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英语主干
1.词汇
2.时态(主动语态+被动语态)
作一般进行完成完成进行
时|品\
现在一般现在时现在进行时现在完成时现在完成进行时
sb.do/doesbedoinghave/hasdonehave/hasbeen
sth.bedonebebeingdonehave/hasbeendoing
done
过去一般过去时过去进行时过去完成时
sb.didwas/weredoinghaddone
sth.was/werewas/werebeinghadbeendone
donedone
将来一般将来时将来进行时将来完成时
sb.willdowillbedoingwillhavedone
sth.willbewillbebeingwillhavebeen
donedonedone
过去一般过去将来过去将来进行时过去将来完成时
将来sb.vvoulddowouldbedoingwouldhavedone
sth.wouldbewouldbebeingwouldhavebeen
donedonedone
3.从句
1)主语从句2)宾语从句
3)表语从句4)定语从句
5)状语从句6)同位语从句
4.其他句型:包括强调句、倒装句、not...unitl句型、虚拟语气、英语四大规则等。
主语从句
I.主语从句:主语是个句子,或者说从句在句中充当主语.
1.当主语是陈述句时,连接词是that即:that(不省略)+该陈述句
Eg.1.)Thalwewillbelateiscertain.(Wewillbelate.)
2.)Thathedidnolcomeyesterdayisapity.(Hedidnotcomeyesterday.)
(注意)主语从句的that一定不能省略,而宾语从句中的that可以省略。
Eg.1.)Thatwewillbelateiscertain.(主语从句,that不能省略)
2.)Ihope(Ihal)wcwillwinthegame.(宾语从句,that可以省略)
2.当主语是一般疑问句时,连接词是whether®!*not)
即:whether(ornot)+该一般疑问句的陈述语序
(注意)为「不能引导主语从句,这要与宾语从句进行区分。
Eg.1.)Whetherhewillgo(hereisnotknown.(Willhegothere?)
2.)WhetherIheycanfinish\heiob(ornot)isnotclear.
(Cantheyfinishthejob?)
3.当主语是特殊疑问句时,连接词是特殊疑问词“8W+H”
即:特殊疑问词“8W+H”+该特殊疑问句的陈述语序
(注:8W指的是what/where/which/who/whom/why/whose/when,H指的是how)
Eg.1.)Whathedidyesterdayisnotknown.(Whatdidhedoyesterday?)
2.)Wherehewentyesterdayisnotclear.(Wheredidhegoyesterday?)
3.)Whichteamhelikedhasnotbeendecided.(Whichteamdidhelike?)
4.)Whowonthvgameseemscertain.(Whowonthegame?)
5.)Whomhemetyesterdayisnotclear.(Whomdidhemeetyesterday?)
6.)Whyhewaslateforthemeetingistobefoundout.
(Whywashelateforthemeeting?)
7.)Whosebookthisisisnotclear.(Whosebookisthis?)
8.)Whenhewillarriveisnotknown.(WhenwillheaiTive?)
9.)Howwewillhelpthelostboywillbediscussedatthemeeting.
(Howwillwehelpthelostboy?)
II•(注意一)主语从句后置!
为了避免主语冗长,句子头重脚轻,经常用it作形式主语,主语从句放在后面作真正的主语.
Eg.1.)Thatwewillbelateiscertain.
—It'scertainthatwewillbelate.
2.)Whetherhewillgothereisnotknown.
-Itisnotknownwhetherhewillgothere.
3.)Wherehewentyesterdayisnotclear.
—Itisnotclearwherehewentyesterday.
・It作形式主语常用句型:(that引导的主语从句是真正的主语)
Itispossible/important/necessary/clearthat...
Ifssaid/reportedthat..据说/据报道…
Ifsbeenannounced/declaredthat...已经通知/宣布…
Itseems/appears/happensthat...显然、明显、碰巧..
Ifsnowonderthat...并不奇怪/无疑…
(注意二)主语从句中,谓语动词一般用单数。What引导的主语从句,谓语动词根据表语决定
Whatheneeds_is_thatbook.
Whatheneeds_are_somebooks.
(注意三)What与that引导主语从句的区别
Eg.(1)Whatyousaidyesterdayisright.(Whatdidyousayyesterday?)
(2)Thatsheisstillaliveisapuzzle.(Sheisstillalive.)
练习题
1.hemadeanimportantspeechatthemeetingwastrue.
A.ThatB.WhyC.WhatD.How
2.we'llgocampingtomorrowdependsontheweather.
AIfBWhetherCThatDWhere
3.isknowntousallisthatAmericaisadevelopedcountry.
A.WhichB.AsC.WhatD.It
4.It'sknowntousall_afbnnofenergy.
A.waterisB.thatwateris
C.iswaterD.thatwaterto
宾语从句
I.宾语从句:宾语是个句子,或者说从句在句中充当宾语.
1.当宾语是陈述句时,连接词是that即:that(可省略)+该陈述句
Eg.1.)Ihope(that)hewillcometomorrow.(Hewillcometomorrow.)
2.)Heguesses(that)thisteamwillwin.(Thisteamwillwin.)
(注意)主语从句的that一定不能省略,而宾语从句中的that可以省略。
Eg.1.)Thatwewillbelateiscertain.(主语从句,that不能省略)
2.)Ibelieve(that)wewillwinthegame.(宾语从句,that可以省略)
2.当宾语是一般疑问句时,连接词是whether(ornot)/if
即:whether(ornot)/if+该一般疑问句的陈述语序
Eg.1.)Iaskwhethei7ifTomknowsJack.(DoesTomknowJack?)
2.)Idon'tknowwhether/ifhecamebackyesterday.(Didhecomebackyesterday?)
3.当宾语是特殊疑问句时,连接词是特殊疑问词“8W+H”
即:特殊疑问词“8W+H”+该特殊疑问句的陈述语序
(注:8W—what/where/which/who/vvhom/why/whose/when,H-how)
Eg.1.)Idon'tknowwhalhedidyesterday.(Whatdidhedoyesterday?)
2.)Hewantstoknowwherehewentyesterday.(Wheredidhegoyesterday?)
3.)Hedidn'ttellmewhichteamheliked.(Whichteamdidhelike?)
4.)Wewanttoknowwhowonthegameatlast.(Whowonthegame?)
5.)Hismomaskedwhomhemetyestoiday.(Whomdidhemeetyesterday?)
6.)Hedidn'tfindoutwhyhewaslateforthemeeting.
(Whywashelateforthemeeting?)
7.)Iamnotsurewhosebookthisis.(Whosebookisthis?)
8.)Theyaskmewhenhewillarrive.(Whenwillhearrive?)
9)Wehavediscussedhowwewillhelp\helostboy.
(Howwillwehelpthelostboy?)
IL(注意一)
当主句的谓语动词是command/demand/insist/order/require/suggest等表示要求或建议的动
词时,从句谓语动词用(should)+动词原词,should可以省略。
eg(1)Sherequired(that)he(should)gobackhomerightnow.
Sherequired(that)hegobackhomerightnow.
(2)Isuggested(that)he(should)askhisteacherforhelp.
Isuggested(that)heaskhisteacherforhelp.
(注意二)
当主句中believe/expect/suppose/think等作谓语动词时,否定要前移。
Eg.Idon'tthinkthathewillcometomorrow.(Hewon'tcometomorrow.)
Hedoesn9tbelievethatitistrue.(Itisnottrue.)
(注意三)宾语从句的语序
宾语从句从句的语序必须是陈述语序,即连接词+主语+谓语+其他成分
eg.Ibelievethattheywillcomesoon.
HeaskedmewhetherIwasateacher.
Theywantedtoknowwhattheycandoforus.
(注意四)宾语从句的时态
宾语从句的时态受主句的限制,即:主句是一般现在时态,从句根据实际情况而定。主句
是一般过去时态,从句用相应的过去的时态。如果从句的动作发生在主句之前,则从句要用过去
完成时态。
eg.l)Shesaysthatsheisastudent.
Shesaidthatshewasastudent.
2)ShesaysthatshewillflytoJapaninaweek.
ShesaidthatshewouldflytoJapaninaweek.
(注意五)
由whether或特殊疑问词8W+H引导的宾语从句(也就是第二、第三种情况时),如果宾
语从句的主语和主句的主语是同一对象,可以用“疑问词+不定式”做宾语的简单句结构。
eg.Idon'tknowwhatIshoulddonext.
Idon'tknowwhattodonext.
Hedidn'tknowwherehewouldlive.
Hedidn'tknowwheretolive.
Hewasn'tclearwhichwayheshouldgotoreachthebank.
=Hewasn'tclearwhichwaytogotoreachthebank.
(注意七)
含有宾语补足语时,若宾语是个句子,宾语通常用形式宾语it代替,真正的宾语放在宾
语补足语之后。
Eg.1)Wethinkitwonderfulthatwewillgoonatripthisweekend.(宾语是陈述句)2)I
thinkituncertainwhetherwewillwinthegame.(宾语是一般疑问句)
3)WehopeitdiscussedhowwexviHsolvetheDroblem.(宾语是特殊疑问句)
练习题
lo一DoyouknowtheCapitalMuseum?
-NextFriday.
A.whenwilltheyvisitB.whentheywillvisit
C.whendidtheyvisitD.whentheyvisited
2.-Canyoutellme?
-Sheisinthecomputerlab.
A.whereLindawasB.whereisLinda
C.wherewasLindaD.whereLindais3。
3o—GuessIdidyesterday!
—Ithinkyouwenttoaparty.
A.whereB.whenC.whatD.which
4.—Couldyouletmeknowyesterday?
—Becausethetrafficwasheavy.
A.whydidyoucomelateB.whyyoucamelate
C.whydoyoucomelateD.whyyoucomelate
5。—DoyouknowtheMP3playerlastweek?
一Sorry,Ihavenoidea.A.howmuchdidshepayfor
B.howmuchwillshepayforC.howmuchshepaidfor
同位语从句
同位语从句通常跟在某些名词之后,用以说明或解释该名词表示的具体内容。可以跟同位语从
句的名词通常有:advice,fact,truth,decision,fact,hope,idea,information,message,news,
promise,proposal,reply,report,siiBRestion,word(消,息),agreement(——致),problem,question,
doubt,thought等。
ThenewsthatMr.LiwillbeournewEnglishteacheristrue.
有时同位语从句可以不紧跟在被说明的名词后面,而被别的词隔开。如:
ThenewsistruethatMr.LiwillbeournewEnglishteacher.
1.(一).当同位语从句是陈述句时,连接词是that即:that(不省略)+该陈述句
Eg.l)ThenewsthatMr.LiwillbeournewEnglishteacheristrue.
2.)Headmittedthefactthathehadstolenthewallet.
(注意)*第,弘导同位谙丛包威只是空心闻和同位谙丛旬之间的桥梁而已"无任何意义,,也丕充
当任何成分,但that不可以省略
(二).当同位语从句是一般疑问句时,连接词是whether(ornot)
即:whether(ornot)+该一般疑问句的陈述语序
(注意)此处不能用if.
1.)Hehasn'tmadethedecisionwhetherhewillgothere.
(decision的内容是Willhegothere?)
2.)Theyhavenotcometoanagreementwhetherheshouldtakepartinthisgame.(agreement的
内容是Shouldhetakepartinthisgame?)
(三),当同位语从句是特殊疑问句时,连接词是特殊疑问词“8W+H”
即:特殊疑问词“8W+H”+该特殊疑问句的陈述语序
(注:8W指的是what/where/which/who/whomAvhy/whose/when,H指的是how)
1.)Ihavenoideawhattheboyisdoinginthenextroomnow.
2.)Wehaven9tyetsettledthequestionwherewearegoingtospendoursummervacationthisyear.
3.)Wehavenotcometoaconclusionwhichteamisthebest.
4.)Thequestionwhoshoulddotheworkisbeingdiscussedatthemeeting.
5.)Thedoubtwhomhetalkedwithyesterdayisimportanttothecase(案件).
6.)Thedoubtwhyhedidnotcomeyesterdayisimportanttothecase(案件).
7.)Theproblemwhosemoneythisishasnotbeensolved.
8.)Ihavenosuggestionwhenhewillbeback.
9.)ThethoughtcametomehowIcansolvethisproblem.
2.that引导的同位语从句和定语从句的区别
1)意义不同:
that引导的同位语从句是用来进一步说明前面名词的内容,是解释中心词;而that引导的定语
从句用来修饰、限定前面的先行词,是修饰中心词(先行词)。
Eg.@Thenewsthatourteamhaswonthefinalmatchistrue.
②Thenewsthathetoldusistrue.
[分析]①中that引导同位语从句,解释说明“news”的内容:我们队取得了决赛胜利。
②中that引导定语从句,对“news”加以限定:是他告诉我们的,而非来自其他渠道,起
修饰作用.
2)that功能不同:
that引导同位语从句时是一个纯连词,只是中心词和同位语从句之间的连接词,不充当任何成
分;而that引导定语从句时,是关系代词,不仅起连接作用,而且还指代先行词并在从句中充
当主语、宾语等成分。
Eg.①DadmadeapromisethathewouldbuymeaCDplayerifIpassedtheEnglishtest.
②.Dadmadeapromisethatexcitedallhischildren.
[分析]①中that引导同位语从句,其中that无词义,也不充当任何成分;
②.中that引导定语从句,that指代promise,又在从句中充当主语,且that可以用which
替换。
3)that可否省略:
that引导同位语从句时,不可省略。在引导定语从句时,若在从句中作宾语,可以省略,若作主
语则不可以省略。
Eg.①Thenewsthatourteamhaswonthefinalmatchistrue.
②Thenews(that)hetoldusistrue.
(3)Thenewsthatisfromthisnewspaperistrue.
[分析]①中that引导同位语从句,不能省略。
②.中that引导定语从句,that指代news,在从句中充当宾语,that可以用which替换,
也可以省略。
③中that也是引导定语从句,thal指代news,在从句中充当主语,thal可以用which替
换,但that不能省略。
3.有时同位语从句可以不紧跟在被解释说明的名词后面,而被别的词隔开。
定语从句有时也可以不紧跟在被修饰的先行词后面,而被别的词隔开。
Eg.①ThenewsistruethatanewteacherwillcometomorrowtoteachusEnglish.
②AnewteacherwillcometomorrowwhowillteachusEnglish.
(定语从句whowillteachyouEnglish修饰anewteacher,willcometomorrow隔开,定语从句
与先行词分离)
练习题
1).TheyexpressedthehopetheywouldcomeovertoChinasoon.
2)Thefacthedidn'tseeTomthismorningistrue.
3)WordhascomesomeAmericanguestswillcometoourcollegeforavisitnextweek.
4).Hecan'tanswerthequestionhegotthemoneyfromhishomeyesterday.
5).Doyouhaveanyideaisactuallygoingonintheclassroom?
6).Theproblemweshouldhavethemeetinginthehallnowmustbedecidedatonce.
2.Thesuggestion____themonitorgaveisgood.
Thesuggestion____wewillhaveatripontheGreatWallthisweekisgood.
A.thatB.\C.whichD.where
定语从句
定语从句:定语是个句子,也就是一个句子作定语从属于主句。定语一般是由形容词充当,所以
定语从句又称作形容词从句。另外,定语从句是由关系代词或关系副词引导的,故又称作关系从
句。关系代词和关系副词又统称为引导词。
区别:汉语中,定语只能放在名词前面,而英语中,定语既可以放在名词前(形容词修饰名词),
也可以放在名词后面(定语从句修饰名词)。
被修饰的中心词叫作先行词。
Eg.(1)Heisacleverboy.
Heisaboywh。isclever,
(aboy是中心词或者先行词,whoisclever是修饰aboy的定语从句,who是关系代词,替
代先行词aboy)
拆成两个句子:Heisaboy.(主干)
Thisboyisclever.(定语)
定语从句一般要紧跟在中心词(先行词)的后面,即:Heisaboy(thisboyisclever).去掉定语
从句中与中心词(先行词)重复的部分,即thisboy,把它替换成指人的关系代词who,即Heisa
boywhoisclever.
(2)他是一个我们喜欢的男孩。
拆成两个句子:他是一个男孩。Heisaboy.(主干)
我们喜欢这个男孩。Welikethisboy.(定语)
定语从句在中心词(先行词)的后面,即:Heisaboy(welikethisboy).去掉定语从句中与中心
词(先行词)重复的部分,即thisboy,把它替换成指人的关系代词who,即Heisaboy(welike
who).但是,定语从句中,关系代词要紧跟中心词(先行词)后面,所以who要紧跟在aboy后
面,即:Heisaboywhowelike.
一.关系代词引导的定语从句
1.关系代词代替前面的先行词,关系代词/先行词都在定语从句中充当句子成分,可以作主语、
宾语、定语等。常见的关系代词有:that,which,who,whom,whose»
that既可指人又可指物,在定语从句中作主语或宾语,作宾语时还可省略。
which代替物,在定语从句中作主语或宾语,作宾语时还可省略
who代替人,在定语从句中作主语或宾语,作宾语时还可省略。
whom代替人,在定语从句中作宾语,还可省略。
whose既可指人又可指物,是所有格,在定语从句作定语。
(一).先行词是人,1)在定语从句中充当主语时:that/who
Eg.Anarchitectisapersonthat/whodesignsbuildings.
Iwillneverforgettheteacherthat/whotaughtuschemistryinmymiddleschool.
2)在定语从句中充当宾语时:that/who/whom八(关系代词省略)
Eg.Doyouknowthemanthat/who/whom/\wemetintheschoollibraryyesterday?
Thisisthestudentthat/who/whom/\myfathertaughttenyearsago.
3)在定语从句中充当定语(所有格)时:whose/ofwhom
Eg.Thegirlwhosefatherisanengineerstudiesabroad.其父是一位工程师的那个女孩在国外留
学。
Thegirlthefatherofwhomisanengineerstudiesabroad.
Achildwhoseparentsaredeadiscalledanorphan.
Achildtheparentsofwhomaredeadiscalledanorphan.
(二).先行词是物,1)在定语从句中充当主语时:that/which
Eg.Tomworksinafactorythat/whichmakeswatches.
Idonotlikestoriesthat/whichhaveunhappyendings.
2)在定语从句中充当宾语时:that/which八(关系代词省略)
Eg.Thisisthebookthat/which/\youwanttobuy?
Theletterthat/which/\Ireceivedyesterdayisveryimportant.
3)在定语从句中充当定语(所有格)时:whose/(which')/
ofwhich
Eg.Doyouknowthehotelwhosewindowwecanseehere?
(=Doyouknowthehotelwhich'swindowwecanseehere?)
=Doyouknowthehotelthewindowofwhichwecanseehere?
(关系代词whose指代先行词hotel,也可以用ofwhich,whosewindow=thewindowofwhich,意思
是:thewindowofthehotel。)
Hecanrepairthedeskwhoselegisbroken.
(=Hecanrepairthedeskwhich'slegisbroken.)
=Hecanrepairthedeskthelegofwhichisbroken.
(三).先行词既有人,又有物,
1)在定语从句中充当主语时:that
Eg.Thetime,placeandpersonsthatarementionedinthestoryareveryimportant.
Hewaswatchingthechildrenandparcelsthatfilledthecar.
他正望着塞满车的孩子和包裹。
2)在定语从句中充当宾语时:that八(关系代词省略)
Eg.Thetime,placeandpersonsthat/\thewritermentionedinthestoryareveryimportant.
(注意)
1.当介词与关系代词紧密相连时,即介词后面的关系代词用whom(指人时)或者which(指物时),
而不用who(指人时)和that(指人或物时)。例如:
(1)ThemantowhomourheadmastertalkedjustnowisourEnglishteacher.
我们校长刚才与他谈话的那个人是我们的英语老师。
注意:介词与关系代词不是紧密相连时,或者说介词放在句子后面时,这时可以用who,也可用
that,还可以省略关系代词。因此,上面的这句话还可以有如下四种说法:
①ThemanwhomourheadmastertalkedtojustnowisourEnglishteacher.
②ThemanwhoourheadmastertalkedtojustnowisourEnglishteacher.
(3)ThemanthatourheadmastertalkedtojustnowisourEnglishteacher.
④ThemanourheadmastertalkedtojustnowisourEnglishteacher.
第4句简洁、自然,所以口语中用得最多。
(2)Thisisthebookforwhichyouasked.
注意:介词与关系代词不是紧密相连时,或者说介词放在句子后面时,这时可以用which,也
可用Ihat,还可以省略关系代词。因此,上面的这句话还可以有如下三种说法:
①Thisisthebookwhichyouaskedfor.
②Thisisthebookthatyouaskedfor.
③Thisisthebookyouaskedfor.
2.关系代词which可以指代前面的整个句子。
关系代词as也可以指代前面的整个句子。
Eg.HecomesfromAmerica,whichIknowfromhisaccent.
(which在定语从句中作know的宾语,其先行词是前面的整个句子hecomesfromAmerica.)
=HecomesfromAmerica,asIknowfromhisaccent.
练习题
1.Isthisthefactory_youvisitedtheotherday?
A.thatB.WhichC.\D.A^BandC
2.Finally,thethiefhandedeverything_hehadstolentothepolice.
A.whichB.whatC.whoD.that
3.Hisparentswouldn'tlethimmarryanyone_familywaspoor.
A.ofwhomB.whomC.ofwhoseD.whose
4Allisneededisasupplyofoil.
A.thethingB.thatC.whatD.which
5.Theplace_youaregoingtovisitisaplaceofinterest.(名胜古迹)
A.inwhichB.atwhichC.whereD.which
6.TheSummerPalace(颐和园)isoneofthemostbeautifulparks__builtintheQingDynasty.(清
朝)
A.wherewereB.wherewasC.thatwereD.whichwas
7.Sheshowedmetheditionary_shepaidalotofmoney.
A.whichB.\C.forwhichD.that
二、关系副词引导的定语从句
常用的关系副词只有三个:when,where,why,关系副词在定语从句中作状语,在定语从句中充当
时间、地点和原因状语。
(-)关系副词when的用法
关系副词when代替的先行词表示的是时间,when在定语从句作时间状语。
Eg.Iwillneverforgetthosedayswelivedtogether.
=Iwillneverforgetthosedayswhichwelivedtogetherin.
=Iwillneverforgetthosedaysinwhichwelivedtogether.
=Iwillneverforgetthosedayswhenwelivedtogether.
(时间thetime)in/on/duringwhich...=(时间thetime)when...
(区分)Iwillneverforgetthosedayswespenttogether.
(二)关系副词where的用法
关系副词where代替的先行词表示的是地点,where在定语从句作地点状语。
Eg.ThisistheplaceLiBaioncelived.
=ThisistheplacewhichLiBaioncelivedin.
=ThisistheplaceinwhichLiBaioncelived.
=ThisistheplacewhereLiBaioncelived.
=ThisiswhereLiBaioncelived.
(地点theplace)in/atwhich...=(地点theplace)where...
(区分)ThisistheplaceLiBaioncevisited.
(三)关系副词why的用法
关系副词why代替的先行词表示的是原因,why在定语从句作原因状语。
Eg.Thisisthereasonhedidnotcomeyesterday.
=Thisisthereasonwhichhedidnotcomeyesterdayfor.
(Hedidnotcomeyesterdayforthisreason.)
=Thisisthereasonforwhichhedidnotcomeyesterday.
=Thisisthereasonwhyhedidnotcomeyesterday.
(原因thereason)forwhich…二(原因thereason)why...
(区分)Thisisthereason____heexplained.
(注意)
1.以下由关系副词when/where/why引导的定语从句,如果把先行词去掉,则变成了表语从句。
关系副词引导的定语从句:
Thosedaysarethetimewhenwelivedtogether.
ThisisIheplacewherewelivedtogether10yearsago.
Thisisthereasonwhyshedidnotcomeyesterday.
表语从句:
Thosedaysarewhenwelivedtogether.
Thisiswherewelivedtogether10yearsago.
Thisiswhyshedidnotcomeyesterday.
2.区分定语从句与其它从句的区别。
1)那些日子是我们曾经住在一起的时光。
①Thosedaysarethetimewhenwelivedtogether.(定语从句)
=ThosedaysareIhetimewhichwelivedtogetherin.(定语从句)
=Thosedaysarethetimeinwhichwelivedtogether.(定i吾从句)
②Thosedaysarewhenwelivedtogether.(表语从句)
表语是特殊疑问句:Whendidwelivetogether?
2)这是我们十年前住在一起的地方。
①Thisistheplacewherewelivedtogether10yearsago.(定语从句)
=ThisistheDlacewhichwelivedtogether10yearsagoin.(定语从句)
=Thisistheplaceinwhichwelivedtogether10yearsago.(定语从句)
②Thisiswherewelivedtogether10yearsago.(表语从句)
表语是特殊疑问句:Wheredidwelivetogether10yearsago?
3)这是她昨天为何没来的原因。
①Thisisthereasonwhyshedidnotcomeyesterday.(定语从句)
=ThisisIhereasonwhichshedidnotcomeyesterdayfor.(定语从句)
=Thisisthereasonforwhichshedidno>comeyesterday.(定语从句)
②Thisiswhyshedidno[comeyesterday.(表语从句)
表语是特殊疑问句:Whydidn'tshecomeyesterday?
4)为何不把这些政策运用到食品被出售的地方呢?
①Whynotapplythesepoliciestotheplaceswherefoodissold?(定语从句)
=Whynotapplythesepoliciestotheplaceswhichfoodissoldin?(定语从句)
=Whynotapplythesepoliciestotheplacesinwhichfoodissold?(定语从句)
②Whynotapplythesepoliciestowherefoodissold?(宾语从句)
宾语从句是特殊疑问句:Whereisfoodsold?
3.定语从句的位置
就像前面所讲,定语从句一般紧跟在所修饰的中心词/先行词之后,但有时候,定语从句也
可以与中心词/先行词分离,即:定语从句与先行词之间插入了其他的成分,这样它们被分隔了,
这种情况下的定语从句被称作隔离定语从句.
eg.①Therewasagirlupstairswhowasshoutingandcrying.楼上有一个女孩,大喊大叫。(定语
从句whowasshoutingandcrying修饰thegirl,被upstairs所隔开)
②AnewmasterwillcometomorrowwhowillteachyouGerman.
明天要来一位新老师教你们德语了。(定语从句whowillteachyouGerman修饰anewmaster,被
willcometomorrow隔开,定语从句与先行词分离)
4.限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别:
(1)限制性定语从句:先行词与关系代词/关系副词中间无逗号隔开,定语从句与先行词关系
密切,限制性关系强。
非限制性定语从句:先行词与关系代词/关系副词中间有逗号隔开,定语从句与先行词只
有一种松散的修饰关系,限制性关系不强。
(注意两种从句不同的汉语翻译)
Eg.①Hehasasonwhoisadoctor.他有个当医生的儿子。
Hehasason,whoisadoctor.他有个儿子,是个医生。
②Helefthishometownwherehehadlivedfor30years.
他离开了他已经生活了30年的家乡。
Helefthishometown,wherehehadlivedfor30years.
他离开了他的家乡,他已经在他的家乡生活了30年。
③Shebroughtupthelittleboywhoseparentshadbeendead.
她把这个父母已经去世的小男孩抚养带大。
Shebroughtupthelittleboy,whoseparentshadbeendead.
她把这个小男孩抚养带大,小男孩的父母已经去世了。
(2)在非限制性定语从句中,关系代词不能用that
①1metAlice,whotoldmethatshewaslearningChinese.
我遇见艾丽斯,她告诉我她在学汉语。
②Thatgirlisverybeautiful,whomImetinthelibraryyesterday.
(3)Beijing,whichisthecapitalofChina,willhostthe2008OlympicGames.4匕京,中国的首
者R,将主办2008年奥运会。
④Hebroughtupthelittleboy,whoseparentshadbeendead.
⑤HecomesfromAmerica,whichIknowfromhisaccent.
(which在定语从句中作know的宾语,其先行词是前面的整个句子hecomesfromAmerica.)
练习题
1.Thisistheplacewelived10yearsago.
Thisistheplacewediscovered10yearsago.
Thisistheplacewelivedin10yearsago.
A.thatB./C.whereD.whichE.inwhich
2.Filneverforgetthedays___westudiedtogether.
rilneverforgetthedays___wespenttogether.
rilneverforgetthedays___westudiedtogetherin.
A.thatB./C.whenD.whichE.inwhich
3.Hegavethereasonhewaslateformeeting.
Thiswasthereasonhegavetothedirector.
Hegavethereasonhewaslateformeetingfor.
A.thatB./C.whyD.whichE.forwhich
4.Sheheardaterriblenoise,_broughtherheartintohermouth.
主语、宾语、表语成分
1.主语、宾语、表语可以是名词
eg.GoodEnglishisimportant.
Thestudentisdiligent.
TheteacherteachesEnglish.
ThetallmanismyEnglishteacher.
2.主语、宾语、表语可以是动名词
eg.StudyingEnglishwellisimportant.=ItisimportantstudyingEnglishwell.
Playingbasketballismyfavorite.=Itismyfavoriteplayingbaskelball.
Ilikeplayingbasketball.
Myfavoriteisplayingbasketball.
3.主语、宾语、表语可以是动词不定式
eg.TostudyEnglishwellisimportant.=ItisimportanttostudyEnglishwell.
Toplaybasketballismyfavorite.=Itismyfavoriteloplaybasketball.
Iliketoplaybasketball.
Myfavoriteistoplaybasketball.
4.主语、宾语、表语可以是句子(分别构成主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句)
eg.ThatwestudyEnglishwellisimportant.=ItisimportantthatwestudyEnglishwell.
Thalhecanwinthegameiscertain.=Itiscertainthathecanwinthegame.
Hehopes(that)hecaewinthegame.
Hishopeis(that)hecanwinthegame.
注意:当主语是不定式或句子时,不定式或句子可以用“it”形式主语替代,真正的
主语(不定式或句子)放在主句的最末尾
英语四大规则
1.两个并列简单句,如果①前后主语一致,②其中一个句子表达主动关系,那么,把该句子中相
同的主语去掉,把谓语动词变成ing形式。
Hecarriesaballinhishands.Hewalksintotheclassroom.
-CaiTyingaballinhishands,hewalksintotheclassroom.
2.两个并列简单句,如果①前后主语一致,②其中一个句子表达被动关系,那么,把该句子中相
同的主语去掉,把系动词去掉。
Hewasblamedbytheteacher.Hecriedsadly.
…Blamedbytheteacher,hecriedsadly.
3.定语从句中,如果①先行词在定语从句中作主语,②定语从句表达主动关系,那么,把关系代
词去掉,把定语从句中的谓语动词变成ing形式。
Thecarwhichrunsfastismine.
…Thecarrunningfastismine.
4.定语从句中,如果①先行词在定语从句中作主语,②定语从句表达被动关系(bedone)或者
be+adj或者be+doing形式,那么,把关系代词去掉,把定语从句中的系动词去掉。
(1)Thecarwhichwasboughtbymerunsfast.
■--Thecarboughtbymerunsfast.
(2)Thebookswhichareavailableforstudentshavebeenhandedtothem.
・一Thebooksavailableforstudentshavebeenhandedtothem.
(3)Thepatientwhoisundergoingsurgerycameacrossanaccident1hourbefore.
-Thepatientundergoingsurgerycameacrossanaccident1hourbefore.
强调句
一、强调非谓语动词:
ImetTomonthestreetyesterday.
强调非谓语动词:itis/was...+被强调部分+由at(指人时也可用who)+句子剩余部分
1)强调主语I
ItwasIthat/whometTomonthestreetyesterday.
2)强调宾语Tom
ItwasTomthat/whoImetonthestreetyesterday.
3)强调地点状语onthestreet
ItwasonthestreetthatImetTomyesterday.
4)强调时间状语yesterday
ItwasyesterdaythatImetTomonthestreet.
强调谓语动词met:助动词+动词原形
(注意)强调句在强调非谓语动词时,去掉itis/wasthat(指人时也可用who),句子保持完整,不
缺任何成分,句意不变
二强调谓语动词
ImetTomonthestree
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