SAT真题分类解析

发展进步的利弊

24.(2005.12)

Progressislikelytoslowdownoncescienceandtechnologyhavemetourbasichumanneeds.

Newdevelopmentsinscienceandtechnologywillnotcontinuetoproducemoresocietal

benefits.Infact,thepromisethatscienceandtechnologywillcontinuetobenefitusisincreasingly

doubtfulwhensomanyindividualsfindtheirliveschanginginwaystheycannotcontrolandin

directionstheydonotdesire.

AdaptedfromDanielSarewitz/SocialChangeandSciencePolicy”

assignment:Dothebenefitsofscientificandtechnologicaldevelopmentscomeatthecostof

undesirablechangestopeople'slives?

是

37.(2006.6)

Wemeasureourprogressasacivilizationbywhatweseeasadvancesintechnologywhichseem

moresignificantthansuchconcernsaseducationandtheconditionofthenaturalworld.Still,I

wouldprefertobeapartofacommunitythatjudgeditselfonthehappinessofitsmembers

ratherthanonthedevelopmentofnewtechnology.

AdaptedfromThomasMoore,T/?eRe-EnchantmentofEverydayLife

assignment:Doesastrongcommitmenttotechnologicalprogresscauseasocietytoneglectother

values,suchaseducationandtheprotectionoftheenvironment?

是的。中国的现状。教育产业化。漠视污染。

87.(2008.5)

Technologicaladvanceshavefreedsocietyfromtiresomelabor,suchaswashingclothesbyhand,

haulingheavyloads,andwalkinglongdistances,andhavegivenpeopleincreasedaccessto

informationandentertainment.Yet,whengivenachoice,manypeoplestillresistusingmodern

conveniences.Theremustbesomethingtobegainedfromnotusingtechnology.

Assignment:Aretherebenefitstobegainedfromavoidingtheuseofmoderntechnology,even

whenusingitwouldmakelifeeasier?

可以同意。放弃开车上下班，减少污染。骑自行车，锻炼身体。不看电视，还有其他的娱

乐活动。

(OFFICIALGUIDEPRACTICETEST4)Technologypromisestomakeourliveseasier,freeinguptime

forleisurepursuits.Buttherapidpacetechnologicalinnovationandthesplitsecondprocessing

capabilitiescomputersthatcanworkvirtuallynonstophavemadeallusfeelrushed.Wehave

adoptedtherelentlesspacetheverymachinethatweresupposedtosimplifyourliveswiththe

resultthat,whetheratworkorplay,peopledonotfeelliketheirliveshavechangedforthebetter.

AdaptedfromKarenFinucan,“LifeintheFastLane"

Assignment:Dochangesthatmakeourliveseasiernotnecessarilymakethembetter?

10.Thinkcarefullyabouttheissuepresentedinthefollowingexcerptandassignmentbelow:

(OFFICIALGUIDEPRACTICETEST8)Thereis,course,nolegitimatebranchsciencethatenablesus

topredictthefutureaccurately.Yetthedegreechangeintheworldissooverwhelmingandso

promisingthatthefuture,Ibelieve,isfarbrighterthananyonehascontemplatedsincetheend

theSecondWorldWar.

AdaptedformAllanE.Goodman,AbriefHistorytheFuture:TheUnitedStatesinaChangingWorld

Order

Assignment:Istheworldchangingforthebetter?

独立思考

1.(2005.3)

Wemustseriouslyquestiontheideaofmajorityrule.Themajoritygrinnedandjeeredwhen

Columbussaidtheworldwasround.Themajoritythrewhimintoadungeonforhisdiscoveries.

Whereisthelogicinthenotionthattheopinionheldbyamajorityofpeopleshouldhavethe

powertoinfluenceourdecisions?

AdaptedfromJamesA.Reed/MajorityRule”

assignment:^theopinionofthemajority-ingovernmentorinanyothercircumstances-apoor

guide?

可以单面写，也可以两面写6上步，有时候确实是poorguide,

但是在有些时候，却不是的，比如革命时期广大人民的经济和政治诉求Economicandpolitical

appeal)o

伊拉克战争的起源--大规模杀伤性武器Weaponsofmassdestructionarebiological,chemical,or

nuclearweapons.但是其实只不过是美国政启的一个用以发动战争gotowaragainst的借口

pretext而一。很多政策的实施也都是打着为国为民的借口excuse,但是实际上真正的目的是

不可告人的--比如经济适用房economicallyaffordablehousing.一开始大家都认为这是一个好

政策，很多所谓的专家学者也鼓吹，但是最终还是没有达到本来想达到的目的。比如三峡大

坝ThreeGorgesDam,一开始是想要发电，解决我国的电荒severepowershortage问题，但是

没料到的是造成了很严重的环境后果-干旱，炎热scorchinghot;burninghot;torridity;

baking-hot,湖波缺水。黄万里。

计划生育政策familyplanningpolicy很多专家学者目前还在鼓吹计划生育好，但是显然枉顾

我国人口比例失衡的事实。

左右皆曰贤，未可也；诸大夫皆曰贤，未可也；国人皆曰贤，然后察之，见贤焉，然后用之。

左右皆曰不可，勿听；诸大夫皆曰不可，勿听；国人皆曰不可，然后察之，见不可焉，然后

去之。左右皆曰可杀，勿听；诸大夫皆曰可杀，勿听；国人皆曰可杀，然后察之，见可杀焉，

然后杀之，故曰国人杀之也。

废奴运动abolitionistmovement解放黑人奴隶宣言TheEmancipationProclamation

TheEmancipationProclamationconsistsoftwoexecutiveordersissuedbyUnitedStates

PresidentAbrahamLincolnduringtheAmericanCivilWar.Thefirstone,issuedSeptember22,

1862,declaredthefreedomofallslavesinanystateoftheConfederateStatesofAmericathatdid

notreturntoUnioncontrolbyJanuary1,1863.Thesecondorder,issuedJanuary1,1863,named

tenspecificstateswhereitwouldapply.LincolnissuedtheExecutiveOrderbyhisauthorityas

“CommanderinChiefoftheArmyandNavy"underArticleII,section2oftheUniledStates

Constitution.

AbolitionismwasamovementinwesternEuropeandtheAmericastoendtheslavetradeand

emancipateslaves.

InelevenStatesconstitutingtheAmericanSouth,slaverywasasocialandpowerfuleconomic

institution,integraltotheagriculturaleconomy.Bythe1860UnitedStatesCensus,theslave

populationintheUnitedStateshadgrowntofourmillion.①.Americanabolitionismlaboredunder

thehandicapthatitwasaccusedofthreateningtheharmonyofNorthandSouthintheUnion.The

abolitionistmovementintheNorthwasledbysocialreformerssuchasWilliamLloydGarrison,

founderoftheAmericanAnti-SlavervSociety;writerssuchasJohnGreenleafWhittierandHarriet

BeecherStowe;formerslavessuchasFrederickDouglass;andfreeblackssuchasbrothersCharles

HenryLangstonandJohnMercesLan时on,whohelpedfoundtheOhioAnti-SlaverySociety.⑵

TheI860presidentialvictoryofAbrahamLincoln,whoopposedthespreadofslaverytothe

WesternUnitedStates,markedaturningpointinthemovement.Convincedthattheirwayoflife

wasthreatened,theSouthernstatessecededfromtheUnion,whichledtotheAmericanCivilWar.

In1863,LincolnissuedtheEmancipationProclumation,whichfreedslavesheldintheConfederate

States;the13thAmendmenttotheU.S.Constitution(1865)prohibitedslaverythroughoutthe

country.SlaverywasabolishedinmostofLatinAmericaduringtheIndependenceWars

(1810-1822),butslaveryremainedapracticeintheregionupto1888inBrazil,aswellashaving

longlifeintheremainingSpanishcoloniesofCubaandPuertoRico.InsomepartsofAfricaandin

muchoftheIslamicworld,itpersistedasalegalinstitutionwellintothe20thcentury.

AbolitionismwasprecededbytheNewLawsoftheIndiesin1542,inwhichEmperorCharlesV

declaredfreeallNativeAmericanslaves,abolishingslaveryoftheseraces,anddeclaringthem

citizensoftheEmpirewithfullrights.ThemovewasinspiredbywritingsoftheSpanishmonk

BartolomedelasCasasandtheSchoolofSalamanca.SpanishsettlersreplacedtheNative

AmericanslaveswithenslavedlaborersbroughtfromAfrica,sodidnotabolishslaveryaltogether.

伽利略Galileo

anItalianastronomer(=ascientistwhostudiesthestars),mathematician,andphysicistwhose

manydiscoverieshadagreatinfluenceonmodernscience.Hediscoveredthattheplanetsmove

aroundtheSun,andthatifyoudropobjectsofdifferentweightsinavacuum,theyfallatthesame

speed.

布鲁诺ItalianphilosopherwhousedCopernicanprinciplesinformulatinghiscosmictheoryofan

infiniteuniverse.CondemnedbytheInquisitionforheresy,immoralconduct,andblasphemy,he

wasburnedatthestake.

哥白尼Copernicus

aPolishastronomer(=personwhostudiesthestars),whofirstsuggestedtheCopernicansystem,

inwhichtheearthandotherplanetsaredescribedasmovingaroundthesun,whichdoesnotmove

62.(2007.5)

Wedonottakethetimetodeterminerightfromwrong.Reflectingonthedifferencebetween

rightandwrongishardwork.ltissomucheasiertofollowthecrowd,goingalongwithwhatis

popularratherthanriskingthedisapprovalofothersbyvoicinganobjectionofanykind.

AdaptedfromStephen^.Carter,Integrity

assignment'sitalwaysbesttodetermineone'sownviewsofrightandwrong,orcanwebenefit

fromfollowingthecrowd?

39.(2006.6)

Isuspectthatlikemanypeoplewhowatchtheirdiet,exerciseregularlyandchecktheweather

reportbeforeleavingthehouse,Iamalittletooconcernedwithcontrollingwhatcan'tbefully

controlled.IknowIamdoingthesensiblething.ButIsometimesthinkthatthemorereckless

amongusmayhavesomethingtoteachtherestofusaboutfreedom.Perhapsthereissomething

goodabouttakingchancesagainstourbetterjudgments.

AdaptedfromMelvinKonne^WhytheRecklessSurvive"

assignment'sitsometimesbettertotakerisksthantofollowamorereasonablecourseofaction?

哥伦布发现新大陆；清教徒Puritan移民美洲大陆；乔治•华盛顿等人领导的北美独立战争(他

们本身都是富商或者农场主，即使不反抗，他们也有优裕的生活)。孙中山SunYat-sen。

作为一个中国学生，参加高考是一个相对的reasonablecourseofaction,但是我选择了出国读

书；毫无疑问这样将冒着很大的风险，包括语言，风俗，文化等等方面。

MayflowerCompact五月花公约

40.(2006.6)

Itisraretofindanobjectiveandindependentviewpointonstyle,literature,politics,oranyother

matterManypeople'sopinionsareformedthroughtheirassociationswithothers.Itisournature

toconform;conformityisaforcethatfewcansuccessfullyresist.Wegiveintothehumaninstinct

togoalongwiththecrowdandtohaveitsapproval.

AdaptedfromMarkTwain/Corn-poneOpinions"

assignment:Dowetendtoaccepttheopinionsofothersinsteadofdevelopingourown

independentideas?

在我们的知识水平和认知能力cognitivecompetence都还比较有限的时候,我们可能会受到别

人意见的左右。但是当我们的知识和眼界都扩大了以后，我们就能够形成自己独立的判断。

中国的•些政策，比如计划生育政策；一开始跟着政府的步调走，认为很好。但是当我们有

了自己的判断以后，变。再比如新闻管制newsblackout和审查censorship.官方认为新闻

审查有利于过滤对于我们国家敌对的信息，有利于和谐社会harmonioussociety的发展，但是

实际上也压制了民间的理性的声音，不利于自山和民主的发展。

很多人认为穆斯林Muslim各个都是恐怖分子，但是跟他们的接触表明他们跟我们一样是普通

人。

56.(2007.1)

Ifwearedissatisfiedwithourcircumstances,wethinkaboutchangingthem.Butthemost

importantandeffectivechanges-inourattitude-hardlyoccurtous.Inotherwords,weshould

worrynotabouthowtoaltertheworldaroundusforthebetterbutabouthowtochange

ourselvesinordertofitintothatworld.

AdaptedfromMichaelHymers,“Wittgenstein,PessimismandPolitics"

assignment:Isitbettertochangeone'sattitudethantochangeone'scircumstances?

有些环境是可改变的，有些环境在目前条件卜是不可改变的，如果我们过于执着于改变环境

这个我们不能改变的东西，那么我们可能会错失很多机会。比如中国的政治现状，很显然是

一个不太民主的社会，但是我们仍然是可以做一些事情使得情况向好的方面发展的。如果我

们一直采取强硬的时立立场，那么显然，我们会失败，因为国家机器会毫不犹豫的碾过你。

但是坚持改变环境也意味着一个坚持的坚定的理想主义态度，会给我们带来持久的动力。

比如中国的就业现状。大学生毕业，很多找不到工作，失业。问题的根源当然很清楚，如果

我们坐在那里说这种情况应该改变，怨天尤人，对我们本身的状况不会带来任何改变。相反

的主动的提升自己的能力和水平，反而能够及早地找到工作。

但是一味的改变自己去适应环境也会使自己失去自我，没有独立的观点，失去朋友；相反的

坚持自己的观点反而能够使得自己以及自己的社会关系保持一定的稳定性。

为了生活和钱财而不断频繁地改换职业，不停地适应新工作，导致多而不专，不利于自己才

能的发挥。

57.(2007.3)

Fromthetimepeopleareveryyoung,theyareurgedtogetalongwithothers,totryto"fitin."

Indeed,peopleareoftenrewardedforbeingagreeableandobedient.Butthisapproachis

misguidedbecauseitpromotesuniformityinsteadofencouragingpeopletobeuniqueand

different.Differencesamongpeoplegiveeachofusgreaterperspectiveandallowustomake

betterjudgments.

assignment:Isitmorevaluableforpeopletofitinthantobeuniqueanddifferent?

Fitin更容易获得大家的认可，自己也能够有不同的体验和经历，学习新东西。

保持自我是很好，但是会降低一个人的亲和力，尤其是在集体活动的时候不利于集体利益。

比如打篮球，大家都想进攻，没人防守，球队就输球。

83.(2008.1)

Sinceweliveinaglobalsocietysurelyweshouldviewourselvesascitizensofthewholeworld.

Butinstead,peoplechoosetoidentifyandassociatewithsmallerandmorefamiliargroups.People

thinkofthemselvesasbelongingtofamilies,nations,cultures,andgenerations-orasbelongingto

smallergroupswhosemembersshareideas,views,orcommonexperiences.Allofthesekindsof

groupsmayofferpeopleafeelingofsecuritybutalsopreventthemfromlearningorexperiencing

anythingnew.

assignment:Isthereanyvalueforpeopletobelongonlytoagrouporgroupswithwhichthey

havesomethingincommon?

有好处也有坏处。共同的爱好和信仰，容易沟通，但同时也限制了人的视野。

92.(2008.6)Asocietycomposedofmenandwomenwhoarenotboundbyconvention-inother

words,theydonotactaccordingtowhatotherssayordo-isfarmorelivelythanoneinwhichall

peoplebehavealike.Wheneachperson'scharacterisdevelopedindividuallyanddifferences

opinionareacceptable,itisbeneficialtointeractwithnewpeoplebecausetheyarenotmere

replicasthosewhomonehasalreadymet.

AdaptedfromBertrandRussell,TheConquestHappiness

Assignment:Isitbetterforasocietywhenpeopleactasindividualsratherthancopyingtheideas

andopinionsofothers?

基本同意。文化和思想的多样性，有利于发挥一个社会和国家的创造力creativity和凝聚力

cohesion,以及生命力vitalityo

不同的观点相互碰撞，然后才能够得出真理，能够有更好的解决问题的办法产生。并且大家

都有自己独立的观点也能够保证绝大多数人的利益，不会出现某人或者某个小集团主宰

dominate的现象。

109.(2009.1)Peoplearetaughtthattheyshouldnotgobackontheirdecisions.Infact,oursociety

supportsthenotionthattochangeyourmindisevidenceofweaknessandunreliability,leading

manypeopletosay,"OnceIdecide,Idecide!"Butwhydopeoplemakesuchastatement?If

factors,feelings,andideaschange,isn'ttheabilitytomakeanewdecisiontheevidenceof

flexibility,adaptability,andstrength?

AdaptedfromTheodoreI.Rubin,CompassionandSelf-Hate

Assignment:Shouldpeoplechangetheirdecisionswhencircumstanceschange,orisitbestfor

themtostickwiththeiroriginaldecisions?

Perseverance是一种美德，是通向成功的一条必山之路。

Originaldecision是否需要坚持，则要看其是否有现实的可能性，以及随着环境的变化而发生

的一些改变。

随着形势的变化而改变自己的决定某种程度上是成熟的标志。但是不应失去原则性，不能违

法，出卖朋友等等。(去国外读书还是留在国内，就是一个随着年龄增长和信息的增多不

断改变的过程。)

110.(2009.1)Thehistoryofhumanachievementisfilledwithstoriespeoplewhopersevere,

refusingtogiveupinthestruggletomeettheirgoals.Artistsandscientists,forinstance,may

struggleforyearswithoutanyapparentprogressorrewardbeforetheyfinallysucceed.However;

itisimportanttorecognizethatperseverancedoesnotalwaysyieldbeneficialresults.

AdaptedfromRobertH.LauerandJeanetteC.Lauer;Watersheds

Assignment:Isstrivingtoachieveagoalalwaysthebestcourseofaction,orshouldpeoplegiveup

iftheyarenotmakingprogress?

Striving是一个好品质，但却并非总是最好的方式。要看自己努力的方向是否正确，方法和目

标是否需要调整。

不应在无法取得进步的时候放弃。而是应该总结经验教训，坚持，继续努力。但如果所追求

的目标超出自己的能力范围，则应该有选择性的放弃。

爱迪生ThomasEdison发明灯泡lightbulb；

Americaninventorwhopatentedmorethanathousandinventions,amongthemthemicrophone

(1877),thephonograph(1878),andanincandescentlamp(1879).InNewYorkCityheinstalledthe

world'sfirstcentralelectricpowerplant.

创造力进步

2.(2005.3)

Giventheimportanceofhumancreativityonewouldthinkitshouldhaveahighpriorityamong

ourconcerns.Butifwelookattherealityweseeadifferentpicture.Basicscientificresearchis

minimizedinfavorofimmediatepracticalapplications.Theartsareincreasinglyseenas

dispensableluxuries.怡tascompetitionheatsuparoundtheglobe,exactlytheoppositestrategyis

needed.

assignment'screativityneededmorethaneverintheworldtoday?

我们面临的问题更多，更严峻，因此需要更加有效地解决方法，对creativity的要求也提高了。

环境问题，能源问题；竞争的加剧使得一个人或者一个公司要想脱颖而出就需要更好的创意

和产品。Google公司的成功苹果公司Stevejobsipadipod

6.(2005.5)

Thereisnoprogressunlesssomeonecomesupwithanewwayoflookingatthings,oftrying

thingsthathaveneverbeendoneorthoughtofbefore.Wecannotmoveforwardbylooking

backwardtooldcustomsandpastexperience.Therecanbenoadvancementorimprovement

unlesstherearepeoplewholookforwardinpursuitofthenewanduntried.

assignment:Doesprogressdependonpeoplewithnewideasratherthanonpeoplewhoseideas

arebasedonthecurrentwayofdoingthings?

科技领域内的发展要依赖于新观点，比如Google和Apple：

而在社会学领域内则主要是对于一个传统价值的坚持。比如民主，民权，民生，公平，正义

等。

69.(2007.10)

Wevalueuniquenessandoriginality,butitseemsthateverywhereweturn,wearesurroundedby

ideasandthingsthatarecopiesorevencopiesofcopies.Writers,artists,andmusiciansseeknew

ideasforpaintings,books,songs,andmovies,butmanysadlyrealize,"It'sbeendone."Thesameis

trueforscientists,scholars,andbusinesspeople.Everyonewantstocreatesomethingnew,butat

bestwecanhopeonlytorepeatorimitatewhathasalreadybeendone.

assignment:Canpeopleeverbetrulyoriginal?

科学和科技领域内的例子较多。

Google,爱因斯坦，获得诺贝尔奖的一些新的理论和发明。比如DNA双螺旋结构。Double

helixstructureofDNA;

73.(2007.11)

Weareoftenurgedtosolveproblemsbyignoringtraditionalapproachesandbyfindingsolutions

thatareinnovativeorunconventional.Weareencouragedtobecreativeandtotrustthatanew

wayofthinkingwillyieldnewinsights.Butinnovationmaybeimpracticalandunnecessary.The

bestwaysoffixingproblemsareoftenthetried-and-trueways.

assignment'sitalwaysnecessarytofindnewsolutionstoproblems?

80.(2008.1)

Itisbettertotrytobeoriginalthantomerelyimitateothers.Peopleshouldalwaystrytosay,write,

think,orcreatesomethingnew.Thereislittlevalueinmerelyrepeatingwhathasbeendone

before.Peoplewhomerelycopyorusetheideasandinventionsofothers,nomatterhow

successfultheymaybe,haveneverachievedanythingsignificant.

assignment'sitalwaysbettertobeoriginalthantoimitateorusetheideasofothers?

Notalways;民主制度在全世界的推行。

模仿或者吸收他人的成功经验是自己走向成功的•条简单的道路。模仿秀imitationshow。

牛顿的力学经典三定律是建立在开普勒定律的基础上的。

107.(2009.1)Planningletspeopleimposeorderonthechaoticprocessesmakingordoing

somethingnew.Toomuchplanning,however;canleadpeopletofollowthesamepredetermined

courseaction,todothingsthesamewaytheyweredonebefore.Creativethinkingisabout

breakingfreefromthewaythatthingshavealwaysbeen.Thatiswhyitisvitalforpeopletoknow

thedifferencebetweengoodplanningandtoomuchplanning.

AdaptedfromTwylaTharp,TheCreativeHabit

Assignment:Doesplanninginterferewithcreativity?

某种程度上会。计划经济和市场经济

17.(ONLINECOURSE5)Manypeoplebelievethat"doseddoormakeuscreative/'Thesepeople

arguethatobstaclesandrestrictionsarenecessary,forwithoutthemwewouldneverbeforcedto

comeupwithnewsolutions.But"doseddoors/eitherintheformspecificobstaclesoralackof

opportunities,oftenpreventpeoplefromreachingtheirfullcreativepotential.

Assignment:Docloseddoorsmakeuscreative?

科学研究领域，很多原创性的思想和成果，都是建立在借鉴前人成果的基础上。

正负转化

67.(2007.6)

ItisnottruethatprosperityisbetterforpeoplethanadversityWhenpeoplearethrivingand

content,theyseldomfeeltheneedtolookforwaystoimprovethemselvesortheir

situation.Hardship,ontheotherhand,forcespeopletocloselyexamine—andpossibly

change—theirownlivesandeventhelivesofothers.Misfortuneratherthanprosperityhelps

peopletogainagreaterunderstandingofthemselvesandtheworldaroundthem.

assignment:Dopeopletrulybenefitfromhardshipandmisfortune?

27.(2006.1)

Anactor;whenhiscuecame,wasunabletomoveontothestage.Hesaid,"Ican'tgetin,thechair

isintheway,"Andtheproducersaid,“usethedifficulty.Ifit'sadrama,pickthechairupandsmash

it.Ifit'sacomedyfalloverit/7Fromthisexperiencetheactorconcludedthatinanysituationinlife

thatisnegative,thereissomethingpositiveyoucandowithit.

AdaptedfromLawrenceEisenberg,Xainecrutiny"

assignment:Cananyobstacleordisadvantagebeturnedintosomethinggood?

当幸福来敲门,thepursuitofhappiness;willsmith;

Beethoven;LudwigvanBeethovenisthemostfamousclassicalcomposerofthewesternworld.

Beethovenisrememberedforhispowerfulandstormycompositions,andforcontinuingto

composeandconductevenafterhebegantogodeafatage28.Hispersonallifewasmarkedby

aheroicstruggleagainstencroachingdeafness,andsomeofhismostimportantworkswere

composedduringthelast10yearsofhislifewhenhewasquiteunabletohear.

Widelyregardedasthegreatestcomposerwhoeverlived,LudwigvanBeethovendominatesa

periodofmusicalhistoryasnooneelsebeforeorsince.RootedintheClassicaltraditionsof

JosephHaydnandMozart,hisartreachesouttoencompassthenewspiritofhumanismand

incipientnationalismexpressedintheworksofGoetheandFriedrichvonSchiller,hiselder

contemporariesintheworldofliterature;thestringentlyredefinedmoralimperativesofKant;and

theidealsoftheFrenchRevolution,withitspassionateconcernforthefreedomanddignityofthe

individual.Herevealedmorevividlythananyofhispredecessorsthepowerofmusictoconveya

philosophyoflifewithouttheaidofaspokentext;andincertainofhiscompositionsistobe

foundthestrongestassertionofthehumanwillinallmusic,ifnotinallart.Thoughnothimselfa

Romantic,hebecamethefountainheadofmuchthatcharacterizedtheworkoftheRomantics

whofollowedhim,especiallyinhisidealofprogramorillustrativemusic,whichhedefinedin

connectionwithhisSixth(Pastoral)Symphonyas“moreanexpressionofemotionthanpainting/

Inmusicalformhewasaconsiderableinnovator,wideningthescopeofsonata,symphony,

concerto,andquartet;whileintheNinthSymphonyhecombinedtheworldsofvocaland

instrumentalmusicinamannerneverbeforeattempted.Hispersonallifewasmarkedbyaheroic

struggleagainstencroachingdeafness,andsomeofhismostimportantworkswerecomposed

duringthelast10yearsofhislifewhenhewasquiteunabletohear.Inanagethatsawthedecline

ofcourtandchurchpatronage,henotonlymaintainedhimselffromthesaleandpublicationofhis

worksbutalsowasthefirstmusiciantoreceiveasalarywithnodutiesotherthantocomposehow

andwhenhefeltinclined.

HelenKellerwas,foratime,themostfamoushandicappedpersonintheworld.Aseverefeverat

age19monthsleftKellerblindanddeafandbarelyabletocommunicate.AtagesixKellermet

AnneSullivan(laterAnneSullivanMacy),thetutorwhotaughtKellerthealphabetandthereby

openeduptheworldtoher.KellerbecameanexcellentstudentandeventuallyattendedRadcliffe

College,whereshegraduatedwithhonorsin1904.WhileatRadcliffeshewroteanautobiography,

TheStoryofMyLife(1902),whichmadeherfamous.(HermanylaterbooksincludedTheWorldI

LiveIn(1908),OutoftheDark(1913),and1938'sHelenKeller'sJournal^)InlaterlifeKeller

becameanactivistandlecturer,sometimesinsupportoftheblindanddeaf,andsometimesfor

causesincludingSocialismandwomen'srights.ShealsofoundedandpromotedtheAmerican

FoundationfortheBlind.DuringherlifetimeKellerwasregardedasoneofAmerica'smost

inspirationalfigures.

19.(2005.11)

Conflictisnotnecessarilybad,anditdoesnotnecessarilyindicateafailedinteraction.Itisasignal,

amessagethatsays,HThingsaren'tworkingaroundhere.We'vegottodosomethingdifferent."

Thus,conflictcanbeacatalyst-amotivatingforce-encouragingpeopletointeractand

communicateinwaysthataremoresatisfying.Conflictcanactuallybenefitpeoplebypushing

themtomakenecessarychanges.

AdaptedfromBeverlyPotte/omConflicttoCooperation

assignment'sconflicthelpful?

冲突让人认识到彼此的不同，进而会增加彼此的了解。教育观念

媒体

12.(2005.6)

Themedianotonlytransmitinformationandculture,theyalsodecidewhatinformationis

important.Inthatwaytheyhelptoshapecultureandvalues.

AdaptedfromAlisonBernstein,"'ArtistsThriveonFreedomandFreedomThrivesontheArts"

assignment:Donewspapers,magazines,television,radio,movies,theInternet,andothermedia

determinewhatisimportanttomostpeople?

是的。媒体也是企业，为了自己的利益，毫无疑问他们要报道最具有新闻价值的的东西。而

这些东西通常都是最能够吸引眼球的。但是这样并不意味着他们替大众决定什么东西是最重

要的，因为大众是有自己的判断标准的。

78.(2007.12)

AllaroundusappearancesaremistakenforrealityCleveradvertisementscreatefavorable

impressionsbutsaylittleornothingabouttheproductstheypromote.Instores,colorfulpackages

areoftenbetterthantheircontents.Inthemedia,howcertainentertainers,politicians,andother

publicfiguresappearismoreimportantthantheirabilities.Alltoooften,whatwethinkwesee

becomesfarmoreimportantthanwhatreallyis.

assignment:Doimagesandimpressionshavetoomuchofaneffectonpeople?

116.(2009.5)

Thankstogreatadvancementsintechnology,welivetodayinaworldinwhichknowledgeismore

readilyavailabletogreaternumberspeoplethaneverbeforeinhistory.Havingmoreandbetter

technology,however;hasnotmadepeoplewiserormoreunderstanding.Indeed,peopleareso

overloadedwithinformationtodaythattheyhavebecomeless,ratherthanmore,abletomake

sensetheworldaroundthemthanourancestorseverwere.

Assignment:Hastoday'sabundanceofinformationonlymadeitmoredifficultforusto

understandtheworldaroundus?

错。毫无疑问，大量的信息会让我们

的如果我们有疑问的

挑战权威

38.(2006.6)

Peopleareoftentoldtoobeytherules.Inrealitytheserulesarenotpermanent:whatisrightat

agivenpointintimemaybedeclaredwrongatanothertimeandviceversa.Theworldchanges

sorapidlythatrulesareout-of-datealmostassoonastheyarecreated.Peoplecannotrelyon

establishedguidelinestodeterminewhattheyshouldandshouldnotdo.

AdaptedfromGregoryD.Foster,/zEthics:TimetoRevisittheBasics”

assignment:Areestablishedrulestoolimitedtoguidepeopleinreal-lifesituations?

某些道德准则moralvalues,比如忠诚于国家，孝敬父母，友爱兄弟等是任何时候都不过时的。

asfarasyouyourselfareconcerned,thisw川beanexpressionofbothloyaltyandfilial

piety.就吾弟个人而言，可谓忠孝两全。但是某些信仰也会束缚人的行为和思想，比如名将

岳飞，仅仅抱着忠才的思想ideaofloyaltytothemonarch/sovereign/emperor,而置整个国

家的利益于不顾，最终也落得个被害身亡的下场。

在H常生活当中，尤其是中国，孩子一般要听家长的，如果我们遵守这个规则，过多的听家

长的，那么我们就会失去我们自己的个性。可以举自己同学的例子。

在科学或者艺术领域，拘泥于前人的理论是无论如何不会有所创建的。相反的敢于打破陈规

才能有所成就。比如航海家navigator哥伦布columbus；达尔文CharlesRobertDarwin的进化

论thetheoryofevolution(Darwin's)；物竞天择，适者生存survivalofthefittestinnatural

selection;人类是由上帝仓U造的；allcreaturesincludinghumanbeingsarecreatedbyGod

Darwin:aBritishscientistwhodevelopedthetheoryofevolution,whichistheideathatplants

andanimalsdevelopgraduallyfromsimplertomorecomplicatedformsbynaturalselection.This

istheprocessbywhichonlyplantsandanimalsthatarenaturallysuitableforlifeintheir

environmentwillcontinuetolive,whileallotherswilldie.HewroteabouthisideasinhisbookOn

theOriginofSpecies