计算机文化基础（双语）

^Introductionto

ComputerScience"

LISTBComputerDepartment

、^IntroductiontoComputerScience”]

•Class：Total36hoursf

Lecture18hours,Lab18hours

•GradingjFinalexam70%「

Others30%c

'Website:httv：〃/

-Username:S学号

-Password:123456

•Instructor:TaohongZhang

Contact:waterswordzth@163.com

c

Contents

•ChapterComputersandDigital

Basics

•ChapterComputerHardware

•ChapterComputerSoftware

•ChapterOS

•ChapterNetwork

•ChapterCompress

cChapter1Computersand°

「digitalbasics

c

Whenyouhavecompletedthischapteryoushouldbeableto:

广、Definetheterm“computer”,“microcomputer”

knowthedigitalrevolution

(-knowthehistoryofcomputerdevelopment

C-knowthetypeofcomputerandfunctionofcomputer

/~、-Differentiatebetweendataandinformation,analogand

(digital

-Describehowdigitaldevicesrepresentnumbers,text,

x-ximages,andsound

^masternumberandcode

・storageformofinformation

•numbersystemandconversionofnumber

C

cSectionAallthingsdigitafT

f*—I

cTheDIGITALREVOLUTION

*Whatisthedigitalrevolution?

,Thedigitalrevolutionisanongoingprocessofsoci^fT^i

political,andeconomicchangebroughtbydigital

Ctechnology.

^^^•Whattechnologiesarefuelingthedigitalf~、

revolution?

•Digitalelectronics,computers,communications,networks^

theWeb,anddigitization

•Whatcausedthesuddenupswingincomputer

ownership?

,ThenetworkandtheWeb

c

SectionAallthingsdigital

^Ppncepts:

•Acomputernetworkisagroupofcomputers

clinkedbywiredorwirelesstechnology

sharedataandresources.

•TheInternetisaglobalcomputernetwork

cTheWeb(shortforWorldWideWeb)isa''"

^collectionoflinkeddocuments,graphics,and

soundsthatcanbeaccessedovertheInternet.

oSectionAallthingsdigital

CCONVERGENCE

c-Whatisconvergence?(P.8ofE)

-Howdoesconvergenceaffectthetypical

~、consumer?

I

-Quality

DIGITALSOCIETY

c

SectionBDigitalDevices

FIGURE一

WhenthisphotowaspublishedI

于in1947,thecaptionread,

f"Dr.JohnvonNeumannstands

|infrontofanewElectronic•Adoptbinarysystem

'Brain；thefastestcomputing

machineforitsdegreeof

precisionyetmade.The

machinewhichcando2,000

multiplicationsinonesecond•StoreInformation-

v^andaddorsubtract100,000

Itimesinthesameperiodv\as

displayedtodayforthefirsttime

attheInstituteforAdvanced

Study.Itsfabulousmemorycan

store1,024numbersof12c

decimalplaceseach.Dr.von

,Neumannwasoneofthe

designersofthevender

machine.*'

Whatisacomputer?(VonNeumann'sdefinition)

c\5

computerisamultipurposedevicethataccepts

input,processdata,storesdata,andproduces

output,allaccordingtoaseriesofstored

instructions

SectionBDigitalDevices

C

cAcomputeracceptsinputc

一

厂^•“Input”:

-Thewordsandsymbolsinadocument,

c-numbersforacalculation,广

-pictures,C

-temperaturesfromathermostat,

一audiosignalsfromamicrophone,

一andinstructionsfbrcompletingaprocess;；

C•Aninputdevicegathersandtranslatesinput

intoaformthatthecomputercanprocess.

-Keyboardisthemain(standard)inputdevice<Ip

SectionBDigitalDevices

Acomputerproduceoutput

•"output”:resultsproducedbyacomputer

-Reports

-Documents

一Graphs

-Music

•Themainoutputdevice:

一monitor

-printer

SectionBDigitalDevices

Acomputerprecessesdata0

I

data—referstothesymbolsthatrepresentfacts,

objects,andideas

c•“processdata”:

-Performingcalculations

-Modifyingdocumentsandpictures,~

-Sortinglistsofwordsornumbers(pl5F.l-13)

-Drawinggraphs,、，

C•Acomputerprocessesdatainadevicecalledthe

centralprocessingunit(CPU)

SectionBDigitalDevices

Acomputerstoresdata

“Storedata”:performautomatically

-Memory-datawaitingtobeused

-Storagedataleftonapermanent~x

whileitisnotneededforprocess1

•File-isanamedcollectionofdatathatexists

onastoragemedium

u

SectionBDigitalDevices

C

What'ssosignificanttostore

c

cinstructions

•computerprogram-Theseriesofinstructions

thattellscomputerhowtocarryoutprocessing.^

tasks.

•Software-programs

•Whatkindofsoftwaredocomputerrun?

-Systemsoftware(P.16)

I\

-Applicationsoftware(P.16)

TheEvolutionofComputer

—History

TheFirstGeneration-VacuumTubes(1946—

1956)(电子管)

c1946(Electronicnumericalintegratorandcalculator、

I।

General-purposeelectronicdigitalcomputer

Wartimeneeds

Decimal

Programmedmanually

1952EDVAC(TheVonNeumannMachine)(Electronicdiscrete

Cvariableautomaticcomputer)

Stored-programconcept

Hadgeneralstructureandfunction

c

cTheEvolutionofComputer

•Weight:30t

•Storage:80byte

•Speed:5000/si

TheEvolutionofComputer

C1950sThebirthofComputerIndustry

CommercialComputers

IBM：Seriesof700/7000

c2.TheSecondGeneration:Transistors(1957-

1964)(晶体管)

,一\947BellLabsinventedtransistor

Thelate1950sNCR,RCA

Deliverthenewtechnology

IBM7094

C

Sizeofmemorygrewfrom2Kto32K.

Memorycycletime(thetimetoaccessonewordof

memory)fellfrom30|LISto1.4JLIS.

Note:IK=210=1024

TheEvolutionofComputer

c

3.TheThirdGeneration:Integrated

OCircuits(1965-1971)

4.LaterGenerations(1972-至今)「

Large-scaleintegration(LSI):>1000components

Very-large-scaleintegration(VLSI):>100,000componei^te^^

Microprocessors:">microcomputer(pc)1

AllofthecomponentsofaCPUonasinglechip

thedifferenceofcomputerandmicrocomputer:

C1)microprocessor;

2)busstructure

I\I，

C

c计算机发展的四个阶段

心欠起止年份所用电子元数据处理方运算速度应用埸域

器件式

1946〜195汇编语言、几千〜几国防衣濠

C第一代电子管1

7代码程序万次/秒科夏

r

1958~196高级程序设几万〜几

代晶体管

4计语言十万次/

秒

结构化、模

格―k、1965〜197中、小规模几十万T

第二代Al块化程序设'工业控制、

0集成电路几百万次

计、实时处数据处理

/秒

理.

大规模、超

Q四代分时、实时几百万.“工业、生

1970修大规模集成

数据处理、上亿条指活等各方

电路

计算机网络令/秒面

Chinese“神威”

computer

384CPU

0•384,000,000,000/s

•Memorysize48GB

Harddisksize2.5TB

।、

TheFunctionsofComputer

c

LFunctions:

cSciencecomputation

Informationdisposal

Processcontrol

Computeraidedengineer(CAE)

Artificialintelligence(AI)

「TheCategoryofComputer

c

Category(usage,cost,size,capability)

commonlyusedcomputercategories

1)Microcomputer(personalcomputer)八

servers

3)Mainframes

4)Supercomputers

r\

SectionBDigitalDevices

c1.Personalcomputerc

•Microprocessor-basedcomputingdevi6e^

foranindividual

Workstation:

TWOITieCiningS—1.anordinarypersonalcomputer"~、

connectedtoanetworki

-2.powerfuldesktopcomputersforhigh-

performancetasks(suchasCAD)

SectionBDigitalDevices

「2.Server

•Servecomputersonanetworksupplying

data

Client:c

requestsdatafromaserverisreferrecffo^^

asaclient

SectionBDigitalDevices

c3.Mainframec

o

Large,fast,expensive;

cBusiness,government;

Providecentralizedstorage,processingand

managementforlargeamountofdata;

simultaneouslyhandlethousandsofusers.

SectionBDigitalDevices

c4.Supercomputer0

——thefastestcomputersintheworld

oC

Fastest,mostexpensive;

।■(

Designedfor"computer-intensive“taskJ

suchasmolecularcalculations,

catmosphericmodelingorsimulating

nuclearexplosions

数字计算机

r［按处理对象;模拟计算机

数模混合计算机

'按使用范围通用计算机

专用计算机

I'

/\巨型计算机

按规模1大/中型计算机

r\小型计算机

微型计算机

工作站或服务器

SectionC.DigitalDataRepresentation

C

Datarepresentationbasic:

•whatisdata?

datareferstothesymbolsthatrepresentpeople,

events,things,andideas,datacanbeaname,anumber,thec

colorsinaphoto,orthenoteinamusicalcomposition^~

('

•ThedifferenceofDataandinformation

dataisusedbymachine,suchascomputer;

informationisusedbyhumans.

SectionCDigitalDataRepresentation

cDigitalData

「Representation

C-Datarepresentation

•theformdataisstored,processed,

andtransmitted

厂、-Analoganddigital/

•thedifferencebetweenanaloganH

digital,

C-Digitaldataistext,numberthat

convertedintodiscretedigitssuchasOs

andIs.

-Analogdataisrepresenteddtingan

infinitescaleofvalues.

SectionCDigitalDataRepresentation

1.Representingnumber

-NumericData

•Numbersusedinarithmeticoperations

一Binarynumbersystem

•0and1

/Computerstore,processandtransmit

datawithbinaryform

SectionCDigitalDataRepresentation

C

1.Representingnumber

Acomputerusesabitasthebuildingblockformdre^

complexmessages^whichareconstructedwithaseries

ofbits.

•1bi20二1mation.

21二2

22=2X2=4

23二2X2X2=8

24=2X2X2X2=16

25=2X2X2X2X2=32

26=2X2X2X2X2X2=64

27=2X2X2X2X2X2X2=128

28=2X2X2X2X2X2X2X2=256

c

unitsofbinarysystem

1bit

1byte=8bit

1word=2byte

'IkB(byte)=210B

1MB(MegaByte)=210KB

1GB(GigaByte尸210MB

1TB(Tricro)=210GB

SectionCDigitalDataRepresentation

Ci

cNumber（数制）

SomeNotation:

0•Base/radix（基数）

•Digits（数字符号）

/、、^Weight（位权）

数制基数数字符号

十进制100,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9

二进制20,1

八进制80,1,2,3,4,5,6,7

十六进制160,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F

SectionCDigitalDataRepresentation

Multinomialunwrappedfromthenumber

accordingtotheweight：

1)TheDecimalSystem：

(4723.75)］。

=4X103+7X102+2X101+3X10°

+7X101+5X10-2

2)TheBinarySystem：

(11101.01)2

,=1X24+1X23+1X22+0X21+lX2°

'+OX2'1+1X2-2

SectionCDigitalDataRepresentation

<1.Representingnumberc

3)Thehexadecimalsystem

Base,orradixof16,digits(0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,

C,D,E,F)

s={..S2slS°.S_iS_2S_3.

S=S_l6n-l+S_J6n-2+...+Sl6i+SJ60

1n11.11n乙J1L

1m

+S_116-+...+S_m16-

c

一FL3=15*16i+l*160+3*16"

SectionCDigitalDataRepresentation

c

1.Representingnumber

C4)Theoctalsystem

cBase,orradixof8,digits(0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7)

S={i…s?NS]1sU0.sT1s-Z?S-Dn...})

S=S_,8nT+Sn_?8n—2+…+s81+S08°

111,1乙1\J

1、1n

-1m

+S_18+...+S_m8-

r\23.3=2*8i+7*8°+3*84

83=?

NumberConversion

C)ConversionbetweenBinary

°andDecimal

Toconvertfromdecimaltobinary,the

integerandfractionalpartsarehandled

separately.

c

NumberConversion

厂^a)ConvertdecimalintegerNintobinaryform:

k21

N=(1X2)+(RkX2『i)+...+(R3X2)+(R2X2)+

C(%X2。)

Repeateddivision1

Ex.Decimal11

QuotientRemainder

11/2二5一]

5/2=2—]

2/2=1—0

1/2=0—1

(11)10=(1011)2

b)Fractionalpartinvolvedrepeated

cmultiplication.

2

F=(a_IX1/2)+(a_2Xl/2)+(a_3X1/23)+...

This

Ex.

c

0.81X

^0.62X

Z

0?24X

0.48X

0.96X

0.92X

(0-81)10=(0.110011)2,(approximate)

c

Ex.Decimal0.25

c

ProductIntegralpart01

0.25X2=0.50

0.50X2=1.01

\0.2510=0.01

iz^2)ConversionbetweenHexadecimaland

Decimal

c

Base16(0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F)

［、)000二01000=8

(0001=1

1001二9

0010=21010=A

C0011=31011二B

0100=41100二C

0101=51101二D

x-^110=61110-E

10111=71111=F

HexadecimalDecimal

Ex.1A16=(116X169+(A16X16°)=(11OX169+(1010X16°)=26

Binary>Hexadecimal

110111100001=DE116

DE1

i^^S)ConversionbetweenOctalandDecimalc

Base8(0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7)

000=0001=1।

bio=2011=3

100=4101=5

110=6111=7C

I1

Octal-------------►Decimalr\

散.178二(18X89+(78X8°)=(8)+(7)=15(

Ij

Binary--------►Octal

101111001=57KoMKZ

57i

整型数的存储

1.机器数与真值

•机器数：将一个数在机器中的存储形式（即编

码）称为机器数。，/

•在计算机中带符号整数是采用补码表示的

O-带符号数的最高位用来表示数的符号,

般用“0”表示“+”，用“1”表示。

#ofBitsRange

80255

16065,535

c

整型数的原码、反码和补码

正数:原码、反码、补码相同。

符号位为0,数值为对应的二进制数。

例如:+109

[+109]原=[+109]反=[+109]#=01101101

负数:

O原码:符号位为1,数值为绝对值的二进制数。

例：［-109］原=11101101

反码：将原码除符号位外，逐位取反。

例：［T09］反=10010010

•补码：将反码末位加1。

例：［T09］补=10010011

ArithmeticandLogicRule

、加0+0=01+0=0+1=11+1=10

减0-0=01-0=11-1=00-1=1

厂

Arith1

metic乘0*0=00*1=1*0=01*1=1

除0/1=01/1=11

与0A0=00Al=01AO=OJA1=1/

Logic或ovo=oOV1=1ivo=iM

非非0为1非1为0

ExampleofArithmeticand。

Logic

ex2：

101.01101.Ill

+110.01+ILOil

1011.10iooi.oio

,ex3：a=1100,b=0110

aVb>aAb>-a

110011001100

vono八0110逻辑非为:

mo01000011

SectionCDigitalDataRepresentation

_2.Representingsymbols

/Howtodenotecharacter?

a)ASCIIcoding(AmericanStandardCode

forInformationInterchange)

uses7bitstorepresent27Symbols(128symbols),

includinguppercaseandlowercaseletters,special

ccontrolcodes,numerals,andpunctuationsymbols.

SectionCDigitalDataRepresentation

ASCIIRule

Onebyte(8bitsbinarycode)

representsonecharacter

0

7

ThetopofTheothers(7bits)canhave128binary

byteis"0”codes.Ex：00000000-01111111

Represent128characters.

ASCIIRule

0011I0100I

000000010010010101100111

%

________u。。。NULDLESP0pP

UA、

U001.1JAJQaq

0010STXDC2r

.

0011A为(()=6fs

1।-X.、oVZ-Mi-VoFVZo0001)2___u~

Un1iUnUnH.Vz±t

0101ENQ记住：u

0110ACKSYTSV

0111BEL0字符的ASCII码是48w

1000BSCAI>X

1001HTENIA字符的ASCII码呈65y

1010LFSUEz

1011VTESCA字痔的Asrn码是97<

1100FFFS1

1101CRGSMAgAsru码小差早a，)

1110VC■

1111SIUS/?O,oDEL

SectionCDigitalDataRepresentation

-b)Chinesecode:GB-2312♦

I

G《信息交换用汉字编码字符集——基本集》/GB2312-80

•7445Chineseandgraphsymbol：

Ccommon：202；sequence：60；number：22；

English：52；Japan：169；Greek：48;

、Russia：66/

Chinese：6763；(3755；3008)

•TwobytesrepresenteachChineseorsymbol.

(7轨6

输入码（外码）

-输出码（字模、字型码）

输出码：汉字输出时使用的编码。

、•以点阵形式表示。

。如16X16点阵、24X24点阵、32X32点阵等厂＞

•一个16X16点阵汉字输出码所占存储空间:

16/8X16=32个字节

辟㈱睥^呻榴蟠踹

UUKC3TXXZE,WJ

「||||修川也田■WWWWWWWW^^B

FF‘，】!想‘/・•・》•»・・*XAt

22»,■/fcgTj7，雷

7l-;loCSXSSXXMU&XBMXXX223

o.l,o

04,t8x

oo,O

FC

lF.8

lo,4

81

lo,8

lo4

lF

7Fo.4F

1^O

,-O

O2,1O

O4,

岫O8

mO7

16x16点阵汉字及编码24x24点阵汉字32x32点阵汉字

汉字的编码C

■包括：信息交换码（国标码）、机内码、输入码和输,

出码

•机内码（亦称内码）：汉字（符号）在计算机内部的

二进制代码。O

f种代码之间的关系:

।

国标码

高位置“1”

机

汉字输入内

输入码输出码＞汉字输出

（外码）码（字形码）

SectionCDigitalDataRepresentation

3.RepresentingImages

Difference:

1.Imagequality;

dTheamountrequiredtostoretheimage;

<"3xTheamountoftimerequiredtotransmitthe

image\C

4.Howeasytomodifytheimageandsoon

、Bitmapgraphicmethodofac

black-and-whiteimage-monochromegraphs

1pixelcanberepresentedby1bit.

00011000

□■■■■□00111100C

□■■■■□00111100

00011000’

ImageMatrixRepresentation

00011000001111000011110000011000

LinearRepresentation

Grayscalegraphicsc

Grayscalegraphic:di