商业银行绿色信贷研究外文文献翻译

毕设附件外文文献翻译来源出处：WOOmonge.Thestudyongreencreditofcommercialbanks[J].TheJournalofEnvironment&Development,2015,13(2):119-134.原文ThestudyongreencreditofcommercialbanksWOOmongeAbstractGreencreditisthecommercialBanksandotherfinancialinstitutionsonthebasisofthecountry'senvironmentaleconomicpolicyandindustrialpolicy,newprojectsofenergyintensivehighpollutingenterprisesinvestmentloansandworkingcapitallimitandpunitiveinterestrates;Forresearchanddevelopmentandproductionofpollutiontreatmentfacilities,engagedintheecologicalprotectionandconstruction,thedevelopmentandutilizationofnewenergy,engagedinproductionandgreenmanufacturingaswellastheecologicalagriculturecirculareconomyofenterprisesorinstitutionstoprovideloanstosupportandpreferentialinterestrateslowmeansofmonetarypolicy.Greencreditisanimportanttrendinthedevelopmentofmodernfinance;itisthechangeanddevelopmentoftraditionalfinancialconcept.Keywords:greencredit;theequatorprinciples;greenstrategy;commercialBanks1IntroductionGreencreditemphasizethewayofakindofscientificdevelopment,hopethatthroughthefinancialsectortoguidetheflowoffunds,consciouslyencouragesocietytoreduceenvironmentalpollution,protecttheecologicalbalanceandsavingnaturalresources,avoidblindpursuequantitativeexpansion,isheavilydependentonresourcesandtheconsumptionofresourcesofeconomicdevelopmentpattern,formscientificandharmoniousinthewholesocietysustainabledevelopmentmechanism.Fromthesixtiesandseventiesofthelastcenturybegan,withEuropeandtheUnitedStates,Japanandotherdevelopedcountrieseconomyhighspeeddevelopment,thecontradictionbetweeneconomicgrowthandenvironmentaldegradationarebecomingmoreandmoreoutstanding,becomeaserioussocialproblem.Thebigfinancialinstitutionsofdevelopedcountrieshavesetstandardsforadmittanceintotheprojectloanenvironmentandsocialresponsibilityactively,establishagoodcorporateimage.InJune2003,bycitibank,abnamroanddeutschestateBanksandothersevencountries10famouscommercialBanks,thefirstvoluntarycommitmenttosustainabledevelopmentofthefinancialindustrybenchmark

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the"equatorprinciples".Subsequently,HSBCandstandardcharteredbankandbankofAmericaandotherwell-knownBanksresponse.Sofar,alreadyhas67commercialbank'scommitmenttocomplywiththe"equatorprinciples",theyarewell-funded,financialbusinesscoversmorethan100countries,thetotalprojectfinancingaccountsformorethan85%oftotalglobalprojectfinancingmarketshare.ManyBanksinthedevelopingworldwillalsobeenvironmentalandsocialimpactastheymakeloansriskassessmentcontent.Thelaunchofthe"greencredit”istheenvironmentalcontrolmeasurestoconcreteimplementationbyfinancialleverage.Throughsettingupenvironmentalbarrierstoentryinthefieldoffinancialcredit,tolimitandeliminatethenewproject,shallnotprovidecreditsupport;Toeliminateclassproject,shouldstopallkindsofnewcreditintheformofsupport,andtakestepstorecovertheloans,fromthesourcetocutofftheenergyintensiveandhighlypollutingindustriesdisorderlydevelopmentandtheeconomiclifelineofblindexpansion,effectivelycuttingoffseriousviolatorsoffundchain,curbingitsinvestmentimpulse,solvetheenvironmentalproblems,alsothroughthecreditindustrystructureadjustment.2Thegoldstandardofgreencredit

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theequatorprinciples2.1ThebrieflystatementofequatorprinciplesTheequatorprinciples(EPs),whichisbytheworld'smajorfinancialinstitutionsaccordingtotheinternationalfinancecorporationandtheworldbank'spoliciesandguidelines,aimstojudgment,evaluationandmanagementofprojectfinancingavoluntaryenvironmentalandsocialriskinthefinancialindustrybenchmark.ItrequirestheadoptionoftheprincipleofBanksaroundtheworldforalltheprojectfinancingoftheindustry,includingmining,oilandgas,andforestry,implementtheseprinciples,andtoensurethatonlythoseeligibleprojectloans,useoffinancialleveragetopromoteprojectsinenvironmentalprotectionandsocialharmoniousdevelopmentplayapositiverole.2.2BackgroundRootofequatorprinciplesisthatfinancialinstitutionstothepressureoftheperformanceofthecorporatesocialresponsibility.WhenBankstosomebigprojectfinancing,duetothenegativeenvironmentalimpactofprojectandleadtosocialproblemsandcontroversial,andreputationlossestothebank,includinggovernments,multilaterallendinginstitutionsandnongovernmentalorganizations(Ngos)andcommunitystakeholdersbelievethatthebankhasresponsibilityforenvironmentalandsocialproblemsontheprojectfinancingofprudentialinvestigateandsupervisetheprojectsponsororborrowerstotakeeffectivemeasurestoeliminateordecreasethenegativeeffectsof.TheinternationalfinancecorporationandtheNetherlandsbanknineBanksinLondon,suchaspresidingoverameetingtodiscussprojectfinancing,theenvironmentalandsocialissuesinthemeetingbytheDutchbank,Barclaysbank,weststatebankandthebankonthebasisoftheinternationalfinancecorporationenvironmentalandsocialpolicyintheworkofprojectfinancejointlydraftedasetofguidelinesaboutenvironmentalandsocialrisk,thatistheequatorprinciples.InJune2009,includingfourBankslaunched10bigBanksannouncedthataccepttheequatorprinciples.InJuly2012,accordingtotheinternationalfinancecorporationrevisedtheequatorprinciplesforthecorrectionofperformancestandardandredistribution.2.3TheequatorprinciplesofthemaincontentThecontentandstructureoftheequatorprinciplesissimpler,includingthepreface,theapplicablescope,principles,andnoticeanddisclaimerfourparts.Amongthem,theprefacetotheequatorprinciplesofmotivation,purposeandthemeaningoftheequatorprinciplesmadebriefexplanation;Scopeofprovisionsshallbeapplicabletotheequatorprinciplesapplicabletotheglobalindustryprojecttotalcostmorethan$10millioninfundingallnewprojectfinancingandbecauseoftheexpansion,rebuildingorsocietyhaveasignificantimpactontheenvironmentoftheoriginalproject.Principle,thestatementisthecorepartoftheequatorprincipleslistedtheequatorprinciplesoffinancialinstitutionstomakeinvestmentdecisionsbasedon10specialtermsandprinciples,theequatorBankspromisewillonlyprovideeligibleprojectloans.2.4ThemeaningoftheequatorprinciplesEquatorprinciplesisanimportantmilestoneinthebankingdevelopment,itisthefirsttimeinprojectfinancingfuzzyexplicitandconcreteenvironmentalandsocialstandards,maketheenvironmentalandsocialstandardsoftheentirebankingindustrythebasicunified,conducivetotheorderlycompetitionbetweenBanks,butalsotoformavirtuouscycle,enhancethemoralstandardsoftheindustry,Forasinglebanktoaccepttheequatorprinciplesisbeneficialtogainormaintainagoodreputation,toprotectmarketshare,andconducivetogoodcorporategovernanceandscientificandaccurateassessmentofthefinancialrisk,itcanalsoreducethepoliticalriskoftheproject;Forthesocietyasawhole,canmaketheenvironmentalandsocialsustainabledevelopmentstrategyintoeffect,theequatorBanksobjectivelybecometheprivateagent,protecttheenvironmentandsocialthroughfinancialcoreroleinconstructingtheharmonioussociety,canmakebetweenpeople,societyandnaturetoachieverealharmony.3Theapplicationofgreencredit3.1ThebankESRMsystemCitigroupisoneoftheimportantpromoter"equatorprinciples",themainwritersandpositive.In2003,thebankmadetheenvironmentalandsocialriskmanagement(ESRM)system,fromtheperspectiveofcreditriskandreputationrisktocontroltheenvironmentalandsocialrisk.Atthesametime,thebankcreditsupportforrenewableenergy.Beginningfrom2007,citigrouptosupportcleanenergyandrenewableenergyinChina'sinvestmenthasmorethanmorethan$8000,includingfoursolarenergycompanyandonewindpowercompanies.OnMay9,2007,citigroupannouncedthatitwillinvest$50billionoverthenext10years,throughmethodssuchasdirectinvestment,financing,initsservicemarketandwithinthegroup,togetherwiththecustomersupportalternativeenergyandcleantechnologydevelopmentandmercerization,inresponsetoglobalwarming.The$50billioninvestmenttargetisbasedontherealmarketactivityandcustomertransactions,andcitigroupinternaloperatingenergyconservationprojects.Thisgoalincludecitigrouppaid$1billiontosupporttheClintonclimateinitiativeactivity,energy-savingrenovationofbuildingsintheworld'smajorcitiestoprovideaid.Let'stheunderstandingandresearchofcitiESRMsystemindetail.ThesystemgeneralglobalpayforwasevaluatedbyESRMdepartmentoftradeandprovideconsultation,citiwillitsinputinasystem.Thesetransactionsintheinitialstageofmarketingwillbeinputtothesystem,dealfinallyornot.ESRMsysteminordertogetwork,citigrouphasalsosetupanenvironmentalandsocialriskpolicyreviewcommittee.Thecommitteeconsistsofseniormanagersofdifferentbusinessunits,andshallbetheresponsibilityofthedirectorofcitigroupcorporatecitizensalways.Commissionisayearto2~3timesmeeting,andthedepartmentofenvironmentalaffairsdepartment,theESRM,andotheroperatingenvironmentpolicyinitiativesrelateddepartmentstoprovideadvisoryservices.Citi'sdirectorofcorporatecitizenshipwillreporttothepublicaffairscommitteeoftheboardofdirectorsconcreteascity’senvironmentandsociety.3.2ThemoralconceptofbankHSBCMoralityreferstotheHSBConbankloansandinvestment,mustfollowthehighestinternationalstandards,underthefullconsiderationofsocialexpectationsandtheinterestsofgenerations.HSBCasearlyasin2003adoptedthe"equatorprinciples",andintheprocessofpromotingthe"equatorprinciples"playanimportantrole.HSBCgrouptodevelopaseriesofcoveringthesustainabledevelopmentofenvironmentsensitiveindustrycreditpolicy,startingfromtheenvironmentalandsocial,providedit’snotpreparedtoprovideloanstosupporttheindustriesandfields.Thesepoliciesarebasedon,includingthe"equatorprinciples",aseriesofhighestinternationalstandards,including:forestlandandforestproducts,freshwaterinfrastructure,chemical,energy,mineralandmetal,etc.HSBCwillbeaccordingtothespecificcountryspecificimplementationofthesustainabledevelopmentofthecreditpolicy,andinternationalstandardsandlocalpolicies.Creditmanagersuseenvironmentalmonitoringlisttofullyevaluatetheenvironmentalriskintheloanproposal,especiallythosedefinedbythegovernmentfor"playdates"(energyintensiveandhighlypollutingindustries.HSBCsetupprofessionalbackgroundandconsultingexperienceofenvironmentandsustainabledevelopmentcommissionerfull-timejobs,tostrengthentheenvironmentalassessmentofloanbusinesswiththecustomer,toensurethatmeetinternationalstandards,HSBCgrouploanstoguidetheenvironmentandenvironmentalprotectionregulationsofChina.Inaddition,HSBCandlocalgovernments,environmentalorganizationsanduniversitycooperation,raisethepublicawarenessofenvironmentalprotectionandsustainabledevelopment.HSBCencourageemployeestoparticipateintheactivitiesofcorporatesocialresponsibility,inordertoimprovetheenvironmentalawarenessoftheemployees,andhelpstrengthentheemployees,theconnectionbetweenthebankandthecommunity.HSBCbyreducingtheiroperationaluseofenergy,waterandwastegeneratedinthecarbondioxideemissions,andbuyChina'senvironmentalprotectionenterprisecarbonemissionstargets,in2005tobecometheworld'sfirstcarbonneutralbigBanks.译文商业银行绿色信贷问题研究摘要绿色信贷是商业银行等金融机构依据国家的环境经济政策和产业政策,对高耗能高污染型企业的新建项目投资贷款和流动资金进行额度限制并实施惩罚性高利率;而对研发和生产治污设施、从事生态保护与建设、开发和利用新能源、从事循环经济生产和绿色制造以及生态农业的企业或机构提供贷款扶持并实施优惠性低利率的金融政策手段。绿色信贷是现代金融发展的一个重要趋势,它是对传统金融观念的改变和发展。关键词:绿色信贷;赤道原则;绿色战略;商业银行1引言绿色信贷强调了一种科学发展的思路,希望通过金融业有意识地引导资金流向,促使社会减少环境污染,保护生态平衡,节约自然资源,避免盲目追求数量型扩张、严重依赖资源和消耗资源的经济发展模式,在全社会形成科学的、和谐的可持续发展机制。从上世纪六七十年代开始,随着欧美、日本等发达国家经济高速发展,经济的增长和环境的退化之间的矛盾变得越来越突出,成为一个严重的社会问题。发达国家的一些大型金融机构陆续设定了项目贷款环境准入标准,积极承担社会责任,树立了良好的企业形象。2003年6月,由花旗银行、荷兰银行和德意志州立银行等7个国家的10个著名商业银行,率先自愿承诺遵守金融业可持续发展的基准—“赤道原则”。随后,汇丰银行、渣打银行和美洲银行等知名银行纷纷响应。到目前为止,己有67家商业银行承诺遵守“赤道原则”,它们资金雄厚,金融业务覆盖100多个国家,项目融资总额占全球项目融资市场总份额的85%以上。许多发展中国家的银行,也将环境和社会影响作为它们发放贷款时的风险评估内容。“绿色信贷”的推出,是将环保调控手段通过金融杠杆来具体实现。通过在金融信贷领域建立环境准入门槛,对限制和淘汰类新建项目,不得提供信贷支持;对于淘汰类项目,应停止各类形式的新增授信支持,并采取措施收回己发放的贷款,从源头上切断高耗能、高污染行业无序发展和盲目扩张的经济命脉,有效地切断严重违法者的资金链条,遏制其投资冲动,解决环境问题,也通过信贷发放进行产业结构调整。2绿色信贷的黄金标准—赤道原则2.1赤道原则简述赤道原则(简称EPs)是由世界主要金融机构根据国际金融公司和世界银行的政策和指南建立的,旨在判断、评估和管理项目融资中的环境与社会风险的一个自愿性金融行业基准。它要求采纳该项原则的银行在全球范围内对所有行业的项目融资,包括采矿、石油和天然气,以及林业等,均实行这些原则,并保证只为那些符合条件的项目发放贷款,利用金融杠杆促进项目在环境保护以及周围社会和谐发展方面发挥积极作用。2.2产生的背景赤道原则的产生根源在于金融机构履行企业社会责任的压力。当银行向一些大型项目融资后,由于项目产生的负面环境影响和引发社会问题而备受争议,并给银行声誉带来损失,包括政府、多边贷款机构以及非政府组织和社区民众在内的利益相关方认为,银行有责任对项目融资中的环境和社会问题进行审慎性调查并督促项目发起人或借款人采取有效措施来消除或减缓所带来的负面影响。国际金融公司和荷兰银行等9家银行在伦敦主持召开会议讨论项目融资中的环境和社会问题,会后由荷兰银行、巴克莱银行、西德意志州立银行和花旗银行在国际金融公司环境和社会政策基础上共同起草了一套针对项目融资中有关环境与社会风险的指南,这就是赤道原则。2009年6月,包括4家发起银行在内的10家大银行宣布接受赤道原则。2012年7月,根据国际金融公司修订后的《绩效标准》对赤道原则进行了修正并重新发布。2.3赤道原则主要内容赤道原则的内容和结构比较简单,包括序言、适用范围、原则声明和免责声明四部分。其中,序言部分对赤道原则出台的动因、目的和采用赤道原则的意义作了简要说明;适用范围部分规定赤道原则适用于全球各行业项目资金总成本超过1000万美元的所有新项目融资和因扩充、改建对环境或社会造成重大影响的原有项目。原则声明是赤道原则的核心部分,列举了采用赤道原则的金融机构作出投资决策时需依据的10条特别条款和原则,赤道银行承诺仅会为符合条件的项目