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1BusinessEnglishReading實用商務英語導讀教案2Chapter8TourismandTourismManagement8.1TravelandTourism8.2AccommodationandTransportation8.3Entertainment8.4Frontier3LeadIn:WhatisTourism?Whypeopletravel?34LeadIn:WhatisTourism?ForBusiness45LeadIn:WhatisTourism?ForLeisure56LeadIn:WhatisTourism?VisitFriendsorRelatives68.1TravelandTrourism
7ITravel788.1.1GeneralIntroductionAsocialactivity:AirtravelHotelroomRentalcarsightseeingTourism3majorreasons:ForbusinessForleisuretime&pleasureTovisitfriendsorrelatives98.1.1GeneralIntroductionTourismis,essentially,asocialactivity;itisaboutpeopletravelling,forwhateverreason,todestinationsawayfromtheplacewheretheynormallyliveandwork,andtheiractivitiesduringtheirstayinthosedestinations.
8.1.2TourismProducts10CustomerTransportationAccommodationFood&DrinkAttraction&Event8.1.2TourismProducts11TransportationAccommodationFood&DrinkAttraction&eventHowtotravel?Wheretostay?Whattoeatanddrink?Whatdoyoudo?OrientationFocus8.2AccommodationandTransportation
12128.2AccommodationandTransportation
138.2.1Accommodation14Accommodation
HostelB&BMotelSelf-cateringHotelResort148.2.1Accommodation15ManagementChallengesandIssuesEconomicIssuesDemandIssuesQualityIssuesTechnologyIssuesEnvironmentalIssues158.2.2TransportationFlexibilityAvailabilityConvenienceReliabilityTime/SpeedComfortSafetyCost16FactorsforChoiceofTransport8.2.2Transportation17PrivateCarCarRentalTaxiBus/CoachRoad
Transport178.2.2Transportation18LongRailJourneyAuthenticTravelTrainTourLittleRailwayRail
Transport188.2.2Transportation19Water-borneJourneysWater-borneTouristExperiencesWater-borne
Transport198.2.2Transportation20TheTechnologicalDevelopmentRegulation,Deregulation&PrivatizationAirlineOperationsAirTransport&AirportsStrategicAlliancesAir
Transport208.3Entertainment21218.3.1Catering22Everyonelikesdelicacy,especiallytravellers.Cateringplaysoneofthemostimportantrolesintravelandtourism.228.3.1Catering23ShanghaiParisVancouver238.3.2Shopping24Hongkong–theParadiseofShoppingShoppingismostlyabouthavingfun,andisalsoaboutspendingtimeratherthanspendingmoney.248.3.2Shopping25Milan–theKingdomofFashionYou'llstruggletopaceyourselfonshoppingtripstoMilan.258.3.3Interest26Whypeopletravel?Becauseeverywherehassomethingforeveryone!Thereissomuchtodoandsee–it’sjustamatterofchoosing.
268.3.3Interest27Beach&Sunshine278.3.3Interest28NationalPark288.3.3Interest29Skiing&SnowBoarding298.3.3Interest30Cruise&RailJourney30318.4
FrontierGreatfutureoftourismindustry.NewProductsNewIndustryNewConsumers31328.4.1
NewConsumers
Statisticsshowthatthenumberofinternationaltouristarrivalsisexpectedtomorethandoubleto1.6billionin2020,correspondingtoanaveragegrowthof4.1percentayearfortheperiod1995to2020.32338.4.2
NewProductsNewProductsThird-agetourismYouthandadventuretourismDomesticandvisitingfriendsandrelativestourismConferencetourism—MICEmarketandbusinesstourismSportandeventstourismShoppingandtourismSpacetourism33348.4.2
NewProducts34358.4.3
NewIndustryNewIndustryIntermediaries:travelagenciesandtouroperatorsTransportandtransit:air,landandseaHospitalitymegatrendsEntertainmentandnewleisuretourismSportandeventstourism3536
CaseStudy
TheAmazingThailandGrandSale
TheAmazingThailandGrandSaleisThailand’sannualtwo-monthshoppingextravaganzawhichoffersworld-classshopping,adiverseselectionofqualityproductsandservices,specialdiscountsofupto80percentoffregularprices,andpromotionaloffersextendedbydeparmentstoresandretailoutletsinBangkokandthepopulartouristdestinationsofChiangMai,Pattaya,Phuket,HatYaiandSongkhia.TheeventisoneofthebiggestinSoutheastAsia.About900businessoperatorsparticipate,includingretailshops,restaurants,touristattractions,touragencies,themeparks,golfclubs,sportclubs,spas,hotelsandotherformsofaccomodation.Theevent,organizedbytheTourismAuthorityofThailand(TAT),hasbeenheldeveryyearsince1998.TheobjectivesoftheGrandSalearetocreateanopportunityforpeopletovisitThailandandenjoygreatdiscountsanddeals,tostimulatedomesticandinternationaltravel,tocreaterevenuefortheeconomicdevelopmentofThailand,andtoenhanceitsimageasatouristdestination.1.泰國的這個旅遊產品包括了哪些內容?有哪些商家參與?2.請從吃、住、行、遊、購幾個方面為上海設計一個旅遊產品。3637Clicktoeditcompanyslogan.ENDOFCHAPTEREIGHT!373838BusinessEnglishReading實用商務英語導讀教案3939ContentsMarketingandMarketingMix1CommoditiesandInternationalTrade2Finance
and
Financial
Markets4InternetandE-Marketing5
Accounting
and
Financial
Statements3AccountingandFinancialStatementsAccountingandFinancialStatements4040ContentsManagersandManagement6ServiceandServiceManagement7BusinessandInterpersonalSkills9BusinessandGlobalization10TourismandTourismManagement84141Chapter2CommoditiesandInternationalTrade2.1OverviewofInternationalTrade2.2TermsofCommodity
2.3InternationalCargoTransport2.4OceanMarineInsurance
2.5InternationalPaymentandSettlement2.6HowtoWriteSalesContract
4242LeadIn:2008年中國對外貿易(Video)43LeadIn:CANTONFAIR43TheFair,comprehensiveinnature,haswonitsrenownof“China’sNo.1Fair”forthelongesthistory,thehighestlevel,thelargestscale,themostcompleteexhibitvariety,thebiggestbuyerattendance,thebroadestbuyerdistribution,thegreatestbusinessturnover,andthebestcreditstandinginChina.
44442.1.1ReasonsforInternationalTradeResourcereasonsEconomicreasonsPoliticalreasonsFavorableclimaticconditionsandterrainNaturalresourcesSkilledworkersCapitalresourcesFavorablegeographiclocationandtransportcostsInsufficientproductionAbsoluteadvantage(亞當·斯密的絕對優勢理論)Comparativeadvantage(大衛·李嘉圖的相對優勢理論)45452.1.2BenefitsandProblemsof
InternationalTradeCheapergoodsGreatervarietyofgoodsWidermarketwithmoretradingpartnersGrowthofeconomyInternationaltradeTraderestrictionsCulturalproblemsMonetaryconversionBenefitsProblems46美國貿易保護主義正在抬頭472.1.3BasicProceduresofImportandExportBasicProceduresofImportImportlicenseSalescontractsL/CShipmentandinsuranceDocumentexaminationandpaymentCustomsclearanceTakingdeliveryandre-inspectionSettlementofdisputes47進口貿易一般流程圖482.1.3BasicProceduresofImportandExportBasicProceduresofExportExportlicenseSalescontractsGettinggoodsreadyforshipmentL/CExportdeclarationandcustomsclearanceShipmentandinsuranceDocumentationandpayment48出口貿易一般流程圖492.1.4InternationalTradeTerms49502.1.4InternationalTradeTerms512.2.1NameofGoodsThisclauseisamaincomponentoftheDescriptionofGoods.Asthebasisofatransaction,itconcernstherightsandobligationsofthebuyerandtheseller.Whengivingthename,trytobespecificandadoptthewidelyacceptednameagreedbybothparties.5152522.2.2QualityofGoods
Howcouldthesellerhavethequalityofthegoodsonsalemadeknowntothebuyer?Themethodsoftenusedarethesalesbysample,byspecification,gradeorstandard,bybrandortrademark,orbydescription,drawingordiagram.Examples:Sesameseeds,Moisture
(max.)8%,Admixture(max.)6%,Oilcontent(min.)48%S235Christmasbearwithcapsandscarf,asperthesamplesdispatchedbytheselleron20Aug.2002
53532.2.3QuantityofGoodsMoreorlessclause:Chineserice10000metrictons,5%moreorlessatseller’soption542.2.4Packing&Marking54Packingouterpackinginnerpacking552.2.4Packing&Marking55MarkingShippingmarksWarningmarksIndicativemarks562.3.1OceanTransport56Oceantransporthasbeenthemostimportantmodeoftransportininternationaltrade.Two-thirdsofthetotalvolumeandover80%ofChina’simportsandexportsnowaretransportbysea.572.3.1OceanTransport57AdvantagesDisadvantageseasypassagelargecapacityreducedunitdistributioncostgoodadaptabilitytocargoesofdifferentsize,weight,shape,etcslowpassagevulnerabletobadweatherlesspunctual582.3.1OceanTransportMerchantVesselsLiner
TrampVoyageCharterTimeCharter請思考:班輪運輸的特點。定程租船和定期租船的異同。5959BillofladingAbillofloadingisashippingdocumentthatservesasareceiptfromthesippingcompanyforshipper’sgoods,atitledocumenttothegoodsshipped,andanevidenceofthecontractofcarriagebetweencompanyandtheshipper.60Clauseofshipment612.3.2AirTransportAirtransportships1%ofthetotalworldtradeinvolume,20%-30%invalueanditisincreasingatarateof7%-8%peryear.62622.3.3RailTransportRailtransportisamajormodeoftransportintermsofvolume,secondonlytooceantransportthatitselfreliesheavilyonrailtransportincollectinganddistributingcargoes.63632.3.4RoadTransportRoadtransportisusedandhasbecomeincreasinglydominantbetweencountriesconnectedbyroadsandplaysaveryimportantroleinshippinginternationalcargoestoandfromseaportsandairport.64642.4.1NeedforInsuranceExportersandimportersfaceallthetimeuncertaintiesoflossoftheirgoods.Insuranceisusedtoprotecttheirfinancialinterestsagainstsuchrisksandactuallosses.65652.4.2CoverageofOceanMarineInsuranceRiskstheperilsoftheseathatincludebothnaturalcalamitiesandfortuitousaccidents.extraneousrisksincludeordinaryriskssuchastheft,pilferage,raindamage,shortage,breakage,etcandspecialriskssuchasstrike,war,failuretodeliver,etc.LossesPartialloss(Itcaneitherbegeneralaverageorparticularaverage.)Totalloss(itcanbeclassifiedintoactualtotallossandconstructivetotalloss.)ExpensesExpensesincurredinreducingthelossofthesubjectmatterinsuredeitherbytheassuredhimselforapartyotherthantheinsurerand/ortheassured.66思考某貨物從天津新港駛往新加坡,在航行途中船舶貨艙起火,大火蔓延到機艙,船長為了船、貨的共同安全,決定採取緊急措施,往艙中灌水滅火。火雖被撲滅,但由於主機受損,無法繼續航行,於是船長決定雇用拖輪將貨船拖回新港修理。檢修後重新駛往新加坡。事後調查,這次事件造成的損失有:①1000箱貨被火燒毀;②600箱貨由於灌水滅火受到損失;③主機和部分甲板被燒毀;④拖船費用;⑤額外增加的燃料和船長、船員工資。從上述各項損失性質來看,各屬於什麼海損?67672.4.3FundamentalPrinciplesof
CargoInsuranceInsurableInterestGoodfaithIndemnity68682.4.4MainCategoriesofGeneralCargoInsuranceTherearemainlytwotypesofinsurancecoverage,basiccoverageandadditionalcoverage.BasiccoveragemainlyincludesFPA,WPAandAllRisks.Additionalcoverageincludesgeneraladditionalcoverageandspecialadditionalcoverage.69風險、損失和險別的對應關係702.5.1PaymentInstrumentsofInternationalTrade70712.5.1PaymentInstrumentsofInternationalTrade71722.5.2MethodofPayment72Remittancereferstothetransferoffundsfromonepartytoanotheramongdifferentcountriesthroughbanks.732.5.2MethodofPayment73Collectionistheprocesswhereinabank,inaccordancewiththeseller'sinstruction,handlesdocumentsinordertodeliverthemtothebuyeragainstpayment,acceptance,oronothertermsandconditions.742.5.2MethodofPayment74Insimpleterms,adocumentarycreditisaconditionalbankundertakingorguaranteeofpayment.75SampleofL/C點擊看大圖76762.6.1TheDefinitionandFormsofSalesContract
Ininternationaltradeasalescontractisalegaldocumentmadebyandenteredintobetweenasellerandabuyeronthebasisoftheirnegotiation.Inthecontracttherightandobligationofboththepartiesaredefinitelystipulated.Inkeepingwithregularpracticeininternationaltrade,awrittencontractorconfirmationisusuallysignedtobindboththesellerandthebuyer.77SampleofS/C點擊看大圖7878
CaseStudy
------DiscrepanciesindocumentsAnexportcompanyinChinausedtoexportreddatestoSingapore.TheL/CestablishedbythebankinSingaporedescribesthegoodsas“Grade3RedDates”.Atthemoment,“Grade3RedDates”wereoutofstock.Theexporterdecidedtoship“Grade2”insteadof“Grade3”tomeetthedemandofthemarket.Ontheinvoicemarked“Grade2RedDates,priceasperGrade3”.79Thebeneficiaryhadthoughtthattheimporterwouldnotshowanyobjectionaboutthis.However,onthecontrary,theimporterrefusedtomakethepaymentbecauseof“nonconformitybetweendocumentsandtermsofthecredit”.Whatwasmore;theimporterevendemandedcompensationforthelosscausedbytheexporter’sfailuretoshipaccordingtotheagreedspecification.Questions:Whatcanyoulearnfromthiscase?
CaseStudy
8080Clicktoeditcompanyslogan.ENDOFCHAPTERTWO!81BusinessEnglishReading實用商務英語導讀教案82Chapter9
BusinessandInterpersonalSkills9.1CommunicationChannel9.2Presentation
9.3Negotiation9.4TeamworkLeadIn:Advertising8384LeadIn:WTO——中國入世談判Asuccessful
commercialnegotiations
859.1CommunicationChannel9.1CommunicationChannel9.1.1MediaSelection9.1.1MediaSelection9.1.2InternalandExternalCommunication9.1.2InternalandExternalCommunication9.1.3Communicationbarriers869.1.1MediaSelectionMediaSelection
Oral
WrittenVisualAudio-visualNonverbal
9.1.1MediaSelection87youneednoimmediatefeedbackyouwantimmediatefeedbackfromtheaudienceAwrittenchannelisbestwhen
Anoralchannelisbestwhen
ChoosingtheMostAppropriateChannelandMediumyourmessageisdetailedandcomplex,anditrequirescarefulplanningyouraudienceislargeandgeographicallydispersedyouwanttominimizethedistortionthatcanoccurwhenamessagepassesorallyfrompersontopersonyouneedapermanent,verifiablerecordyourmessageisrelativelysimpleandeasytoacceptyouneednopermanentrecordyoucanassembleyouraudienceconvenientlyandeconomicallyyouwanttoencourageinteractiontosolveaproblemorreachadecision88
9.1.2InternalandExternalCommunication9.1.2InternalandExternalCommunication89Internalcommunicationreferstothecommunicationtakingplacewithinagivenorganizationthroughsuchwrittenororalchannelsasmemos,reports,proposals,meetings,oralpresentations,speeches,andperson-to-personandtelephoneconversations.
Externalcommunicationreferstothecommunicationbetweentheorganizationandtheoutsideinstitutionsandpeople---thegeneralpublic,customers,vendorsandotherbusinesses,andgovernmentofficials.
Therearechannelsofinternalcommunicationandexternalcommunication.
909.1.3CommunicationbarriersAnumberofcommoncommunicationbarriersarerelevanttointernationalmanagement.Themoreimportantincludelanguage,culture,perception,andnonverbalcommunication.
9.1.3Communicationbarriers91Vocabularydeficiencies
FailuretoreactproperlytofeedbackDistractionofattention
TendencytowardsbiasedevaluationMisinterpretationofwords
Bipolarthinking
2024-2-8929.2Presentation
9.2Presentation
9.2.1EffectivePersuasion9.1.2InternalandExternalCommunication9.2.2EffectivePresentations92939.2.1EffectivePersuasionPersuasionisaformofinfluence.
“showandtell”ability9.2.2EffectivePresentationsBeforethePresentationResearchyourintendedaudience.Determineappropriatedress.Prepareyourremarks.Practice.Practicesayingthemainpointsinsequence,usinganaturalconversationaltone.Clearyourheadandfocusonthetaskathand.949.2.2EffectivePresentationsDuringthePresentationBeginwithananecdoteorquote.Giveyouraudienceonorganizingframework.Presentthecoreofyourargumentatthebeginning.Makeyoursessioninteractive.Usetechnologybutsparingly.Beinterestingbutnotnecessarilyentertaining.Closewithacompellingthoughtorquote.Summarize.Tellwhatyoutoldthem.95969.2.2EffectivePresentationsOutlineforProductPresentation
Introduceyourselfandthepurposeofthepresentation.Provideoutlineofthepresentation.(2min)(1-2slides)Describetheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofotherbrand-nameproduct.(3min)(1-2slides)Analyzecustomer’srequirementsandthemarkettrends.(5min)(2-3slides)Introduceyournewproductandcompareitwithothersimilarproduct.(5min)(3-5slides)Showtheaudiencesamples.Encouragesomeofyouraudiencetotrythem.(3min)(1-2slides)Outlineyourmarketingstrategyemphasizingyourexcellentservice.(5min)(2-3slides)Askforandanswerquestionsfromyouraudience.(5min)(1-2slides)Summarizeandconclude.(2min)(2-3slides)979.2.2EffectivePresentationsIntheclosingargument,itisyouropportunityfora“calltoaction”.2024-2-8989.3Negotiation9.3Negotiation9.3.1NegotiationSkills9.1.2InternalandExternalCommunication9.3.2FiveStagesofNegotiating98999.3.1NegotiationSkillsWhatisnegotiation
?Negotiationinvolvestwoormorepartieswhoeachhavesomethingtheotherwantsandwhoattempttoreachanagreementthroughaprocessofbargaining.
Whydoweneednegotiation?Negotiationisamuchbetterwaytoreachasolutionthaneitheralawsuitorarbitration.
2024-2-81009.3.1NegotiationSkillsInaneffectivenegotiation,thepartiesfocusonidentifyingeachother’skeyinterestsandviewingthesituationobjectively,whileplacingemotionsaside.
1009.3.2FiveStagesofNegotiating2024-2-8101Negotiating
Preparationandplanning
Definitionof
groundrule
agreement
Clarificationandjustification
Bargainingandproblem-solving
Closureand
implementation
1011022024-2-81039.4Teamwork9.4Teamwork9.4.1TypesofTeams9.1.2InternalandExternalCommunication9.4.2TipsforEffectiveTeams1039.4.1TypesofTeams104Cross-functionalteams
Self-managedteamsTaskforcedteamsProcessimprovementteams9.4.2TipsforEffectiveTeamsBefocused.Handleconflictdirectlyandbewillingtocompromise.Focusonbothprocessandcontent.Activelyparticipate,andencourageotherstodothesame.
1059.4.2TipsforEffectiveTeamsKeepsensitiveissuesprivate.Communicateopenlyandpositively.Taketimetoestablishoperatingguidelinesandclarifyexpectations.Monitorwhat’sgoingonwiththeteam.2024-2-81061061079.4.2TipsforEffectiveTeamsPracticegiving(andreceiving)effectivefeedback.Workwithunderperformerstokeepthemintheflowoftheprojectandpreventthemfrombecomingexcludedfromthegroup.Bereliableandconscientious.2024-2-81089.4.2TipsforEffectiveTeamsWhenneeded,givedirectiontotheteam’sworkbystatingandrestatingthepurposeofassignments,settingorcallingattentiontotimelimits,andofferingproceduresonhowtomosteffectivelycompletetheassignment.Besupportiveofyourteammembers.108109
CaseStudy
請根據下圖寶潔公司的相關資訊,介紹該公司的產品。
110
CaseStudy
下圖是多媒體的投影儀設備(anoverheadprojector),請模擬下列不同的商務場景,開展小組活動。(1)假設你所在的公司需要採購一臺多媒體的設備。你在報紙上看到了相關的銷售廣告,然後打電話聯繫採購。
(2)假設你所在的公司銷售多媒體設備。你們已經在報上刊登了廣告。請用電話聯繫潛在的客戶。111Clicktoeditcompanyslogan.ENDOFCHAPTERNINE!112BusinessEnglishReading實用商務英語導讀教案113
ChapterSixManagersandManagement
6.1Managers6.2ManagerialRoles6.3Management6.4ManagementLevels6.5ManagementSkills114LeadIn:WhoAreManagers?唐僧是一名出色的管理者還是領導者?115ManagersVersusLeadersManagersLeadersAreappointedtotheirpositionCaninfluencepeopleonlytotheextentoftheformalauthorityoftheirpositionDonotnecessarilyhavetheskillsandcapabilitiestobeleadersAreappointedoremergefromwithinaworkgroupCaninfluenceotherpeopleandhavemanagerialauthorityDonotnecessarilyhavetheskillsandcapabilitiestobemanagers1166.1.1DefinitionManagerSomeonewhocoordinatesandoverseestheworkofotherpeoplesothatorganizationalgoalscanbeaccomplished.
1176.1.2TheResponsibilityofManagersSELFMANAGEMENT自我管理WORKINGWITHOTHERS與他人合作TASK/ACTIVITYMANAGEMENT任務/行為管理ASSET/RESOURCEMANAGEMENT資產/資源管理1186.2ManagerialRolesManagementrolesrefertospecificcategoriesofmanagerialbehavior.ManagerialRolesInterpersonal
Informational
Decisional
1191206.2.1InterpersonalRolesInterpersonalrolesFigurehead,leader,liaison121FigureheadObligedtoperformanumberofroutinedutiesofalegalorsocialnatureSuchasgreetingvisitorsorsigninglegaldocuments122LeaderResponsibleforthemotivationandactivationofsubordinatesResponsibleforstaffing,trainingandassociateddutiesSuchasperformingvirtuallyallactivitiesthatinvolvesubordinates123LiaisonMaintainsself-developednetworkofoutsidecontactsandinformerswhoprovidefavorsandinformationSuchasacknowledgingmail,performingotheractivitiesthatinvolveoutsiders1246.2.2InformationalRolesInformationalrolesMonitor,disseminator,spokesperson125MonitorSeeksandreceiveswidevarietyofspecialinformationtodevelopthoroughunderstandingoforganizationandenvironmentEmergesasnervecenterofinternalandexternalinformationabouttheorganization126DisseminatorTransmitsinformationreceivedfromoutsidersorfromothersubordinatestomembersoftheorganization–someinformationisfactual,someinvolvesinterpretationandintegrationofdiversevaluepositionsoforganizationalinfluencers127SpokesmanTransmitsinformationtooutsidersonorganization’splans,policies,actions,results,etc.Servesasexpertonorganization’sindustry.1286.2.3DecisionalRolesDecisionalrolesEntrepreneur,disturbancehandler,resourceallocator,negotiator129EntrepreneurSearchesorganizationanditsenvironmentforopportunitiesandinitiates“improvementprojects”tobringaboutchange.Supervisesdesignofcertainprojectsaswell.130DisturbanceHandlerResponsibleforcorrectiveactionwhenorganizationfacesimportant,unexpecteddisturbancesSuchasorganizingstrategyandreviewingsessionsthatinvolvedisturbancesandcrisis131ResourceAllocatorResponsiblefortheallocationoforganizationalresourcesofallkinds.132NegotiatorResponsibleforrepresentingtheorganizationatmajornegotiations.Suchasparticipatinginunioncontractnegotiations.1336.3Management
ManagerialConcernsEfficiency“Doingthingsright”GettingthemostoutputfortheleastinputsEffectiveness“Doingtherightthings”Attainingorganizationalgoals1346.3.1DefinitionManagementiscoordinatingworkactivitiessothattheyarecompletedefficientlyandeffectivelywithandthroughotherpeople.1356.3.2TheReasonsofStudyingManagementWhyStudyManagement?Explaintheuniversalityofmanagementconcept.Discusswhyanunderstandingofmanagementisimportantevenifyoudon’tplantobeamanager.Describetherewardsandchallengesofbeingamanager1366.3.3ManagementProcesses
Theprocessofmanagementrepresentsthefunctionsorprimaryactivitiesengagedinbymanagers.1371386.4ManagementLevels校長和三長館長總裁(ChiefExecutiveOfficer,CEO)營運總裁(ChiefOperatingOfficer,COO)財務總裁(ChiefFinancialOfficer,CFO)資訊總裁(ChiefInformationOfficer,CIO)院長主任,組長經理,地區經理廠長系所主任股長課長領班組員,行政人員館員作業員出納員(銀行)1396.4.1TopLevelManagersTopManagersIndividualswhoareresponsibleformakingorganization-widedecisionsandestablishingplansandgoalsthataffecttheentireorganization.1406.4.2MiddleLevelManagersMiddleManagersIndividualswhomanagetheworkoffirst-linemanagers.1416.4.3FirstLevelManagersFirst-levelManagersIndividualswhomanagetheworkofnon-managerialemployees.142各管理層次每項功能的時間分配
OrganizingControllingLeadingPlanningFirst-levelManagers24%51%10%15%MiddleManagers18%33%13%36%TopManagers28%36%22%14%1436.5ManagementSkillsSkillsNeededatDifferentManagementLevels1446.5.1ConceptualSkill
Conceptualskillsaretheabilitiestothinkandtoconceptualizeaboutabstractsituations,toseetheorganizationasawholeandtherelationshipsamongitsvarioussubunits,andtovisualizehowtheorganizationfitsintoitsbroaderenvironment.1456.5.2HumanSkill
Humanskillsaretheabilitiestoworkwellwithotherpeoplebothindividuallyandinagroup.146FourFunctionsofCommunicationControlMotivationEmotional
ExpressionInformationFunctionsof
Communication1476.5.3TechnicalSkill
Technicalskillsincludeknowledgeofandproficiencyinacertainspecializedfield,suchasengineering,computers,finance,ormanufacturing.1486.5.4ManaginginGlobalEnvironment
ThreeStagesofGlobalizationStageIExportingproductsforsaleoverseasandimportingproductsfromoverseastosellinthehomecountry.StageIICommittingtodirectlysellhome-countryproductsinoverseasmarketsorcontractingforproductstobemanufacturedoverseasandsoldinthehomecountry.StageIIILicensingmanufacturingandfranchisingservicestoforeignfirmstousethebrandname,technology,orproductspecificationsdevelopedbythefirm.149DifferentTypesofGlobalOrganizationsMultinationalCorporation(MNC)Afirmwhichmaintainsoperationsinmultiplecountriesbutmanagestheoperationsfromabaseinthehomecountry.TransnationalCorporation(TNC)Afirmthatmaintainsoperationsinseveralcountriesbutdecentralizesmanagementtothelocalcountry.BorderlessOrganizationAfirmthathaseliminatedstructuraldivisionsthatimposeartificialgeographicbarriersandisorganizedalongbusinesslines.150AdoptingaGlobalPerspectiveEthnocentricAttitudeTheparochialisticbeliefthatthebestworkapproachesandpracticesarethoseofthehomecountry.PolycentricAttitudeTheviewthatthemanagersinthehostcountryknowthebestworkapproachesandpracticesforrunningtheirbusiness.GeocentricAttitudeAworld-orientedviewthatfocusesonusingthebestapproachesandpeoplefromaroundtheglobe.151TheLegalEnvironment
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