasill-fated,buthewasdeterminedtobecomeawriterandhascreatedcountlesswell-knownliteraryworksinhisshortlife.HisworkshavenotonlybeenwidelyspreadintheUnitedStates,butalsowelcomedbypeopleallovertheworld.Hisworkshavebeentranslatedintonearly80languagesforpublication.HeenjoysahighstatusinthehistoryofmodernAmericanliteratureandworldliterature.JackLondoncreatedalotofmasterpiecesduringhislife.Heleftbehind19novels,morethan150shortstoriesandalargenumberofliteraryreports.Healsowrotethreeplaysandmanyessays.NovelsincludingTheCalloftheWild,LoveofLife,MartinEden,WhiteFangandTheIronHeelallhavehighprestigeallovertheworld.JackLondon'sworksareplain,vigorousanddramatic.ThethemesofJackLondon’sworksaretherelationshipbetweenhumanbeingsandnature.Londonfocusesonexploringthecomplexrelationshipbetweenhumanandnature,humanandhuman,humanandthesociety.JackLondonoftensetshischaractersunderanextremelyharshandlife-and-deathenvironment,inordertoshowreadersthedeepestandtruestcharacterofhumannature.Bythiswayhewantstogivehisreadersastrongpsychologicalshock.JackLondonalwayspraisesperseverance,courageandloveinhisworks[15].NaturalismwasproposedbyFrenchnovelistZola.Naturalismattributeseverythingtonaturallaws,andholdstheviewthathumans’characteristic,desireandbehavioraresubjecttobiologicallaws,especiallygeneticlaws.JackLondonisregardedasoneofthegreatestnaturalisticnovelistsintheUnitedStatesandworld.HisnaturalisticviewsarefullyembodiedinTheCalloftheWild.JackLondon'snaturalisticartistictechniquesarefullyembodiedinTheCalloftheWild.Buck'sreturntonaturereflectsmaterialdeterminismandsurvivalofthefittest.Londonwasonceoneofthemostpopularwriterswhenhewasalive.HeenjoyedahighreputationinAmericanliteratureintheearlytwentiethcentury.Whenhepassedaway,peoplegraduallyforgothim.Untilthe1960s,theJackLondonfeverbegantorecover.Thevalueofhisworkswasrevaluated.Manymonographswerepublished,whichprovidedvaluableresourcesforstudiesonLondon.London'sworkswerereprintedalotinthe1980s.Sincethe1990s,researchesonJackLondonhadbeendeepeningandtheirfieldhasbeenbroadening.ThestudyofLondonabroadisrelativelysystematic,comprehensiveandmature.JackLondonisoneofthemostinfluentialforeignwritersinChina.AlthoughJackLondonisaveryimportantwriterandhasnumerousreaders,monographsabouthimarerelativelyinadequateinChina.Therearelimitationsinthestudyofhisworks.Mostofthemfocusonhiswell-knownworks,andrelativelyfewonotherworks,especiallyhislaterworks.Inrecentyears,researchlevelhasbeenchangingfromnarrowtobroad,fromsurfacetodeep.TheCalloftheWildisoneofthemasterpiecesofJackLondon.Itisaclassicworkofnaturalism.Thispaperfallsintofourchapters.Thefirstchapterprobesintotheemergenceanddevelopmentofnaturalism;triestofigureouthowJackLondon’snaturalismideawasformed.Chaptertwoattemptstoanalyzeenvironmentandheredity,thetwomajorelementsofnaturalismappearedinthenovel.Chapterthreemakesadetailedanalysisofthetwosurvivalrulesofnaturalism:“TheLawofClubandFang”and“SurvivaloftheFittest”.ChapterfourintroducesthefriendlyrelationshipbetweenBuckandhistwomasters.Thedisharmonybetweenhumanbeingsandnatureisalsodiscussedinthischapter.Suggestionsaremadetohumansonhowtopursueaharmoniousrelationshipbetweenmanandnature.Intheconclusionofthisthesis,theauthorconcludesthatJackLondonisatruemasterofnaturalism.Underthecruelnaturallawsishisdeepandreallovefornature.Hewantshumanbeingstopursueaharmoniousrelationshipwithnature.JackLondon’snaturalisticideaissoprecioustousthatwewillneverforget.IIJackLondonandhisNaturalisticThoughtsNaturalismisakindoftrendinartisticcreation.Inthemid19tncentury,asnaturalistictrendsofthought,environmentaldeterminismandhereditydeterminismweredeeplyrootedinthefieldsofhistory,politics,economics,sociologyandliterature.ThetrendofnaturalismdidnotlastlonginFrance,butithadagreatinfluenceonlaterFrenchliteratureandevenworldliterature[13].JackLondonlivedintheagewhennaturalismwaspopularinAmerica.Mostofhisworkshavethethemeofnaturalism.London’smasterpiecesrepresenthisuniqueunderstandingofhumanbeingsandnature.2.1ABriefIntroductiontoNaturalismTheword“Naturalism”wasfirstproposedandformulatedbyaFrenchnovelistEmileZola,anditwasintroducedtoAmericabyanAmericannovelistFrankNorris[4].ItwasspreadtoAmericafromthelate19thcenturytotheearly20thcentury.Americanliterarynaturalistsattemptedtoachieveextremeobjectivityandfrankness,presentingcharactersoflowsocialandeconomicclasseswhoweredominatedbytheirenvironmentandheredity[5].Naturalisticwritersbelievedthatenvironmentandheredityaremorepowerfulthanthestrengthofhumans.Humanbeingisthecreatureofenvironment.InOntheOriginofSpecies,Darwinholdstheviewthat“naturalselection”isoneofthemostimportantmechanismsaffectingtheevolutionoforganisms[4].Naturallivingconditionsforceallcreaturestoconstantlyadaptthemselvestothechangingenvironment.Duringthestruggleforsurvival,allkindsofcreaturemayproducevarioussuperiorandinferiorvarietiesinaseriesofcontinuousevolutionaryprocesses.Theinferiorvarietiesgraduallydisappear.Theheredityofsuperiorvarietiesproducesnewandmoreadvancedvarieties[14].NaturalismintheUnitedStatesisdeeplyinfluencedbythetheoryofevolution.Inliteraryworks,theideaofevolutionappearsfrequently.Inordertosurvive,peoplewillrespondtochangesintheenvironmentsoastoadapttochangesinsociety.Theexistenceofhumanbeingsiscloselyrelatedtotheirbackgroundandsocialstatus.Insociety,onlythosewhohaveastrongadaptingabilitycansurvivebetter.Inordertosurvive,humanbeingsrespondtotheirresistibleenvironmentlikeanimals.Naturalismhasthreemaincharacteristics:Tostartwith,naturalismemphasizeonrealityandreproducingnature.Naturalismregardsrealityasnature,includingnatureandhumansociety.Thereappearanceofnatureistodescribeeverydaylifetruthfullyratherthantypically.Secondly,naturalismemphasizesobjectivity.Itrequiresnovelistsnottointerveneinthenarrativeofthenovelandletthestory“tellitself”.Thatistosay,writersdonotneedtomakevaluejudgments.Thirdly,naturalismhighlightsthescientificnature.Naturalismattributeseverythingtothelawsofnature,andholdstheviewthathumanpersonalityandbehavioraresubjecttobiologicallaws,especiallyhereditylaws.Naturalismrequireswriterstohaveascientist’sattitudeandusethescientist’smethodtoguidepeopletounderstandemotionalandspirituallife.2.2FormationofJackLondon’snaturalisticthoughtsInthelate19thcentury,theUnitedStateschangedfromanagriculturalsocietytoanindustrialsociety.WiththedeepeningofAmericanindustrialization,theoriginalpeacefulandharmoniousagriculturalcivilizationhasbeenbroken.Americansthatwereonceaccustomedtothevaluesystemofagriculturalcivilizationhaveformednewsocialvalues.ThespiritualcrisisinAmericansocietyhasemerged.Thesocietywasfullofdespair.Humans’existencewasinfluencedbyhisbackgroundandothersocio-economicfactors.JackLondonwasborninsuchabackground.JackLondonwasborninapoorfamilyandhadtoworkandstudyatthesametimesincehewas10yearsold.Povertyledhimtomakealivingearly.Heworkedasachildlaborer,asailor,andstevedores.Earlyentryintothesocietyenabledhimtowitnessandexperiencethesufferingandmisfortuneoftheexploitedpeople.Wheneverpossible,hewoulddevotehistimetoreading.HedroppedoutofUniversitybecauseofpoverty,andhecouldnotsupporthimselfasawriter.From1897to1898,JackLondonpinnedhishopesonpanninggoldandjoinedthefirstgoldseekers.JackLondonfollowedthegoldrushtoKlondike.Duringthetimehespentthere,JackLondontookfulladvantageofhisresttimeandreadalotofbooks.Meanwhile,herecordedhisownexperiences,storiesheheard,andtheopinionsandcharacteristicsofthepeoplearoundhim.Lifeinthewildernessappealedtohim,andhewasimpressedbywhathehadexperienced.Alaska'scruelty,emptinessandthetimehespentpanningforgoldwerealluniquewritingmaterialofhis.ThesehadaccumulatedmaterialsandbrewedemotionsforhisbookTheCalloftheWild.Althoughhedidnotgetrichinmateriallifewhenhecameback,hebroughtbackwithrichspirituallife-understandingoflifeandrealwritingmaterials[6].DuringtheGoldRush,JackLondonfinishedreadingCharlesDarwin'sOntheOriginofSpecies.Darwinfoundinhisresearchthattheprocessofbiologicalevolutionisaseriesofadaptiveprocesses.Spencerappliedthistheorytosociety,appliedthenaturallawof“survivalofthefittest”tosociality,whichlaterdevelopedintosocialDarwinismattheendofthe19thcentury.JackLondonacceptedsocialDarwinism,believingthatindividualsmustacceptthechallengetoadapttosociety.Socialforcesdeterminehumandestiny,andthatnoresistancecanhelp.JackLondonbelievesthathumanbehaviorisdeterminedbythelawsofnature,andthatthesurvivalofhumanspeciesmustfollowthenaturallawof“survivalofthefittest”.JackLondonappliesthistheorytomanyofhisnovels,sowecanclearlyseethenaturalisticelementsinJackLondon'sthoughts,whichalsocontributedtothesuccessofhisnaturalisticnovels.Inthewayofnaturalisticwritingskillsinhisworks,LondonwasalsodeeplyinfluencedbytheFrenchwriterZola.ThereweremanyZola'snovelsinhisprivatelibrary,andZolahasbeenmentionedinhisworks.LikeZola,Londonbelievesthatnaturalisticfictionshouldbeadocumentaryworkbasedonreality.Therefore,inhisliterarycareer,hehasbeenmeticulousincollectingmaterialsanddataforhisnovels.Sometimeshehadtoexperiencelifehimself.MostofJackLondon'sworksaresetintheremoteAlaskaandKlondikeregions,showingreadersthecontradictionsandchaosoftheagehelivedin.Healsoinsistedonexposingtheillsofcapitalistsystem,suchastheunfairnessofbourgeoislaw,thehypocrisyofbourgeoismoralityandthedecadentnatureofbourgeoiscivilization.IIITwoElementsofNaturalismreflectedintheNovelTheCalloftheWildissetintheGoldRushin1897.PeoplethenrushedintoAlaskainsearchofgoldminesanddreamedofgettingrichovernight.Thegreedydesiremadepeoplebarbarousandferocious.Buck,whowasstolenhere,hadtogiveuphisdignityandlearntodoanythingtosurvive.Therageofnature,themaster'sstick,thehardworkandtheaggressionofhiscompanionsmadeallthesleddogsthereasferociousandcruelaswolves.Afterhislastowner’sdeath,Bucklefthumansocietyandbecameawolfinthewilderness,andheeventuallybecametheleaderofthepackofwolves.TheprofundityofthenovelliesinthatBuck'ssurvivalprocessisaninverseprocessofDarwin'sevolutionism.Itisnotanormalevolutionaryprocessfromlowtohigh,fromprimitivetocivilized,butadegenerativeprocessfromhightolow,fromcivilizedtoprimitive.Inthisprocess,theenvironmentplayedadecisiverole.JackLondonhasalwaysputBucktothetestoflifeanddeath,lifeordeathalldependedonitsabilitytoadapttothechangingenvironment.Intheenvironmentfullofcold,hunger,panicanddeaththreats,Buck'stransformationfromdogtowolfnotonlyembodiestheauthor'sconceptofsurvivalofthefittest,butalsoprofoundlytellsusthatthedeep-rootedheredityandenvironmentarebeyondhuman’scontrolandcan’tbeconquered[11].3.1ExternalEnvironmentTheCalloftheWildisastorywiththethemeofreturningtowild.Asisknowntoall,environmentandheredityarethetwomajorelementsofnaturalismnovels.InTheCalloftheWild,thesetwofactorshaddecisiveinfluenceonBuckintheprocessofhisreturntothewildworld.Insteadofdescribingtheprocessfromprimitivenesstocivilization,JackLondongaveadetailedportraitofhowBuckturnedfromacivilizeddogtoanuntamed“wolf”.Theprotagonistofthenovel,Buck,isfacedwithchallengeofsurvivalinatotaldifferentenvironmentsincethedayhewasstolen.Onlybyadaptingtothechangingenvironmentcouldhebealive.Beforehewasstolen,Bucklivedwithhisfirstmaster,JudgeMiller.“Bucklivedatabighouseinthesun-kissedSantaClaraValleyJudgeMiller’splace,itwascalled”[3].Hereinthiswholeparagraph,JackLondondescribedhowcomfortablealifeBuckusedtolive:Undersunshine,inabigyardwithtrees.Buckwastherulerofthisland.Hewasbornhere,andhadlivedhereforfouryears.Heissoproudthathewalkedthereeverydaywithhisheaduphigh.Evenhumanbeingswereunderhisrule.Heretheauthorgivesahintofwhatiscominguplater:thebigchangeofenvironmentinBuck’slife.EverythinghaschangedcompletelyeversinceBuckwasstolen.Manuel,oneofthehelpersofgardener’s,tookBuckawayfromJudgeMiller’shousewherehenevergotachancetocomeback.ItwassincethenthatBuckmadehisfirststepinthejourneyofreturningtothewild.Thereareaseveraldescriptionsofthewildenvironmentinthisnovel,whichshowedushowhostilethelivingconditionsareforBuck.InTheCallofthewild,peoplearecrazyaboutpanningforgold.Theywenttothecold,desertedareawiththeirsleddogs.“Itwasahardday’srun,uptheCanon,throughtheSheepcamp,pasttheScalesandthetimberline,acrossglaciersandsnowdriftshundredsoffeetdeep”[3].Asadogfromthesouth,Buckhadneverseensnowbefore.Butnowhehastopullthesledgesforhumanbeings.Infrontofthisenvironment,Buckhadnochoicebuttoaccepttherealityandworkhardinordertosurvive.Fortunatelyheissmartenoughtoadapttothiswhole-newnaturalenvironment.Thehostilenaturalenvironmentiscruel.Theiceonthelakewasthinandnotfrozenenough.Humanbeingsandthedogsbothhavetobeextremelycarefulinordernottofallintotheriveranddrown.Thethicksnowandiceintheforestandroadarealsobigthreatstotheirlives.IfBuckwantstolive,hehastoadapthimselftotheseenvironments.Ifhedidn’thavetheabilityofquicklearningandchanging,deathistheonlythingthatwaitsforBuck.Inordertosurvive,Buckhadtoadapttotheenvironmentandreturntohisprimitiveinstincts.TheviciousenvironmentactivatesthewildnessthesleepingwolfinsideBuck.Asaconsequenceofthis,there’snodoubtthattherewerescenesofBuckprovokingthemooseandkillingtheYeehats.Whenprovocation,fraud,bloodshedandviolencebecamecommonplace,andoncecivilizeddogtastedthejoyofkilling,acompletebeast,thewolf,wascreated.Later,hisbelovedmasterThorntonwaskilled,andhereturnedtothewildernesswithwolves.Fromwhat’smentionedabove,wecanseethatBuck'sprocessofturningtoawolfandreturntonaturefullyreflectsthegreatpowerofnaturalism'sheredityandenvironment.BiologicalgeneticandenvironmentalfactorscontributetotheanimalactivityofBuck.Besidesthechangeofnaturalenvironment,anewsocialenvironmentalsoemerged.Inthepast,BucklivedwithJudgeMiller.Intheday,hewenthuntingwithMiller’ssons;atnight,helayatMiller’sfeetbeforethefire.WecantellthatBucklivedahappyandlight-heartedlife.Afterbeingstolen,Buckwassenttothecoldnorthtopullsledges.PeoplearoundhimchangedfromthecaringJudgeMillertocraftygolddiggers;dogsaroundhimchangedfromtimiddomesticdogstofiercesleddogs.ThemanwitharedsweateristheveryfirstmanthatBucklearnedthelawofclubfrom.Atfirst,Buckfoughthardagainsthim,takingouteverywayshecould.Sadlynothingworked.Theonlyconsequenceofhisactionswasbeaten.Beingbeatenoverandoveragain,Bucklearnedthathemustyieldtotheclubinordertosurvive.SinceBuckstartedhisjourneytothenorth,hemetseveralgolddiggerswithdifferentcharacters.TheonlythingBuckcoulddowastoworkdiligentlyandgetusedtothesechanges.InJudgeMiller’shouse,Buckwastherulerinthathouse.Hethought,everydog,evenhuman,isunderhisrule.Butthingsareabsolutelydifferentinthewildnorth.Buckbecameoneofthenewsleddogsforgolddiggers.HewatchedCurlydiedinfrontofhim.That’stheveryfirstscenethatshookhisheart.Lifehereissohardandfullofdanger.Spitzistheleaderofthisteam.HehatesBuckandwantstoruinhim.ItwasfromthesethingsthatBucklearnednottotrustanyonebuthimself.Thesecrisis-riddenconditionsturnedBuckfromadomesticdogintoawitty,diligentandsharp“wolf.”3.2InternalHeredityHereditymeansthecharacteristicswegetgeneticallyfromourparents.Theactionspeopletakearealsodeterminedbyinstinctandheredity.Buckwasadomesticdogbeforestolen,butheisnotacompletecivilizeddog.Hisancestorswerewilddogs.Buck’sfather,ElmoisahugeSt.Bernard;hismotherShepisaScotchshepherddog.Buckcombinedtheirperfectgeneandbecomearespecteddog.Heisquick,sharp,strongandwitty.Withoutthebrownhairbetweenhisnoseandmouth,andthewhitespotsonhischest,peoplewhoeverseenhimwouldtakehimasawolf.Buck’smouthislongandwolf-like,biggerthananyotherwolf;Hisheadisabitwider,likeahugewolf.NoonehaseverseenanactualdoglikeBuck.Buck’ssuperiorgenehelpedhimalotduringthefightswithdogs,thebearandthemoose.ThesuperiorgeneisalsoreflectedinBuck’sloyaltytoThornton.Dogs’natureisloyalandfaithful.BeforemeetingJohnThornton,Buckwasbeatenupandtortured.ItisThorntonwhosavedBuckfromdeathandheistheverypersonBucktrustedanddependedonandhadfaithwheninthefarnorth.Buckfeltthewarmthandlovethathehadn’treceivedinalongtime.WhenThorntonfellintotheswiftcurrent,BuckriskedhislifetosaveThornton.Theybothalmostdied.WhenThorntonmadeabetwiththemaninthebar,BucklistenedtoThorntonanddidwhatheaskedhimtowithouthesitation,nottomentionhehelpedhimwonthebet.Buck,asleddog,actuallytrustedandrespectedThornton.Thisneverhappenedafterhewasstolen.Thornton’slovemadeBuckloyaltohim.FromthelifeofBuck,wecanlearnthatgeneticcharacteristicsareextremelyimportant.Asismentionedbefore,Buckistheoffspringofwilddogs.Primitivenessisinhisbones.WhenBuckstartedbeingasleddog,hefacedalotofdifficulties.Oneoftheproblemsissleeping.Afterlearningfromotherdogs,hetookasteptowardwildnature.Asdaysgoneby,Buckdevelopedhimselfquicklytowardastrongsleddog.Hismusclesarehardasiron.Hecanbearbigpain.Nomatterhowdisgustingandhardtodigest,Buckputswhatevercanbeeatenintohisstomach.Hishearingisextremelystrong.Heisabletojudgewhetherasituationisdangerousorsafeinthewild.Buck’suniqueabilityisjudgingthewinddirectionbysniffing.Buck’sbodytotallygotusedtothelifeinthecoldnorth.Intheforest,onenightBuckheardthecall.Somethinghefeltsofamiliarwithyetheneverheardbefore.Thenhemetthelong,leanwolfwithwhomhemadefriendswith.WhenBuckfirstmetthewolf,hedidnotattack.Thewolfwasafraidofhimatfirst,hewantedtorun.AftersometimeheknewBuckisfriendly.Theyrantogether,drinktogetherandplayedtogether.Thisisthefirsttimeheheardthewildcall.Something’sdifferent.Hehadadifferenttypeofhappinessandexcitementwhenhe’swithThornton.However,whenthewolfaskedhimtogotogether,Buckrefused.HewantedtolivewithThornton.EventhoughBuckislikearealwolfnow,hestillputsThorntonattopofeverything.Thornton’sdeathiswhatmadeBuckreturnedtothewild.Buckwasbusyhuntingthemoose.Meanwhile,agroupofYeehatsmadeasurpriseattacktoThornton’scamp.Everylivingcreatureonthecampwaskilled.WhenBuckcameback,hewentcrazyandkilledalotofYeehatstorevenge.ButThorntonwouldnevercomebackalive.Atnight,onceagainBuckheardthecall.Thistimehewentforitwithouthesitation.Thornton’sdead,nothinginthisworldisabletostophimfromrespondingtoit.Buckmetthewolfgroup.Afterfiercefights,theleaderwolfacceptedhimasamemberofthem.Buckandotherwolvesstartedhowlingtogetherunderthemoon.Thistime,Buckcompletelyreturnedtothewild.ThewolfgeneinBuckawakened.IVSpecificSurvivalPrinciplesAsananimal,Buckactedaccordingtothenaturallaw,thesurvivalofthefittest.Buckadaptedhimselftotheenvironment,sohewontherighttolife.Atthesametime,BuckusedwisdomandcouragetoensuresurvivalintheharshNorth[9].InTheCalloftheWild,Buckhadastrongabilitytoadapttotheharshenvironment.Buckisoftenonthebrinkofcrisis,buteventuallyattheend,relyingonhistenaciouswilltosurvive,hecouldgetridofdifficultiesandgraduallybecameahero.Bucklearnedhowtosavehimself.Becauseofhisloveforsurvival,headaptedtotheharshlivingenvironment,overcametheharshlivingconditionsandwonhisrighttolife[12].4.1TheLawofClubandFangBuckwasatypicaldomesticdogbeforetheft.WhenManuelstolehimandtookhimoutofJudgeMiller’shouse,itmeansthatitwastimeforBuckchange.LifeoutJudge’shouseislikeawholenewworld:Ruthless,dangerousandcruel.TheveryfirstlessonBucklearnedis“thelawofclub”fromthemaninredsweater.Thismanisanoutstandingdogtrainer.Heknowsallabouthowtotrainadog,nomatterhowuntameditis.Buckwassoangrywhenhewasoutofthecageandwasreadytoteachthishumanalesson.Butrealitywascruel.Bucktriedhisbest,usedallofhisstrengthtofightagainsttheredsweaterman.Onthecontrary,themanwassocalmandskilled.Afterafewrounds,Buckwasknockedoutontheground.Buckwassmart;heknewwellwhatsituationhewasin.Hewouldneverwininfrontofthemanwithclub.Thiswasthelessonthathewouldneverforgetinhiswholelife.Itwasarevelation.ItwaslikeabellthatrangbeforeBuckwenttothefarnorth.Buckwasdefeated,butnotbeaten.Theclubawakenedthepotentialsurvivalinstinctinsidehim.Wheneverthemanbeatdogsinfrontofhim,itwouldremindBuckofthecruelsurvivalrule:Manwiththeclubisthelawmaker,themaster.Theclubisthesupremeauthority.Theonlythingyoucantoisyieldtohimwithoutanyresistance.WhenBuckfinallykilledSpitzandthoughthecouldbetheleadingsleddog,theclubshoweduponceagain.WhenFrancoiscameupwiththeclub,heremindedBuckofthemaninredsweater.Buckremembersthelawofstickclearlybuthedidn’twanttogiveup.HiseyesfollowedtheclubsothathecouldrunawaywhenFrancoistriedtobeathim.Buckknewthathemustobeytheclub.ThistimeBuckwon.Heobeyedthelawofclub.Hedidn’tfightthemanwiththeclub.Instead,heusedhisownwaystomakethemantiredandexhausted.Finally,FrancoisagreedtoletBuckbetheleadingdog.Besidesthelawofclub,thereisalsothe“lawoffang”.Buckwasagreenhandedsleddogwhenhefirstcametotheteam.Mistakeswereinevitable.BuckwasplacebetweenSol-leksandDaveinordertolearnfromthem.Bucklearnedquickly;DaveandSol-lekswerealsogoodteachersforBuck.ToolsofteachingBuckweretheirteeth.WheneverBuckmadeamistake,DaveandSol-lekswouldbiteBuck’slegs.Davewasfairandwise,heneverbiteBuckwithoutreasons.Francoisoftenbackedthemupwiththeclub.Underthesetwolaws,Buckmadeprogressdaybyday.WecanseethatBuckalmostgettherightwayoflivinginthewild.Theconsequenceofresistanceisruthlessbeatingandbiting.Infrontoftheclub,Buckdidn