国际私法翻译

1、Agent’sDuties（必读）代理人的义务Generally,agentsowetheprincipalthedutiesasfollows;一般来说，代理人的义务如下：dutyofperformance:toperformthelawfuldutiesexpressedintheagentcontractandtousereasonablecare,skill,anddiligenceintheperformanceoftheseduties.履行的义务：在代理合同中履行法定职责并且对这些职责给予适当的关心、采用技巧和积极履行。(2)dutyofnotification:tonotifytheprincipalofanyinformationthatisimportanttotheagent.通知的义务：通知与代理有关的任何重要信息的委托人(3)dutyofloyalty:nottoactadverselytotheinterestsoftheprincipal.忠诚义务：不能采取对委托人利益造成不利的行为。(4)dutyofobedience:toobeythelawfulinstructionsoftheprincipal.Theagentowestodutytoengageincrime,torts,orunethicalconductontheprincipal’sbehalf.服从的义务：遵从委托人的合法指示，但代理人没有义务从事有关犯罪侵权或者代表委托人的不道德行为。(5)dutyofaccountability:tomaintainaccuraterecordsofalltransactionstakenontheprincipal’sbehalfandnottocomminglepersonalmoneyorpropertywiththatoftheprincipal.问责的义务：维护所代表委托人进行的交易细节记录并且不混同私人的和委托人的钱或财产。2、internationalinsolvency（必读）国际破产Businessenterprisesengagedininternationalcommercewilloftenhaveassets-andcreditors-inseveralcountriesandpotentiallyfaceinsolvencyproceedingsathome,orabroad,orinbothplaces.Andthe"debtor"isdefinedas"apersonthatresidesorhasadomicile,aplaceofbusiness,orpropertyintheUnitedStates.商业企业在从事国际贸易时往往在一些国家有资产和债权人，并且在国内或者在国外或者在两个地方都面临着破产程序。而债务人的定义就是“一人居住或者有住所地营业地或者在美国有财产的人”Anoverridingconcernininternationalbankruptciesisthejustandequaltreatmentofunsecuredcreditors.Theprotectionoftheirinterestswilldependontheeffectgiventoalocaldeterminationintheotherjurisdiction.Basically,twomodelsmaybeenvisioned.Oneisterritorial;itrestrictstheeffectofadeterminationtotherenderingjurisdiction.国际破产首要关注的是无担保债权人交易的公正和公平。他们利益的保护取决于提供给当地的判决在其他司法管辖区域的影响。基本上有两种模式可以设想。一个是属地的模式，这会限制判决对管辖权的影响Asaresult,creditorsmaypursueindependentremediesinthesecondforumand,uponrecovery,Itisimportanttodistinguishbetweentwodifferentsituations.Thefirstiswherethetortwascommittedwithinterritorialwaters.Thesecondiswherethetortwascommittedonthehighseas.对这两种不同情况加以区分是很重要的，第一种情况是侵权行为发生在领海内第二种情况是侵权行为发生在公海海域4、Tortcommittedonthehighseas（必读）致力于在公海上的侵权(1)Actsoccurringonboardasinglevessel发生在船舶甲板上的行为

Atcommonlawthelawoftheflagwasthedecisivefactorwhenevertheactsalloccurredonboardasinglevessel,forashipwasregardedforcertainpurposeasafloatingislandoverwhichthenationallawprevailed.Whereaflagiscommontoapoliticalunitcontainingseveraldifferentsystemsoflaw,asinthecaseofCanadaortheUSA,thelawoftheflagmeansthelawoftheportatwhichtheshipisregistered.普通法系中侵权行为发生在一艘船舶上时应适用船旗国法律，船舶被视为适用国内法的漂浮的岛屿。如几种不同法系的政体公用同一旗帜，如加拿大或美国情况下，船旗国法律指船舶注册港口所在地的法律。(2)Externalacts对外侵权行为

a)Collisions碰撞

Thereisnodoubtthatthecommonestkindofexternalact,namely,onethatcausesacollision,wasgovernedsolelybythegeneralmaritimelaw.Thisspecialtortchoiceoflawruleispreserved,andthestatutorytortchoiceoflawruleswillnotapplytocollisionsonthehighseas.Thisraisesthequestionofwhatismeantby"generalmaritimelaw".毫无疑问普通的对外侵权行为，就是说船舶碰撞单独按照普通海事法管规范。这种特殊的侵权法律选择被保留下来，并且法定侵权法律选择不会使用与公海上的碰撞。这就提出了一个问题，何为“普通海事法律”。Thenaturalinferencetodrawfromthisexpressionisthatthereexistsabodyoflawwhichisuniversallyrecognizedasbindingonallnationsinrespectofactsoccurringatsea.Thereis,however,nosuchbodyoflaw.Theexpression,intruth,meansnothingmorethanthatpartoftheforumlawwhich,eitherbystatuteorbyregistereddecisions,hasbeenevolvedforthedeterminationmaritimedisputes.ItisthelawwhichmustbeappliedtoallquestionofcollisionunlessinternationalregulationshavebeenlaiddownbyaconventionbetweenStates根据这种表达推测自然语义是，有一部分法律被普遍认为是规范所有国家涉及海上的事务。这种表达，实际上是指，基于法规或法律政策的法律探讨逐步形成的海事纠纷的判决。这是必须适用于除通过国家之间会议提出的国际规范性主张外所有碰撞问题的法律b)Otherexternalacts其他外部侵权行为

Thequestionthatnowarisesiswhetherthismaritimelawappliedtoallexternalactsotherthanacollision,donebyaforeignshiptothepropertyofan