高中英语句法知识讲座

LectureonHighSchoolEnglishSyntacticKnowledgeIntroductionBasicknowledgeofEnglishsyntaxEnglishsyntacticrulesAnalysisofEnglishsyntacticdifferencesTheapplicationofEnglishsyntaxinwritingPracticeandconsolidationcontents目录CHAPTERIntroduction01ThemeIntroductionEnglishgrammarisacorepartofEnglishlearning,andforhighschoolstudents,masteringgoodknowledgeofEnglishgrammaristhekeytoimprovingtheirEnglishapplicationability.ThislecturewillfocusonexplainingimportantgrammarknowledgeinhighschoolEnglish.TopicbackgroundCorrectEnglishgrammaristhefoundationforeffectivecommunication.Forhighschoolstudents,masteringEnglishgrammarcanbettercopewiththecollegeentranceexaminationandlayasolidfoundationfortheirfutureacademicandcareer.TopicimportanceKnowledgeobjective01ToenablestudentstomasterthebasicgrammarrulesandcommonexpressionsinhighschoolEnglish.Abilityobjective02Toimprovestudents'Englishapplicationabilities,includingreading,writing,andoralexpressionabilities.EmotionalAttitudeandValues03Cultivatestudents'interestandconfidenceinlearningEnglish,andencouragethemtouseEnglishforcommunicationindailylife.LectureobjectivesCHAPTERBasicknowledgeofEnglishsyntax02Asentencewithonlyonesubjectandonepredicate,whichisthemostbasicsentencestructure.Forexample:"Thecatsatonthemat."SimpleSentenceAsentencecomposedoftwoormoresimplesentencesconnectedbycoordinateconjunctions(and,or,but,etc.).Forexample:"Ilikeapplesandmysisterlikesoranges."CompoundSentenceSensestructureUsedtostatefactsoropinions,withaflattoneofvoice.Forexample:"Thesunrisksintheeast."DeclarativeSentenceAsentenceusedtoraisequestions,withanupwardintonation.Forexample,"Wheredidyougoyesterday?"InterrogativeSentenceAsentenceusedtoissueacommandorrequest,usuallystartingwiththeverbbaseform.Forexample:"Openthedoor!"ImperativeSentenceAsentenceusedtoexpressstrongemotions,usuallystartingwithwhatorhow.Forexample:"Howbeautifulthesunis!"ExclamatorySentenceSentencetypesSubjectThemainnounorpronouninasentence,usuallylocatedatthebeginningofthesentence,indicatingtheexecutoroftheaction.Forexample,in"Thecatsatonthemat.","Thecat"isthesubject.PredicateThemainverbphraseinasentence,indicatingtheactionorstateperformedbythesubject.Forexample,"Thecatsatonthemat."The"sat"in"Thecatsatonthemat."isthepredicate.ObjectTheobjectorthingthatreceivesanactioninasentence,whichcanappearbeforeorafterthesubject.Forexample,"Acat"in"Isawacatonthemat."istheobject.SentencecomponentsCHAPTEREnglishsyntacticrules03SubjectverbconsistencyreferstotheagreementbetweenthesubjectandtheverbinasenseThesubjectandtheverbmusthavethesamenumber,whichissingularorpluralForexample,"Thecatsatonthemat"iscorrectbecausethesubject"cat"issingular,andtheverb"sat"isalsosingularCommonmisses:"Thecatsaresatonthemats"isincorrectbecausethesubject"cats"isplural,buttheverb"sat"issingularThecorrectformshouldbe"Thecatsaresittingonthemats."SubjectverbconsistencyVerbtensereferstotheti…present,past,andfutureEachtensehasseveralvariations,suchassimplepresent,continuouspresent,pastperfect,etc要点一要点二CommonmissesMixinguptensionscanmakethepresenceincorrectForexample,"YesterdayIwillgotothepark"isincorrectbecauseitmixesthepasttense"wet"withthefuturetense"willgo."Thecorrectformshouldbe"Yesterday,Iwettothepark."VerbtenseVoicereferstowhichtheverbexpressionsanactionorastateTheactivevoiceemphasizesthesubjectperformingtheaction,whilethepassivevoiceemphasizestheactionitselfCommonmisses:Passivevoicecanbeoverused,makingthepresencesoundunnaturalorwordyForexample,"Thebookwaswrittenbyhim"canberewritteninactivevoiceas"Hewrotethebook."VoiceNonfiniteverbsareverbsthatarenotfollowedbyasubjectandacompletionTheyincludeinfinities,particles,andgerundsNonfiniteverbshavedifferentformsanduses,andtheyoftenserveasobjectionsoradvertisementsinasenseCommonmisses:Usingnon-financialverbsincorrectlycanmakeapresenceungrammaticalormissingForexample,"Iliketoeatapples"iscorrectbecause"toeat"isaninfinitiveverbHowever,"Ilikeeatingapples"isincorrectbecauseitusesaninfinitivewithout"to."Thecorrectformshouldbe"Ilikeeatingapples."NonfineverbsCHAPTERAnalysisofEnglishsyntacticdifferences04Definition:Aclauseisagroupofwordsthatcontainsasubjectandaverb,expressingacompletethoughtTypes:Independentclaim(canstandaloneasapresence)vs.Dependentclaim(cannotstandalone,itdependsonthemainclaimforitsmeaning)Examples+Independentclause:"Iwenttothepark."+Dependentclause:"BeforeIwenttothepark."0102030405UsageofclaimsDefinitionThesubjunctionmoodisaverbformthatexpresseswishes,hypotheses,orsituationsthatarenotfactualFormsSubjunctionpresent:"Iwishhewerehere."Subjunctionpass:"Ifhehadcome,wewouldhavewon."UsageThesubjunctionmoodiscommonlyusedinconditionalsenses(ifuses)andwishesItisessentialtodistinguishbetweentherealandunrealnatureofthesituationtocorrectlyusethesubfunctionalmoodSubjunctiveMoodDefinitionAninvertedpresenceisoneinwhichthenormalorderofthesubjectandverbisreversed,commonlyforemphasisorgraphicalreasonsExample"NeverhaveIseensuchabeautifulsun."(Normalorderwouldbe"Ihaveneverseen...")TypesPartialinversion(onlypartofthepresenceisinverted)andCompleteinversion(subjectandverbarecompletelyreversed)InvertedSentenceCHAPTERTheapplicationofEnglishsyntaxinwriting05SubjectverbagreementFailuretomaintainagreementbetweenthesubjectandverb,suchas"Hewenttothestore"insteadof"Hewettothestore."PositionmistakeIncorrectuseofpositions,like"I'msorryforwhatIdidtoyouatthebeginning."FragmentedsensesIncompletesensesthatlakeasubjectorverb,suchas"Walkinginthepark,abeautifulbutterfly."(Correct:"Whilewalkinginthepark,Isawabeautifulbutterfly.")CommonsyntacticerrorsinwritingWritemoreFrequentwritingpracticecanhelpdevelopbetterpresencestructureandgrammarPayattentiontodetailCarefullyproofreadandedityourworktoidentifyandcorrectsyntacticerrorsReadmoreIncreasingexposuretoEnglishthroughreadingbooks,newspapers,andonlinearticlescanhelpimprovesyntaxcomprehensionHowtoimprovesyntacticapplicationcapabilityWellorganizedcompositionswithintroduction,bodyparagraphs,andconclusionClearstructureUseofsimple,complex,andcompoundsensesforbetterflowandreadabilityVarietyinpresencetypesUtilizationofadvancedvocabularyandsyntaxtoenrichthelanguageSophisticatedvocabularyAccurategrammarandpunctationforsmoothandgrammaticallycorrectreadingGrammarprecisionThesyntacticcharacteristicsofExcelEnglishcompositionsCHAPTERPracticeandconsolidation06MultiplechoicequestionsarecommonpracticequestionsthathelpstudentsconsolidateandmasterEnglishgrammarknowledgebyselectingthecorrectgrammarstructureorvocabulary.MultiplechoicequestionsForeachmultiple-choicequestion,adetailedansweranalysisshouldbeprovided,explainingwhyoneoptioniscorrectandtheotheroptionsareincorrect,inordertohelpstudentsunderstandandmasterthecorrectgrammarrules.AnsweranalysisMultipleChoiceQuestionsVSCorrectionquestionsrequirestudentstoidentifygrammarerrorsinsentencesandcorrectthem.Thistypeofquestionhelpsstudentsimprovetheir