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07阅读理解之议论文议论文的特征及相关试题应对分析一、议论文的文体分析议论文说理性强,语言庄重,逻辑缜密,常用难词、长词和复杂句,给我们的阅读理解带来一定难度。议论文是运用逻辑推理和证明来阐述某一观点、看法和主张的文体。这类文章或从正面提出某种见解,或驳斥别人的错误观点,以说服读者同意自己的观点为主要目的。议论文一般有论点、论据和论证三个要素。论点是议论文的核心,即中心思想,是论据和论证的服务对象。论据是作者所引用的用以支持和证明论点的材料,这些材料可以是名人名言、事实例证或统计数据等。论证是作者组织、运用论据的手法。议论文文章类型演绎论证议论文是从已知的一般原理,规律出发,推知个别事物本质的论证方法。该类文体一般先提出一个总论点,然后分别进行论述,分析各个分论点,最后得出结论。归纳论证议论文是一种由个别到一般的论证方法。它通过许多个别的事例或分论点,然后归纳出它们所共有的特性,从而得出一个一般性的结论。比较论证议论文是一种由个别到个别的论证方法。通常分为类比法和对比法两类。类比法是将性质或特点在某一方面相同或相近的不同事物加以比较而引出结论的方法。对比法是通过性质或特点在某一方面相反或对立的不同事物的比较来证明论点的方法。命题要点由于议论的目的是表明自己对事物的看法和态度,因此,命题时常考察其观点态度以及根据文章内容归纳主旨大意等,有时也对文章的结构进行考察。解题技巧1.演绎论证议论文:注意文章的开篇,因为文章的开篇是文章的主旨,抓住了主旨,也就抓住了作者的观点,从而把握了文章的中心思想。2.归纳论证议论文:注意文章的尾段,因为尾段是对前面所举事例和分论点的归纳和概括。3.比较论证议论文:注意事物的相同点以及不同点,并由此来把握文章的主旨。做题时可使用以下三个步骤:重首尾,明方式,细推测。【议论说理类文章】议论说理类文章就是议论文,是高考阅读理解题中一种较难的题目。议论说理类文章具有以下特点:1.一般按提出问题、分析问题、解决问题的方法写作。作者一般从日常生活中的热点问题、社会上的重大问题、与读者息息相关的问题入手,即提出问题。然后,分析利弊,举例说明,推理判断,即分析问题。最后,阐述观点,提出办法,即解决问题。2.以作者的观点或情感为核心,对细节推理等方面进行考查。3.文章的主题一般是生活中的热点问题、重大问题或与生活息息相关的问题等。【典例示例】Forsomereasonwewereremindedthatweprimates(灵长目)needlove.KimBardoftheUniversityofPortsmouthinEnglandandhercolleaguescarriedoutastudyon46babychimpanzeesorphans(黑猩猩孤儿),whichhadlosttheirmothers.Thestudyshowedthatprimatebabiesthathavetightrelationshipswithmotherfiguresdomuchbetteroncognitive(认知的)teststhanbabieswhoonlygrewupwithpeers(同伴),butthisisnotbreakingnews.Infact,it'soldnews.Inthe1950s,HarryHarlowdidaseriesofexperimentswithbabymonkeysthatshowed,thatlackofloveandcomfortmakesforacrazymonkey.Harlowmadeacagethatincludedawiremonkey“mother”withaplasticface.Thenheequippedthe“mother”withamilkbottle.Thecagealsohadanotherwire“mother”whowascoveredwithsoftcloth.Thebabymonkeysspentalltheirtimewiththecloth“mother”andonlywenttothewire“mother”tofeed.Harlow'smonkeyexperimentwasimportant,becauseatthetime,childcareexperts,andeverybody'sgrandmotherhada“notouch,nocomfort”policy(方针)towardchildren.Theyadvisedparentsnottorespondtocryingbabies.Theythoughtthatbabiesshouldsleepalonetobecomeindependent,andputthatkiddown.ButHarlow'sworkchangedthatpolicy.Mothersweresoonallowedtohavetheirbabiesnexttotheminthehospital.Thecurrentchimpresearch(研究)basedonHarlow'sworkshowsthatmother'slovedoesn'tjustmakeforapsychologically(精神上地)healthychild,italsomakesforasmartchild.Thehighlyraisedchimpsdobetterthanthosethatarenotloved,andthewell-raisedchimpsdoevenbetterthanhumankidsonIQtests.Weareprimates,socialanimalswhichneedlove.Weneedtobeheldandtalkedtoandmadetofeelthatatleastonepersonwantstobewithusallthetime.1.ThestudyKimBardandhiscolleaguesdid________.A.included46babyandmothermonkeysB.isnothingnewtopeopleaboutthefindingsC.showedthatmanychimpanzeeslackoflovewhentheywereyoungD.showedmanychimpanzeeshadgoodrelationshipwiththeirmothers2.Theunderlinedpart“makesfor”inthethirdparagraphmeans________.A.dosomethingforB.headforC.bringaboutD.connectto3.Harlowbuilttwo“mothers”forbabymonkeysto________.A.makethemlivecomfortablyB.letthemhavemorechoicesC.givethemmoreloveD.makecomparisonwell4.Whichofthefollowingcanweinferfromthepassage?A.Well-raisedchimpsarebetterthanpeopleinIQ.B.Sometimesit'snotwrongtohavenotouchandnocomforttobabies.C.Chimpsgrowingupincagesarelesssmarterthanchimpsgrowingupinwild.D.Babieswhosleepwithmotherstendtobeclevererthanbabiessleepalone.二、议论文的语体特征由于与其他文体相比,英语议论文类似英语说明文,因此,它具有英语说明文的一些语言特点,比如:时态较为统一,多用现在时;强调语言表达的客观性;尽可能指明信息来源等等。但作为一种独立的文体,英语议论文在语言上也有一些自己特有的表达形式:1.较多使用表达委婉语气的词语和句子与英语说明文相比,英语议论文不仅需要说明自己的观点,而且还要让读者接受自己的观点,因此,在词语表达上除了客观之外,还必须注意委婉。在英语中,常用虚拟语气,让步状语从句和情态动词can,could,may,might,would,should等。请看下面两组有关“面试在招生过程中的重要性”的文字:(1)Nooneshouldbeadmittedinto(招收进)collegewithoutapersonalinterview(面试).Whatcanadmissionspeople(招生人员)tellfromapieceofpaper?Theycantellnothing.Onlywhentheyseeastudentfacetoface,cantheydecidewhatkindofapersonheis.(2)Thoughadmissionspeoplecanlearnsomethingsfromapieceofpaper,suchashowwellapersonwritesandwhatheisinterested

inthere

may

be

many

other

thingsthat

an

application(申请表)cannottellbutcanonlybeseeninapersonalinterview.Thewayapersontalks,thewayhethinksaboutandanswersquestions,the

way

he

reacts(反应),are

all

important

facts

of

apersonwhichcannotbefoundonapieceofpaper.两段文字都强调“大学生入学必须面试”,但相比之下,例(2)用了情态动词,though引导的让步状语从句等表达方式,语气较为委婉,更容易为读者所接受。2.使用有辩论、推理等含义的连接词和过渡词等词语结构英语议论文讲究辩论推理的条理性和逻辑性,因此,往往较多地使用这类性质的过渡词和连接词,常用的包括:since(既然),nowthat(既然),therefore(因而),consequently(因此),accordingly(因此),hence(因而),inthatcase(在那种情况下),because(因为),so(所以)。另外,还有些句型也常出现在英语议论文中,比如:Itfollowsthat…(因而……),If…,wemayconcludethat…(如果……,我们可以这样下结论……),Shoulditbethecase(如果是这样的话……),Idon'twantto…,but…(我并不想……,但是……),Ifyouadmit…,then…(如果你承认……,那么……),Itistruethat…,but…(诚然……,但是……),

Even

if…(即使……)等。下面这篇学生作文较好地使用了上述这些英语议论文常用的连接词和过渡词等词语结构,从而使文章的辩论和推理条理清晰,富有说服力:Somepeoplesaythattheywillnotgiveupsmokingbecausetheyhavetherighttodowhattheywanttodosincesmokingisnotagainstthelaw.Yes,it'struethatsmokingdoesnotviolate(违反)thelawandthereforetheycandoastheylike,butwhatisequallytrueisthattheyhavetoberesponsibleforwhattheydoatthesametime.NowIdon'twanttobringfearstoanyone,butherearesomestatistics(统计数字)I'vejustgotfromnewspaper:Overseventypercentofthepeoplewhodiedoflungcancerwere

heavysmokers.More

than

thirty-five

percent

deformed(畸形的)babieshavesmokingmothers.Evenifthosechainsmokersarenotafraidforthemselves,shouldn'ttheybeafraidfortheirfamilymembersiftheyhavegotany?3.各种句型的使用(1)如“很多人很快就会发现,他们在物质上是富裕了,精神上却很贫乏”,可以这样达:Manypeoplewillsoonfindthemselvesrichingoods,butraggedinspirit.(注:句中richin与raggedin,goods与spirit具有正反对比的关系和效果。)(2)如“利远远大于弊”,可以这样表达:Theadvantagesfaroutweighthedisadvantages.(注:句中theadvantages与thedisadvantages具有正反对比的关系和效果。)(3)如“他们注意到了这些说法中的一些道理,但他们却忽视了一个重要的事实”,可以这样表达:Theyhavenoticedagrainoftruthinthestatements,buthaveignoredamoreimportantfact.(注:句中havenoticed与haveignored,agrainoftruthinthestatements与amoreimportantfact具有正反对比的关系和效果。)(4)如“这样做既有积极效果也有消极效果”,可以这样表达:Itwillhavebothnegativeandpositiveeffectsbysodoing.(注:句中negative与positive具有正反对比的关系和效果)(5)如“我们既有与我们很为相似的朋友,又有与我们很为不同的朋友”,可以这样表达:Wehavefriendssimilartousandfriendsdifferentfromus.(注:句中similarto与differentfrom具有正反对比的关系和效果)(6)有时也使用排比句式,这种句式整齐而有气势,又不会使人感到单调。例如,如“读书使我们聪明,锻炼使我们强健”,可以这样表达:Readingmakesuswisewhileexercisesmakeusstrong.4.英文一般讲求简洁,因此为表达强调偶尔使用重复可以使语句的强调内容得到突出。(1)如“现在是忘掉过去一切的时候了。现在是言归正传的时候了。现在是为未来而奋斗的时候了”,可以这样表达:Nowisthetimetoforgeteverythinginthepast.Nowisthetimetogetdowntothebusiness.Nowisthetimetoworkhardforthefuture.(注:此句为句首重复,重复部分为句首的nowitthetimeto)(2)如“我们渴望成功,而且正在为成功而努力工作”,可以这样表达:Welongforsuccessandweareworkinghardforsuccess.(注:此句为句尾重复,重复的部分为句尾的forsuccess.)(3)如“我相信我们能够成功,我相信我们也一定会成功”,可以这样表达:Iamconvincedthatwecansucceed,andIamconvincedthatwemustsucceed.(注:and所连接的两个语句的句首与句尾部分同时重复,重复的部分为句首的Iamconvincedthat与句尾的succeed)(4)如“我们现在生活在一个新的时代,而一个改革充满着风险与机遇”,可以这样表达:Wearenowlivinginanewera,andaneweraofreformisalwaysfullofventuresandchances.(注:and之前的句尾与and之后的句首重复,重复部分为anewera.)5.使用倒装倒装这里说的倒装不同于前述非修辞性的语法结构倒装。非修辞性的语法结构倒装是语句的语法结构所限定的,没有自由选择的余地,只要运用需要倒装结构的句型就要采用倒装结构。这里所说的倒装是指修辞性语义结构倒装,是进行强调的一种手段,它利用了语句句首(或句尾)的特殊位置。例如,如“充满着风险与机遇的改革的新时代正向我们走来”,可以这样表达:Nowoncomingtousistheneweraofreformfullofventuresandchances.6.使用转义转义是一种对词语灵活运用的修辞手段,主要有比喻、拟人、夸张、反语、婉转等,比喻又包括明喻、暗喻、换喻、提喻等。(1)如要表达“过去的经历就像图片一样总是在脑海中萦绕”,英文可为:Whathadbeenexperiencedinthepastwasalwaysloominginmemorylikeapicture.(注:此句采用明喻,明喻的特点是使用了like一词)(2)如要表达“我们的英语老师就是我们最好的英语辞典”,英文可为:OurEnglishteacherisourbestEnglishdictionary.(注:此句采用暗喻,暗喻的特点是利用事物之间的相似之处进行比喻,与明喻不同之处在于不使用like一词)(3)如要表达“我正在读莎土比亚的书呢”,英文可为:IamreadingShakespeare.(注:此句采用换喻,换喻的特点是直接借用一事物的名称宋代替另一事物的名称,使用通过联想理解其含义,但不是所有的事物都是可以用换喻来表达的)(4)如要表达“这里需要一个帮手”,英文可为:Ahandisneededhere.(注:此句采用提喻,提喻的特点是用一个事物的部分来代表事物的整体或用一个事物的整体来代表事物的部分。这里用hand一词代表整个人)(5)如要表达“巨大的不幸笼罩着整个城市”,英文可为:(6)如要表达“这种想法可真是伟大的愚蠢”,英文可为:Thisisreallyagreatstupididea.(注:此句采用反语。反语的特点是故意将话反说,具有讽刺意味)(7)如要表达“我太渴望成功了。听到成功的消息我欣喜若狂”,英文可为:IwasmadforsuccessandonthenewsofsuccessIwentmadwithjoy.(注:此句采用夸张。夸张的特点是为表现事物的特征故意夸大其词)三、议论文的解读策略(以阅读理解为例)解答议论类阅读理解试题,可以从以下几个方面着手考虑:作者在开始叙述一个现象,然后对现象进行解释。这类文章的主题是文中最重要的解释或作者所强调的解释,阅读时要注意作者给出的原因,所以又被称为原因—结果(Cause&Effect)型。还有一种比较常见的是问题—答案型,作者在一开始或一段末以问句提出一个问题(相当于一个现象),然后给出该问题的答案(相当于解释)。针对文中问题给出的主要答案就是这种文章的中心。这里强调一点,答题时优先考虑正面答题(直接从文章内容得出答案),然后从中心、态度或利用解答特征等其他角度对选项进行检验;如果从文章内容中直接无法解决,则从中心和态度方面考虑;次之,从解答特征方面考虑。考生往往最怕此类体裁。山穷水尽时,记住:首先从整体上把握文章中心和作者所持的态度,靠近中心的就是答案。解题方法:1.把握文章的论点、论据和论证。此外,还要把握文章的结构和语言。2.互推法:在议论之后,总会再列举一些具体的例子来支持观点或在一些例子之后,总要抒发一些议论。考生在理解议论时,可以借助文中所给的实例,从而在形象的例子中推理出抽象的议论;或从议论中推理理解具体例子的深刻含义,相互推断。3.推理法:推理的结论一定是原文有这层意思,但没有明确表达的。推理要根据文章的字面意思,通过语篇、段落和句子之间的逻辑关系,各个信息所暗示和隐含的意义,作者的隐含意等对文章进行推理判断。考生要由文字的表层信息挖掘出文章的深层含义,要能透过现象看本质。答题技巧:历年全国高考英语阅读理解的题型无非基本都是考查主旨大意、词义猜测、推理判断和细节理解四大题型。其中,命题以细节理解题为主,推理判断题为辅,又兼顾词义猜测题和主旨大意题。细节理解题和推理判断题主要考查的是对原文具体细节的理解和把控能力,难度相对较小,广大考生除了平时必要的阅读量和词汇量的积累以外,掌握一定的解题技巧对解答阅读理解题来说也是至关重要的。具体说来:1.主旨大意型干扰项可能是文中某个具体事实或细节。干扰项可能是从文中某些(不完全的)事实或细节片面推出的错误结论。干扰项可能是非文章事实的主观臆断。正确答案根据文章全面理解而归纳概括出来;不能太笼统、言过其实或以偏概全。主旨大意题主要考查学生把握全文主题和理解中心思想的能力。根据多年的备考及高考实践,这类题目考查的范围是:基本论点、文章标题、主题或段落大意等。它要求考生在理解全文的基础上能较好地运用概括、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑思维方法,对文章进行高度概括或总结,属于高层次题。选择"主题"旨在考查考生是否掌握了所读文章的主要内容或主旨,通常用词、短语或句子来概括。常见的提问方式有:1.Whatisthemain/generalideaofthistext?2.Whatismainlydiscussedinthispassage?3.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?4.Thistextmainlytellsus_________.5.Thispassagemainlydealswith_________.6.Themainideaofthispassagemaybebestexpressedas_________.7.Thetopicofthispassageis_________.标题选择题则是让考生给所读的文章选择一个合适的标题。通常标题由一个名词或名词短语充当,用词简短、精练。常见的提问方式有:1.Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?2.Whichofthefollowingisthebest/mostsuitabletitleforthistext?3.Thebest/mostsuitabletitleforthistextwouldbe__________.不管是选择"主题"还是选择"标题",实质上都是要求考生从整体上理解语篇内容,找出贯穿语篇的主线;不管是何种体裁的文章,都是围绕一个主题来展开的。在试题设计上,3个干扰项的内容一般在文章里或多或少都有涉及,但并非主要内容,需要注意甄别。【典例示例】Toerrishuman.Toblametheotherguyisevenmorehuman.…Thesethreepopularmisquotes(戏谑的引语)aremeanttobejokes,andyettheytellusalotabouthumannature.Toerr,ortomakemistakes,isindeedapartofbeinghuman,butitseemsthatmostpeopledon’twanttoaccepttheresponsibilityforhavingmadeamistake.Theynaturallylookforsomeoneelsewhocouldberesponsiblefortheproblem.Perhapsitisthenaturalthingtodo.Theoriginalquoteabouthumannaturewentlikethis:“Toerrishuman,toforgive,divine(神圣的).”Thissayingmirrorsanideal:peopleshouldbeforgivingofothers’mistakes.Instead,wetendtodotheopposite—findsomeoneelsetopasstheblameonto.However,takingresponsibilityforsomethingthatwentwrongisamarkofgreatmaturity.1.Whatdoestheauthorwanttotellusmost?(原创题)A.tomakeasfewmistakesaspossible. B.tothinkseriouslyaboutourwrongdoings.C.tobearresponsibilityforourmistakes. D.topasstheblameontosomeoneelse.2.事实细节型细节理解题主要考查考生对文章中某些细节或重要事实的理解能力。它一般包括直接理解题和语意理解题两种。直接理解题的答案与原文直接挂钩,从阅读材料中可以找到。这种题难度低,只要考生读懂文章,就能得分,属于低层次题。做此类题时可以使用定位法与跳读法。定位法即根据题干和选项所提供的信息直接从原文中找到相应的句子(即定位),然后进行比较和分析(尤其要注意一些同义转换),从而选出正确答案。跳读法即根据题干和选项所提供的信息跳读原文,并找到相关的句子(有时可能是几个句子)或段落,然后进行简单分析、推理等,从而找出正确答案。(1)解题原则:忠实于原文上下文及全篇的逻辑关系,决不能主观臆断。文章中心是论点,事实细节是论据或主要理由;有关细节问题常对文中某个词语、某句子、某段落等细节及事实进行提问,所提问题一般可直接或间接在文章中找到答案。提问的特殊疑问词常有:what,who,which,where,how,why等。在阅读理解中,要求查找主要事实和特定细节的问题常有以下几种命题方式:①Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?②Whichofthefollowingisnotmentionedinthetext?③Theauthor(orthepassage)statesthat__________.④Accordingtothepassage,when(where,why,how,who,what,which,etc.)__________?(2)干扰项:范围过大、过小;偷换概念;正误并存,某个分句是正确的。阅读理解中细节理解题的干扰项的设置有以下几个原则:①包含项原则在答案选项分析中,假如对A选项的理解概括了对其他三项(或其中某一项)的理解,那么我们就说选项A与其他三项是包含或概括关系,包含项A往往就是正确答案。如在"花"与"玫瑰"两选项中,正确答案肯定是"花",花包含了玫瑰。②正反项原则所谓正反项,是指两选项陈述的命题完全相矛盾。两个相互矛盾的陈述不能都是假的,其中必有一真。所以,假如四选项中A、B互为正反项,那我们通常先排除C、D项,正确答案一般在A、B项当中。③委婉项原则所谓委婉,这里是指说话不能说死,要留有余地。阅读理解选项中语气平和、委婉的往往是正确答案。这些选项一般含有不十分肯定或试探性语气的表达,如:probably,possibly,

may,usually,might,mostof,moreorless,relatively,belikelyto,notnecessary,although,yet,inaddition,tendto等等,而含有绝对语气的表达往往不是正确答案,如:must,always,never,all,every,any,merely,only,completely,none,hardly,already等等。④同形项原则命题者往往先将正确答案设置在一个大命题范围,然后通过语言形式的细微变化来考查考生的理解能力与分析能力。同形项原则告诉我们:词汇与句法结构相似的选项中有正确答案的存在。⑤常识项原则议论文中,那些符合一般常识、意义深刻富有哲理、符合一般规律、属于普遍现象的往往是正确答案。⑥因果项原则阅读理解的逻辑推理基本都是通过因果链进行的,前因后果,一步步循序渐进。然而,在推理题的选项中,有的选项会推理不到位(止于前因),或者推理过头(止于后果),这就是所谓的干扰项。因果项原则启示我们:假如四个选项中有两项互为同一事物推理过程中的因果关系,那么正确答案就是两个因果项中的其中之一。如果因项可产生几个结果,那么答案就是因;如果果项可以对应几个原因,那么答案就是果。解题方法:原文定位法。查读法:(1)带着问题找答案,把注意力集中在与who,what,when,where问题有关的细节上。(2)细心!3.词义猜测型阅读理解的测试中经常有猜测词、短语、习语、句子意义的题目,近几年高考阅读中词义猜测题的考查方法呈多样化,其中根据上下文语境推测词义将会越来越多。有时短文中出现一个需猜测其意义的词或短语,后文接着会出现其定义、解释或例子,这就是判断该词或短语意义的主要依据。除此之外,我们还可以根据转折或对比关系进行判断:根据上下句的连接词,如but,however,otherwise等就可以看到前后句在意义上的差别,从而依据某一句的含义来确定另一句的含义。另外,分号(;)也可以表示转折、对比或不相干的意义。还可以根据因果关系进行判断。俗话说,"有因必有果,有果必有因"。根据原因可以预测结果,根据结果也可以找出原因。当然了,这些词、短语、习语要么是生词,要么是熟词新义,单靠平时积累是不够的,还要掌握以下做题技巧。(1)根据构词法(转化、合成、派生)进行判断。(2)根据文中的定义、事例、解释猜生词。用事例或解释猜生词;用重复解释的信息猜生词。(3)根据上下文的指代关系进行选择。文章中的代词it,that,he,him或them可以指上文提到的人或物,其中it和that还可以指一件事。(4)根据转折或对比关系进行判断。根据上下句的连接词如but,however,otherwise等可以看到前后句在意义上的差别,从而依据某一句的含义,来确定另一句的含义。(5)根据因果关系进行判断。俗话说,"有因必有果,有果必有因"。根据原因可以预测结果,根据结果也可以找出原因。(6)根据同位关系进行判断。阅读中有时出现新词、难词,后面跟着一个同位语,对前面的词进行解释。(7)利用标点符号和提示词猜测词义。分号还可以表示转折、对比或不相干的意义;破折号表示解释说明。常见的问题形式有:(1)The

word

"…"

in

Line

means/can

be

best

replaced

by

…(2)As

used

in

the

passage,

the

phrase

"…"

suggests…(3)From

the

passage,

we

can

infer

that

the

word/phrase

/the

sentence

"…"

is/refers

to

/means…(4)The

word

"…"

is

closest

in

meaning

to

…常用应对方法:同义法:常在词或短语之间有并列连词and或or,它们连接的两项内容在含义上是接近的或递进的,由此可以推测词义。反义法:如hotandcold,giveandreceive等,或前句为肯定,后句为否定。总之,互为反义的词与词间都起着互为线索的作用。释义法:对文章中的生词用定语(从句)、表语,甚至用逗号、破折号等标点符号引出并加以解释说明。此外,还有情景推断法、代词替代法等。做题要领(1)从文中找线索或信息词;(2)根据熟悉的词及词义判断新词的意思;(3)根据上下文判断新词在特定句中的确切意思。(4)要特别注意熟词新意!【典例示例】Formanyparents,raisingateenagerislikefightingalongwar,butyearsgobywithoutanyclearwinner.Likeaborderconflictbetweenneighboringcountries,theparent-teenwarisaboutboundaries:WhereisthelinebetweenwhatIcontrolandwhatyoudo?Bothsideswantpeace,butneitherfeelsithasanypowertostoptheconflict.Inpart,thisisbecauseneitheriswillingtoadmitanyresponsibilityforstartingit.Fromtheparents’pointofview,theonlycauseoftheirfightistheiradolescents’completeunreasonableness.Andofcourse,theteensseeitinexactlythesameway,exceptoppositely.Bothfeeltrapped.56.WhatdoestheunderlinedpartinParagraph2mean?A.Theteensblametheirparentsforstartingtheconflict.B.Theteensagreewiththeirparentsonthecauseoftheconflict.C.Theteensaccusetheirparentsofmisleadingthem.D.Theteenstendtohaveafullunderstandingoftheirparents.4.推理判断型做题要领:既要求学生透过文章表面文字信息推测文章的隐含意思,又要求学生对作者的态度、意图及文章细节的发展作出正确的推理判断,力求从作者的角度考虑而不是固守自己的看法。常见的命题方式有:(1)Thepassageimplies(暗示)that_________.(2)Wecanconclude(得出结论)fromthepassagethat_________.(3)Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferred(推论)?(4)Whatisthetone(语气)oftheauthor?(5)Whatisthepurpose(目的)ofthispassage?(6)Thepassageisintendedto_________.(7)Wherewouldthispassagemostprobablyappear?【典例示例】Asksomeonewhattheyhavedonetohelptheenvironmentrecentlyandtheywillalmostcertainlymentionrecycling.Recyclinginthehomeisveryimportantofcourse.However,beingforcedtorecycleoftenmeanswealreadyhavemorematerialthanweneed.Wearedealingwiththeresultsofthatover-consumptioninthegreenestwaypossible,butitwouldbefarbetterifwedidnotneedtobringsomuchmaterialhomeinthefirstplace.Thetotalamountofpackagingincreasedby12%between1999and2020.Itnowmakesupathirdofatypicalhousehold’swasteintheUK.Inmanysupermarketsnowadaysfooditemsarepackagedtwicewithplasticandcardboard.62.TheauthorusesfiguresinParagraph2toshow___________.A.thetendencyofcuttinghouseholdwaste B.theincreaseofpackagingrecyclingC.therapidgrowthofsupermarkets D.thefactofpackagingoveruse【典例示例】Whytellthetruthwhenyoucancomeupwithagoodexcuse?Andwhatiswrongwithasocietythatthinksthatmakingupagoodexcuseislikecreatingaworkofart?Oneofcommonproblemswithmakingexcusesisthatpeople,especiallyyoungpeople,gettheideathatit’sokaynottobetotallyhonestallthetime.Thereisacorollary(直接推论)tothat:ifagoodexcuseis“good”evenifitisn’thonest,thenwhereistheplaceofthetruth?54.Whatistheauthor’sopinionaboutagoodexcuse?A.Makingagoodexcuseissometimesabetterpolicy.B.Inventingagoodexcuseneedscreativeideas.C.Agoodexcuseisasrewardingashonesty.D.Bittertruthisbetterthanagoodexcuse.名校资源学练1(2023·重庆渝北·高三重庆市渝北中学校校考阶段练习)Anyimagetakenfromspaceconfirmsthatweliveonanoceanplanet.Howstrangethatwecallourplanet“Earth,”derivedfromaGermanicwordmeaning“theground,”whenmorethan70percentofitssurfaceiscoveredbyocean.Weneedmorepeopletoseethesea.Rightnow,lessthan3percentoftheoceanisconsideredhighlyprotected.Expertsurgethatatleast30percentbeprotectedtosafeguardmarine(海洋的)ecosystems,whichinturnwillhelpprotectourhealthandwell-being.Theoceansuppliesmorethanhalfouroxygen,absorbscarbondioxide,regulatesourclimate,andsupportsmuchoftheworld’seconomy.Weneeditalotmorethanitneedsus.TakeFlorida,forexample,oneoftheUnitedStates’recreationalhotspots.It’sborderedbytheFloridaReefTract,NorthAmerica’sonlylivingcoralbarrierreefandthethirdlargestintheworld.Hometomorethan500speciesoffish,thereefisalsoessentialtotheSunshineState’seconomy,generatinganestimated$1.1billionannuallyintourism.Thereefbuffers(保护)thecoastline,too,sincehealthycoralreefsabsorb97percentofawave’senergy.Three-quartersofFlorida’s22millionpeoplelivealongthecoast,andtheFloridaReefTractprovidesmorethan$650millionincombinedeconomicactivityandfloodprotection.ANovember2022studyfromtheUniversityofMiamihasfoundthat70percentofFlorida’scoralreefsareexperiencinganetlossofreefhabitat.DirectlyfacingtheseconcernsiswhatImeanbyseeingthesea—thegood,thebad,theimportant.Knowledgeispower,andwecanuseittoinformourchoices,fromtravelingmoremindfully,toexamininghowwerunourbusinesses,tovoting.“Noonecandoeverything,buteveryonecandosomething,”SylviaEarle,oceanographerandNationalGeographicExploreratLarge,isfondofsaying.Theoceanisaremarkableteacher,andit’snevertoolatetostartlearning.1.Whatdoestheseadoforourhuman?A.Theseachangesourclimate.B.Theseacontrolscarbondioxideforus.C.Theseaproducesalltheoxygenweneed.D.Theseaprovideseconomicalbenefitsforus.2.Whatdoesthewritersuggest?A.Travellingmore,learningmore.B.Runningourbusinesscreatively.C.Raisingawarenessofconservation.D.Doingsomevotingbeforeactions.3.Whereisthepassageprobablyfrom?A.Ascientificfiction. B.Anewsreport.C.Atraveljournal. D.Anaturalmagazine.4.Whatisasuitabletitleforthetext?A.ToHugtheOceanTightly.B.ToLearntheOceanDevotedly.C.ToCleantheOceanCarefully.D.ToLovetheOceanPermanently.2(2023·河北衡水·河北衡水中学校考模拟预测)Publichealthdatasignalsagenuinecrisisinadolescentmentalhealth:risingratesofanxiety,depression,andhopelessness.Butasweworryabouttweensandteenswhoarestruggling,wecan’tignoreanothermountingeffect—theburdensthatareshoulderedbytheirfriendsandpeersinan“alwayson”world.Wehavestudiedteensandtechforoveradecade.Theirnetworksareever-expanding,innosmallpartbecausethere’sasensethatbeingnicemeansacceptingfellowrequestsfromacquaintancesandfriends-of-friends.Andit’snotjuststayingconnected—it’skeepingupwithwhatotherspost,too.Socialmediaplatformsthusmakeittechnicallypossibletomaintainmorerelationshipsthanwearehistoricallyactuallywiredtotrackandmanage.Theresultisanoverwhelmingwaveofsocialinformation.It’sespeciallyintenseforadolescentswhosedevelopmentalsensitivitiesdrivethemtocaredeeplyaboutwhattheirpeersaredoingandthinking.Significantstresscomeswithtryingtobea“goodfriend”intheageofsocialmedia.Friendshiprequiresbothpublicandbehind-the-scenessupport.Evenbeforeasocialmediapostismadepublic,closefriendscanbepulledintophotoselection,editing,andfinalexamination.Besides,theyneedtorespondintherightwayandintherightamountoftime,whichdiffersfromonerelationshiptoanother.Replyingtooquicklycanbeseenasover-eager,especiallywhenthefriendshipisnewornotclose.Butwhenit’saclosefriend,toolongalag(延迟)canbehurtful.Thequalitiesthatarekeytobuildingorbreakingfriendshipsareactuallythesameasthey’vealwaysbeen:mutual(相互的)sharingofjoysandsorrows,agiveandtakeofacceptanceandsupport,andanabilitytoweatherandresolveconflicts.Buttechnologieshavetransformedhowfriendshipsplayout.Socialmediaincreasestheburdensthatcomealongwithbeingagoodfriend.Toooften,thesedynamicshitteenshardinwaysthatarelostonadults.Andthatiswhatshouldbechangedwiththehelpofparents,schoolsandotherpartsofsociety.5.Whatmakesteenagers’networkscontinuetoexpand?A.Thepressuretobenice. B.Therequestsoftheirparents.C.Theneedtomeetmorepeople. D.Theburdenoflivingindependently.6.Whatdoestheauthorthinkofbeingagoodfriendintheageofsocialmedia?A.Exciting. B.Challenging. C.Money-saving. D.Risk-taking.7.Whatshouldbechangedaccordingtothelastparagraph?A.Thequalitiesofbeingateenfriend.B.Theconflictsbetweenschoolsandparents.C.Therelationsbetweenparentsandtheirteens.D.Theinfluencesofsocialmediaonteenfriendship.8.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A.WhymoreteensareaddictedtosocialmediaB.Howteensnowadaysgainlong-standingfriendshipsC.HowsocialmediahasmadeteenfriendshipsmorestressfulD.Whatmakesteensbecomemoresensitivetotheirpeers’needs3(2023·天津南开·南开中学校考模拟预测)Nobusinesswouldwelcomebeingcomparedtogambling.Yetthatiswhatishappeningtomakersofvideogames.Foryearsparentshavecomplainedthattheirchildrenare“addicted”totheirvideogamesandsmartphones.Today,however,evenmoredoctorsareusingtheterm.OnJanuary1thisyear,“gamingdisorder”—inwhichgamesareplayeduncontrollably,despitecausingharm—gainedrecognitionfromtheWorldHealthOrganization(WHO).Aregamesreallyaddictive?Psychologistshavedifferentopinions.Thosewhodon’tthinksosaythatthisisjustanothermoralpanic.Similarwarningshavebeengivenabouttelevision,rock’n’roll,jazz,comicbooks,novelsandevencrosswordpuzzles,butitturnsoutthattheyarenotasharmfulasexpected.However,supportersarguethatgamedevelopershavethemotivationandthemeanstodesigntheirproductstomakethemextremelyattractive.Foronething,thebusiness-modelhaschanged:Intheolddays,gameswereboughtonceandforall.Butthesedays,gamesarefreeandmoneyisearnedfrompurchasesofin-gamegoods,whichtiesplaytimedirectlytorevenue(收益).Foranother,game-makerscombinepsychologicaltheoryanddata,whichhelpsthemmaximizetheplaytime.SmartphonesandmodernvideogamemachinesusetheirpermanentInternetconnectionstosendgameplaydatabacktodevelopers.Inthiswayproductsareconstantlyadjustedtoencourageplayers’spending.Thebiggestspendersareknownas“whales”,atermthatoriginatedincasinos(赌场).Thegamingindustryshouldrealizethat,intherealworld,ithasaproblem,andthatproblemisgrowing.NowthatgamingaddictioncomeswithanofficialWHOrecognition,diagnoseswillbecomemorecommon.Anyway,beingputtogetherwithgamblinginthepublicmind,fairlyornot,willnotdotheindustryanygood.9.WhatdoweknowfromParagraph1?A.Itisnotsuitabletocomparevideogamestogambling.B.Parentscomplainabouttheirchildren’saddictiontogambling.C.Gamingaddictionwasofficiallyrecognizedasadisease.D.Moredoctorsareagainsttheuseoftheterm“addicted”.10.Whatdoestheunderlinedwords“moralpanic”inParagraph2mean?A.Unexpectedaddictioncausedbyscienceandtechnology.B.Wrongjudgmentonhowharmfulsomethingis.C.Troublecausedbysomeone’simmoralbehavior.D.Anastonishingclaimoftheunexpectedpanic.11.Whatdogamesdevelopersdotomakegamesattractive?A.Theydon’tchargeplayersforin-gamegoods.B.Theykeepplayers’videogamemachinesupdated.C.Theyrewardbigspenderswithauniquetitle.D.Theyadjustproductsbasedonreceiveddata.12.Inthelastparagraph,theauthoraimsto_______.A.offerasuggestionB.makeapredictionC.giveawarningD.putforwardasolution13.Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?A.Addiction:AWarningtotheGamingIndustryB.Addiction:NotaBlameonGamesC.Games:ANewKindofGamblingD.Games:TheCauseofMentalDisorder4(2023·湖南长沙·长郡中学校考模拟预测)RalphEmersononcesaidthatthepurposeoflifeisnottobehappy,buttobeuseful,tobeloving,tomakesomedifferenceintheworld.Whileweappreciatesuchwordsofwisdom,werarelytrytofollowtheminourlives.Mostpeopleprefertoliveagoodlifethemselves,ignoringtheirresponsibilitiesfortheworld.Thisnarrowperceptionofagoodlifemayprovideshort-termbenefits,butissuretoleadtolong-termharmandsuffering.Agoodlifebasedoncomfortandluxurymayeventuallyleadtomorepainbecausewespoilourhealthandevenourcharacter,principles,ideals,andrelationships.Whatthen,isthesecretofagoodlife?Agoodlifeisaprocess,notastateofbeing:adirection,notadestination.Wehavetoearnagoodlifebyfirstservingotherswithoutanyexpectationinreturnbecausetheirhappinessistheverysourceofourownhappiness.Moreimportantly,wemustknowourselvesinsideout.Onlywhen

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