商务英语课件

1BusinessEnglishReading實用商務英語導讀教案2Chapter8TourismandTourismManagement8.1TravelandTourism8.2AccommodationandTransportation8.3Entertainment8.4Frontier3LeadIn:WhatisTourism?Whypeopletravel?34LeadIn:WhatisTourism?ForBusiness45LeadIn:WhatisTourism?ForLeisure56LeadIn:WhatisTourism?VisitFriendsorRelatives68.1TravelandTrourism

7ITravel788.1.1GeneralIntroductionAsocialactivity:AirtravelHotelroomRentalcarsightseeingTourism3majorreasons:ForbusinessForleisuretime&pleasureTovisitfriendsorrelatives98.1.1GeneralIntroductionTourismis,essentially,asocialactivity;itisaboutpeopletravelling,forwhateverreason,todestinationsawayfromtheplacewheretheynormallyliveandwork,andtheiractivitiesduringtheirstayinthosedestinations.

8.1.2TourismProducts10CustomerTransportationAccommodationFood&DrinkAttraction&Event8.1.2TourismProducts11TransportationAccommodationFood&DrinkAttraction&eventHowtotravel?Wheretostay?Whattoeatanddrink?Whatdoyoudo?OrientationFocus8.2AccommodationandTransportation

12128.2AccommodationandTransportation

138.2.1Accommodation14Accommodation

HostelB&BMotelSelf-cateringHotelResort148.2.1Accommodation15ManagementChallengesandIssuesEconomicIssuesDemandIssuesQualityIssuesTechnologyIssuesEnvironmentalIssues158.2.2TransportationFlexibilityAvailabilityConvenienceReliabilityTime/SpeedComfortSafetyCost16FactorsforChoiceofTransport8.2.2Transportation17PrivateCarCarRentalTaxiBus/CoachRoad

Transport178.2.2Transportation18LongRailJourneyAuthenticTravelTrainTourLittleRailwayRail

Transport188.2.2Transportation19Water-borneJourneysWater-borneTouristExperiencesWater-borne

Transport198.2.2Transportation20TheTechnologicalDevelopmentRegulation,Deregulation&PrivatizationAirlineOperationsAirTransport&AirportsStrategicAlliancesAir

Transport208.3Entertainment21218.3.1Catering22Everyonelikesdelicacy,especiallytravellers.Cateringplaysoneofthemostimportantrolesintravelandtourism.228.3.1Catering23ShanghaiParisVancouver238.3.2Shopping24Hongkong–theParadiseofShoppingShoppingismostlyabouthavingfun,andisalsoaboutspendingtimeratherthanspendingmoney.248.3.2Shopping25Milan–theKingdomofFashionYou'llstruggletopaceyourselfonshoppingtripstoMilan.258.3.3Interest26Whypeopletravel?Becauseeverywherehassomethingforeveryone!Thereissomuchtodoandsee–it’sjustamatterofchoosing.

268.3.3Interest27Beach&Sunshine278.3.3Interest28NationalPark288.3.3Interest29Skiing&SnowBoarding298.3.3Interest30Cruise&RailJourney30318.4

FrontierGreatfutureoftourismindustry.NewProductsNewIndustryNewConsumers31328.4.1

NewConsumers

Statisticsshowthatthenumberofinternationaltouristarrivalsisexpectedtomorethandoubleto1.6billionin2020,correspondingtoanaveragegrowthof4.1percentayearfortheperiod1995to2020.32338.4.2

NewProductsNewProductsThird-agetourismYouthandadventuretourismDomesticandvisitingfriendsandrelativestourismConferencetourism—MICEmarketandbusinesstourismSportandeventstourismShoppingandtourismSpacetourism33348.4.2

NewProducts34358.4.3

NewIndustryNewIndustryIntermediaries:travelagenciesandtouroperatorsTransportandtransit:air,landandseaHospitalitymegatrendsEntertainmentandnewleisuretourismSportandeventstourism3536

CaseStudy

TheAmazingThailandGrandSale

TheAmazingThailandGrandSaleisThailand’sannualtwo-monthshoppingextravaganzawhichoffersworld-classshopping,adiverseselectionofqualityproductsandservices,specialdiscountsofupto80percentoffregularprices,andpromotionaloffersextendedbydeparmentstoresandretailoutletsinBangkokandthepopulartouristdestinationsofChiangMai,Pattaya,Phuket,HatYaiandSongkhia.TheeventisoneofthebiggestinSoutheastAsia.About900businessoperatorsparticipate,includingretailshops,restaurants,touristattractions,touragencies,themeparks,golfclubs,sportclubs,spas,hotelsandotherformsofaccomodation.Theevent,organizedbytheTourismAuthorityofThailand(TAT),hasbeenheldeveryyearsince1998.TheobjectivesoftheGrandSalearetocreateanopportunityforpeopletovisitThailandandenjoygreatdiscountsanddeals,tostimulatedomesticandinternationaltravel,tocreaterevenuefortheeconomicdevelopmentofThailand,andtoenhanceitsimageasatouristdestination.1.泰國的這個旅遊產品包括了哪些內容？有哪些商家參與？2.請從吃、住、行、遊、購幾個方面為上海設計一個旅遊產品。3637Clicktoeditcompanyslogan.ENDOFCHAPTEREIGHT!373838BusinessEnglishReading實用商務英語導讀教案3939ContentsMarketingandMarketingMix1CommoditiesandInternationalTrade2Finance

and

Financial

Markets4InternetandE-Marketing5

Accounting

and

Financial

Statements3AccountingandFinancialStatementsAccountingandFinancialStatements4040ContentsManagersandManagement6ServiceandServiceManagement7BusinessandInterpersonalSkills9BusinessandGlobalization10TourismandTourismManagement84141Chapter2CommoditiesandInternationalTrade2.1OverviewofInternationalTrade2.2TermsofCommodity

2.3InternationalCargoTransport2.4OceanMarineInsurance

2.5InternationalPaymentandSettlement2.6HowtoWriteSalesContract

4242LeadIn:2008年中國對外貿易(Video)43LeadIn:CANTONFAIR43TheFair,comprehensiveinnature,haswonitsrenownof“China’sNo.1Fair”forthelongesthistory,thehighestlevel,thelargestscale,themostcompleteexhibitvariety,thebiggestbuyerattendance,thebroadestbuyerdistribution,thegreatestbusinessturnover,andthebestcreditstandinginChina.

44442.1.1ReasonsforInternationalTradeResourcereasonsEconomicreasonsPoliticalreasonsFavorableclimaticconditionsandterrainNaturalresourcesSkilledworkersCapitalresourcesFavorablegeographiclocationandtransportcostsInsufficientproductionAbsoluteadvantage（亞當·斯密的絕對優勢理論）Comparativeadvantage（大衛·李嘉圖的相對優勢理論）45452.1.2BenefitsandProblemsof

InternationalTradeCheapergoodsGreatervarietyofgoodsWidermarketwithmoretradingpartnersGrowthofeconomyInternationaltradeTraderestrictionsCulturalproblemsMonetaryconversionBenefitsProblems46美國貿易保護主義正在抬頭472.1.3BasicProceduresofImportandExportBasicProceduresofImportImportlicenseSalescontractsL/CShipmentandinsuranceDocumentexaminationandpaymentCustomsclearanceTakingdeliveryandre-inspectionSettlementofdisputes47進口貿易一般流程圖482.1.3BasicProceduresofImportandExportBasicProceduresofExportExportlicenseSalescontractsGettinggoodsreadyforshipmentL/CExportdeclarationandcustomsclearanceShipmentandinsuranceDocumentationandpayment48出口貿易一般流程圖492.1.4InternationalTradeTerms49502.1.4InternationalTradeTerms512.2.1NameofGoodsThisclauseisamaincomponentoftheDescriptionofGoods.Asthebasisofatransaction,itconcernstherightsandobligationsofthebuyerandtheseller.Whengivingthename,trytobespecificandadoptthewidelyacceptednameagreedbybothparties.5152522.2.2QualityofGoods

Howcouldthesellerhavethequalityofthegoodsonsalemadeknowntothebuyer?Themethodsoftenusedarethesalesbysample,byspecification,gradeorstandard,bybrandortrademark,orbydescription,drawingordiagram.Examples:Sesameseeds，Moisture

(max.)8%，Admixture(max.)6%，Oilcontent(min.)48%S235Christmasbearwithcapsandscarf,asperthesamplesdispatchedbytheselleron20Aug.2002

53532.2.3QuantityofGoodsMoreorlessclause:Chineserice10000metrictons,5%moreorlessatseller’soption542.2.4Packing&Marking54Packingouterpackinginnerpacking552.2.4Packing&Marking55MarkingShippingmarksWarningmarksIndicativemarks562.3.1OceanTransport56Oceantransporthasbeenthemostimportantmodeoftransportininternationaltrade.Two-thirdsofthetotalvolumeandover80%ofChina’simportsandexportsnowaretransportbysea.572.3.1OceanTransport57AdvantagesDisadvantageseasypassagelargecapacityreducedunitdistributioncostgoodadaptabilitytocargoesofdifferentsize,weight,shape,etcslowpassagevulnerabletobadweatherlesspunctual582.3.1OceanTransportMerchantVesselsLiner

TrampVoyageCharterTimeCharter請思考：班輪運輸的特點。定程租船和定期租船的異同。5959BillofladingAbillofloadingisashippingdocumentthatservesasareceiptfromthesippingcompanyforshipper’sgoods,atitledocumenttothegoodsshipped,andanevidenceofthecontractofcarriagebetweencompanyandtheshipper.60Clauseofshipment612.3.2AirTransportAirtransportships1%ofthetotalworldtradeinvolume,20%-30%invalueanditisincreasingatarateof7%-8%peryear.62622.3.3RailTransportRailtransportisamajormodeoftransportintermsofvolume,secondonlytooceantransportthatitselfreliesheavilyonrailtransportincollectinganddistributingcargoes.63632.3.4RoadTransportRoadtransportisusedandhasbecomeincreasinglydominantbetweencountriesconnectedbyroadsandplaysaveryimportantroleinshippinginternationalcargoestoandfromseaportsandairport.64642.4.1NeedforInsuranceExportersandimportersfaceallthetimeuncertaintiesoflossoftheirgoods.Insuranceisusedtoprotecttheirfinancialinterestsagainstsuchrisksandactuallosses.65652.4.2CoverageofOceanMarineInsuranceRiskstheperilsoftheseathatincludebothnaturalcalamitiesandfortuitousaccidents.extraneousrisksincludeordinaryriskssuchastheft,pilferage,raindamage,shortage,breakage,etcandspecialriskssuchasstrike,war,failuretodeliver,etc.LossesPartialloss（Itcaneitherbegeneralaverageorparticularaverage.）Totalloss（itcanbeclassifiedintoactualtotallossandconstructivetotalloss.）ExpensesExpensesincurredinreducingthelossofthesubjectmatterinsuredeitherbytheassuredhimselforapartyotherthantheinsurerand/ortheassured.66思考某貨物從天津新港駛往新加坡,在航行途中船舶貨艙起火，大火蔓延到機艙，船長為了船、貨的共同安全,決定採取緊急措施，往艙中灌水滅火。火雖被撲滅，但由於主機受損，無法繼續航行，於是船長決定雇用拖輪將貨船拖回新港修理。檢修後重新駛往新加坡。事後調查，這次事件造成的損失有：①1000箱貨被火燒毀；②600箱貨由於灌水滅火受到損失；③主機和部分甲板被燒毀；④拖船費用；⑤額外增加的燃料和船長、船員工資。從上述各項損失性質來看，各屬於什麼海損？67672.4.3FundamentalPrinciplesof

CargoInsuranceInsurableInterestGoodfaithIndemnity68682.4.4MainCategoriesofGeneralCargoInsuranceTherearemainlytwotypesofinsurancecoverage,basiccoverageandadditionalcoverage.BasiccoveragemainlyincludesFPA,WPAandAllRisks.Additionalcoverageincludesgeneraladditionalcoverageandspecialadditionalcoverage.69風險、損失和險別的對應關係702.5.1PaymentInstrumentsofInternationalTrade70712.5.1PaymentInstrumentsofInternationalTrade71722.5.2MethodofPayment72Remittancereferstothetransferoffundsfromonepartytoanotheramongdifferentcountriesthroughbanks.732.5.2MethodofPayment73Collectionistheprocesswhereinabank,inaccordancewiththeseller'sinstruction,handlesdocumentsinordertodeliverthemtothebuyeragainstpayment,acceptance,oronothertermsandconditions.742.5.2MethodofPayment74Insimpleterms,adocumentarycreditisaconditionalbankundertakingorguaranteeofpayment.75SampleofL/C點擊看大圖76762.6.1TheDefinitionandFormsofSalesContract

Ininternationaltradeasalescontractisalegaldocumentmadebyandenteredintobetweenasellerandabuyeronthebasisoftheirnegotiation.Inthecontracttherightandobligationofboththepartiesaredefinitelystipulated.Inkeepingwithregularpracticeininternationaltrade,awrittencontractorconfirmationisusuallysignedtobindboththesellerandthebuyer.77SampleofS/C點擊看大圖7878

CaseStudy

------DiscrepanciesindocumentsAnexportcompanyinChinausedtoexportreddatestoSingapore.TheL/CestablishedbythebankinSingaporedescribesthegoodsas“Grade3RedDates”.Atthemoment,“Grade3RedDates”wereoutofstock.Theexporterdecidedtoship“Grade2”insteadof“Grade3”tomeetthedemandofthemarket.Ontheinvoicemarked“Grade2RedDates,priceasperGrade3”.79Thebeneficiaryhadthoughtthattheimporterwouldnotshowanyobjectionaboutthis.However,onthecontrary,theimporterrefusedtomakethepaymentbecauseof“nonconformitybetweendocumentsandtermsofthecredit”.Whatwasmore;theimporterevendemandedcompensationforthelosscausedbytheexporter’sfailuretoshipaccordingtotheagreedspecification.Questions:Whatcanyoulearnfromthiscase?

CaseStudy

8080Clicktoeditcompanyslogan.ENDOFCHAPTERTWO!81BusinessEnglishReading實用商務英語導讀教案82Chapter9

BusinessandInterpersonalSkills9.1CommunicationChannel9.2Presentation

9.3Negotiation9.4TeamworkLeadIn:Advertising8384LeadIn:WTO——中國入世談判Asuccessful

commercialnegotiations

859.1CommunicationChannel9.1CommunicationChannel9.1.1MediaSelection9.1.1MediaSelection9.1.2InternalandExternalCommunication9.1.2InternalandExternalCommunication9.1.3Communicationbarriers869.1.1MediaSelectionMediaSelection

Oral

WrittenVisualAudio-visualNonverbal

9.1.1MediaSelection87youneednoimmediatefeedbackyouwantimmediatefeedbackfromtheaudienceAwrittenchannelisbestwhen

Anoralchannelisbestwhen

ChoosingtheMostAppropriateChannelandMediumyourmessageisdetailedandcomplex,anditrequirescarefulplanningyouraudienceislargeandgeographicallydispersedyouwanttominimizethedistortionthatcanoccurwhenamessagepassesorallyfrompersontopersonyouneedapermanent,verifiablerecordyourmessageisrelativelysimpleandeasytoacceptyouneednopermanentrecordyoucanassembleyouraudienceconvenientlyandeconomicallyyouwanttoencourageinteractiontosolveaproblemorreachadecision88

9.1.2InternalandExternalCommunication9.1.2InternalandExternalCommunication89Internalcommunicationreferstothecommunicationtakingplacewithinagivenorganizationthroughsuchwrittenororalchannelsasmemos,reports,proposals,meetings,oralpresentations,speeches,andperson-to-personandtelephoneconversations.

Externalcommunicationreferstothecommunicationbetweentheorganizationandtheoutsideinstitutionsandpeople---thegeneralpublic,customers,vendorsandotherbusinesses,andgovernmentofficials.

Therearechannelsofinternalcommunicationandexternalcommunication.

909.1.3CommunicationbarriersAnumberofcommoncommunicationbarriersarerelevanttointernationalmanagement.Themoreimportantincludelanguage,culture,perception,andnonverbalcommunication.

9.1.3Communicationbarriers91Vocabularydeficiencies

FailuretoreactproperlytofeedbackDistractionofattention

TendencytowardsbiasedevaluationMisinterpretationofwords

Bipolarthinking

2024-2-8929.2Presentation

9.2Presentation

9.2.1EffectivePersuasion9.1.2InternalandExternalCommunication9.2.2EffectivePresentations92939.2.1EffectivePersuasionPersuasionisaformofinfluence.

“showandtell”ability9.2.2EffectivePresentationsBeforethePresentationResearchyourintendedaudience.Determineappropriatedress.Prepareyourremarks.Practice.Practicesayingthemainpointsinsequence,usinganaturalconversationaltone.Clearyourheadandfocusonthetaskathand.949.2.2EffectivePresentationsDuringthePresentationBeginwithananecdoteorquote.Giveyouraudienceonorganizingframework.Presentthecoreofyourargumentatthebeginning.Makeyoursessioninteractive.Usetechnologybutsparingly.Beinterestingbutnotnecessarilyentertaining.Closewithacompellingthoughtorquote.Summarize.Tellwhatyoutoldthem.95969.2.2EffectivePresentationsOutlineforProductPresentation

Introduceyourselfandthepurposeofthepresentation.Provideoutlineofthepresentation.(2min)(1-2slides)Describetheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofotherbrand-nameproduct.(3min)(1-2slides)Analyzecustomer’srequirementsandthemarkettrends.(5min)(2-3slides)Introduceyournewproductandcompareitwithothersimilarproduct.(5min)(3-5slides)Showtheaudiencesamples.Encouragesomeofyouraudiencetotrythem.(3min)(1-2slides)Outlineyourmarketingstrategyemphasizingyourexcellentservice.(5min)(2-3slides)Askforandanswerquestionsfromyouraudience.(5min)(1-2slides)Summarizeandconclude.(2min)(2-3slides)979.2.2EffectivePresentationsIntheclosingargument,itisyouropportunityfora“calltoaction”.2024-2-8989.3Negotiation9.3Negotiation9.3.1NegotiationSkills9.1.2InternalandExternalCommunication9.3.2FiveStagesofNegotiating98999.3.1NegotiationSkillsWhatisnegotiation

?Negotiationinvolvestwoormorepartieswhoeachhavesomethingtheotherwantsandwhoattempttoreachanagreementthroughaprocessofbargaining.

Whydoweneednegotiation?Negotiationisamuchbetterwaytoreachasolutionthaneitheralawsuitorarbitration.

2024-2-81009.3.1NegotiationSkillsInaneffectivenegotiation,thepartiesfocusonidentifyingeachother’skeyinterestsandviewingthesituationobjectively,whileplacingemotionsaside.

1009.3.2FiveStagesofNegotiating2024-2-8101Negotiating

Preparationandplanning

Definitionof

groundrule

agreement

Clarificationandjustification

Bargainingandproblem-solving

Closureand

implementation

1011022024-2-81039.4Teamwork9.4Teamwork9.4.1TypesofTeams9.1.2InternalandExternalCommunication9.4.2TipsforEffectiveTeams1039.4.1TypesofTeams104Cross-functionalteams

Self-managedteamsTaskforcedteamsProcessimprovementteams9.4.2TipsforEffectiveTeamsBefocused.Handleconflictdirectlyandbewillingtocompromise.Focusonbothprocessandcontent.Activelyparticipate,andencourageotherstodothesame.

1059.4.2TipsforEffectiveTeamsKeepsensitiveissuesprivate.Communicateopenlyandpositively.Taketimetoestablishoperatingguidelinesandclarifyexpectations.Monitorwhat’sgoingonwiththeteam.2024-2-81061061079.4.2TipsforEffectiveTeamsPracticegiving(andreceiving)effectivefeedback.Workwithunderperformerstokeepthemintheflowoftheprojectandpreventthemfrombecomingexcludedfromthegroup.Bereliableandconscientious.2024-2-81089.4.2TipsforEffectiveTeamsWhenneeded,givedirectiontotheteam’sworkbystatingandrestatingthepurposeofassignments,settingorcallingattentiontotimelimits,andofferingproceduresonhowtomosteffectivelycompletetheassignment.Besupportiveofyourteammembers.108109

CaseStudy

請根據下圖寶潔公司的相關資訊，介紹該公司的產品。

110

CaseStudy

下圖是多媒體的投影儀設備（anoverheadprojector），請模擬下列不同的商務場景，開展小組活動。(1)假設你所在的公司需要採購一臺多媒體的設備。你在報紙上看到了相關的銷售廣告，然後打電話聯繫採購。

(2)假設你所在的公司銷售多媒體設備。你們已經在報上刊登了廣告。請用電話聯繫潛在的客戶。111Clicktoeditcompanyslogan.ENDOFCHAPTERNINE!112BusinessEnglishReading實用商務英語導讀教案113

ChapterSixManagersandManagement

6.1Managers6.2ManagerialRoles6.3Management6.4ManagementLevels6.5ManagementSkills114LeadIn:WhoAreManagers?唐僧是一名出色的管理者還是領導者？115ManagersVersusLeadersManagersLeadersAreappointedtotheirpositionCaninfluencepeopleonlytotheextentoftheformalauthorityoftheirpositionDonotnecessarilyhavetheskillsandcapabilitiestobeleadersAreappointedoremergefromwithinaworkgroupCaninfluenceotherpeopleandhavemanagerialauthorityDonotnecessarilyhavetheskillsandcapabilitiestobemanagers1166.1.1DefinitionManagerSomeonewhocoordinatesandoverseestheworkofotherpeoplesothatorganizationalgoalscanbeaccomplished.

1176.1.2TheResponsibilityofManagersSELFMANAGEMENT自我管理WORKINGWITHOTHERS與他人合作TASK/ACTIVITYMANAGEMENT任務/行為管理ASSET/RESOURCEMANAGEMENT資產/資源管理1186.2ManagerialRolesManagementrolesrefertospecificcategoriesofmanagerialbehavior.ManagerialRolesInterpersonal

Informational

Decisional

1191206.2.1InterpersonalRolesInterpersonalrolesFigurehead,leader,liaison121FigureheadObligedtoperformanumberofroutinedutiesofalegalorsocialnatureSuchasgreetingvisitorsorsigninglegaldocuments122LeaderResponsibleforthemotivationandactivationofsubordinatesResponsibleforstaffing,trainingandassociateddutiesSuchasperformingvirtuallyallactivitiesthatinvolvesubordinates123LiaisonMaintainsself-developednetworkofoutsidecontactsandinformerswhoprovidefavorsandinformationSuchasacknowledgingmail,performingotheractivitiesthatinvolveoutsiders1246.2.2InformationalRolesInformationalrolesMonitor,disseminator,spokesperson125MonitorSeeksandreceiveswidevarietyofspecialinformationtodevelopthoroughunderstandingoforganizationandenvironmentEmergesasnervecenterofinternalandexternalinformationabouttheorganization126DisseminatorTransmitsinformationreceivedfromoutsidersorfromothersubordinatestomembersoftheorganization–someinformationisfactual,someinvolvesinterpretationandintegrationofdiversevaluepositionsoforganizationalinfluencers127SpokesmanTransmitsinformationtooutsidersonorganization’splans,policies,actions,results,etc.Servesasexpertonorganization’sindustry.1286.2.3DecisionalRolesDecisionalrolesEntrepreneur,disturbancehandler,resourceallocator,negotiator129EntrepreneurSearchesorganizationanditsenvironmentforopportunitiesandinitiates“improvementprojects”tobringaboutchange.Supervisesdesignofcertainprojectsaswell.130DisturbanceHandlerResponsibleforcorrectiveactionwhenorganizationfacesimportant,unexpecteddisturbancesSuchasorganizingstrategyandreviewingsessionsthatinvolvedisturbancesandcrisis131ResourceAllocatorResponsiblefortheallocationoforganizationalresourcesofallkinds.132NegotiatorResponsibleforrepresentingtheorganizationatmajornegotiations.Suchasparticipatinginunioncontractnegotiations.1336.3Management

ManagerialConcernsEfficiency“Doingthingsright”GettingthemostoutputfortheleastinputsEffectiveness“Doingtherightthings”Attainingorganizationalgoals1346.3.1DefinitionManagementiscoordinatingworkactivitiessothattheyarecompletedefficientlyandeffectivelywithandthroughotherpeople.1356.3.2TheReasonsofStudyingManagementWhyStudyManagement?Explaintheuniversalityofmanagementconcept.Discusswhyanunderstandingofmanagementisimportantevenifyoudon’tplantobeamanager.Describetherewardsandchallengesofbeingamanager1366.3.3ManagementProcesses

Theprocessofmanagementrepresentsthefunctionsorprimaryactivitiesengagedinbymanagers.1371386.4ManagementLevels校長和三長館長總裁(ChiefExecutiveOfficer,CEO)營運總裁(ChiefOperatingOfficer,COO)財務總裁(ChiefFinancialOfficer,CFO)資訊總裁(ChiefInformationOfficer,CIO)院長主任,組長經理,地區經理廠長系所主任股長課長領班組員,行政人員館員作業員出納員(銀行)1396.4.1TopLevelManagersTopManagersIndividualswhoareresponsibleformakingorganization-widedecisionsandestablishingplansandgoalsthataffecttheentireorganization.1406.4.2MiddleLevelManagersMiddleManagersIndividualswhomanagetheworkoffirst-linemanagers.1416.4.3FirstLevelManagersFirst-levelManagersIndividualswhomanagetheworkofnon-managerialemployees.142各管理層次每項功能的時間分配

OrganizingControllingLeadingPlanningFirst-levelManagers24%51%10%15%MiddleManagers18%33%13%36%TopManagers28%36%22%14%1436.5ManagementSkillsSkillsNeededatDifferentManagementLevels1446.5.1ConceptualSkill

Conceptualskillsaretheabilitiestothinkandtoconceptualizeaboutabstractsituations,toseetheorganizationasawholeandtherelationshipsamongitsvarioussubunits,andtovisualizehowtheorganizationfitsintoitsbroaderenvironment.1456.5.2HumanSkill

Humanskillsaretheabilitiestoworkwellwithotherpeoplebothindividuallyandinagroup.146FourFunctionsofCommunicationControlMotivationEmotional

ExpressionInformationFunctionsof

Communication1476.5.3TechnicalSkill

Technicalskillsincludeknowledgeofandproficiencyinacertainspecializedfield,suchasengineering,computers,finance,ormanufacturing.1486.5.4ManaginginGlobalEnvironment

ThreeStagesofGlobalizationStageIExportingproductsforsaleoverseasandimportingproductsfromoverseastosellinthehomecountry.StageIICommittingtodirectlysellhome-countryproductsinoverseasmarketsorcontractingforproductstobemanufacturedoverseasandsoldinthehomecountry.StageIIILicensingmanufacturingandfranchisingservicestoforeignfirmstousethebrandname,technology,orproductspecificationsdevelopedbythefirm.149DifferentTypesofGlobalOrganizationsMultinationalCorporation(MNC)Afirmwhichmaintainsoperationsinmultiplecountriesbutmanagestheoperationsfromabaseinthehomecountry.TransnationalCorporation(TNC)Afirmthatmaintainsoperationsinseveralcountriesbutdecentralizesmanagementtothelocalcountry.BorderlessOrganizationAfirmthathaseliminatedstructuraldivisionsthatimposeartificialgeographicbarriersandisorganizedalongbusinesslines.150AdoptingaGlobalPerspectiveEthnocentricAttitudeTheparochialisticbeliefthatthebestworkapproachesandpracticesarethoseofthehomecountry.PolycentricAttitudeTheviewthatthemanagersinthehostcountryknowthebestworkapproachesandpracticesforrunningtheirbusiness.GeocentricAttitudeAworld-orientedviewthatfocusesonusingthebestapproachesandpeoplefromaroundtheglobe.151TheLegalEnvironment