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英语主干

1.词汇

2.时态(主动语态+被动语态)

作一般进行完成完成进行

时|品\

现在一般现在时现在进行时现在完成时现在完成进行时

sb.do/doesbedoinghave/hasdonehave/hasbeen

sth.bedonebebeingdonehave/hasbeendoing

done

过去一般过去时过去进行时过去完成时

sb.didwas/weredoinghaddone

sth.was/werewas/werebeinghadbeendone

donedone

将来一般将来时将来进行时将来完成时

sb.willdowillbedoingwillhavedone

sth.willbewillbebeingwillhavebeen

donedonedone

过去一般过去将来过去将来进行时过去将来完成时

将来sb.vvoulddowouldbedoingwouldhavedone

sth.wouldbewouldbebeingwouldhavebeen

donedonedone

3.从句

1)主语从句2)宾语从句

3)表语从句4)定语从句

5)状语从句6)同位语从句

4.其他句型:包括强调句、倒装句、not...unitl句型、虚拟语气、英语四大规则等。

主语从句

I.主语从句:主语是个句子,或者说从句在句中充当主语.

1.当主语是陈述句时,连接词是that即:that(不省略)+该陈述句

Eg.1.)Thalwewillbelateiscertain.(Wewillbelate.)

2.)Thathedidnolcomeyesterdayisapity.(Hedidnotcomeyesterday.)

(注意)主语从句的that一定不能省略,而宾语从句中的that可以省略。

Eg.1.)Thatwewillbelateiscertain.(主语从句,that不能省略)

2.)Ihope(Ihal)wcwillwinthegame.(宾语从句,that可以省略)

2.当主语是一般疑问句时,连接词是whether®!*not)

即:whether(ornot)+该一般疑问句的陈述语序

(注意)为「不能引导主语从句,这要与宾语从句进行区分。

Eg.1.)Whetherhewillgo(hereisnotknown.(Willhegothere?)

2.)WhetherIheycanfinish\heiob(ornot)isnotclear.

(Cantheyfinishthejob?)

3.当主语是特殊疑问句时,连接词是特殊疑问词“8W+H”

即:特殊疑问词“8W+H”+该特殊疑问句的陈述语序

(注:8W指的是what/where/which/who/whom/why/whose/when,H指的是how)

Eg.1.)Whathedidyesterdayisnotknown.(Whatdidhedoyesterday?)

2.)Wherehewentyesterdayisnotclear.(Wheredidhegoyesterday?)

3.)Whichteamhelikedhasnotbeendecided.(Whichteamdidhelike?)

4.)Whowonthvgameseemscertain.(Whowonthegame?)

5.)Whomhemetyesterdayisnotclear.(Whomdidhemeetyesterday?)

6.)Whyhewaslateforthemeetingistobefoundout.

(Whywashelateforthemeeting?)

7.)Whosebookthisisisnotclear.(Whosebookisthis?)

8.)Whenhewillarriveisnotknown.(WhenwillheaiTive?)

9.)Howwewillhelpthelostboywillbediscussedatthemeeting.

(Howwillwehelpthelostboy?)

II•(注意一)主语从句后置!

为了避免主语冗长,句子头重脚轻,经常用it作形式主语,主语从句放在后面作真正的主语.

Eg.1.)Thatwewillbelateiscertain.

—It'scertainthatwewillbelate.

2.)Whetherhewillgothereisnotknown.

-Itisnotknownwhetherhewillgothere.

3.)Wherehewentyesterdayisnotclear.

—Itisnotclearwherehewentyesterday.

・It作形式主语常用句型:(that引导的主语从句是真正的主语)

Itispossible/important/necessary/clearthat...

Ifssaid/reportedthat..据说/据报道…

Ifsbeenannounced/declaredthat...已经通知/宣布…

Itseems/appears/happensthat...显然、明显、碰巧..

Ifsnowonderthat...并不奇怪/无疑…

(注意二)主语从句中,谓语动词一般用单数。What引导的主语从句,谓语动词根据表语决定

Whatheneeds_is_thatbook.

Whatheneeds_are_somebooks.

(注意三)What与that引导主语从句的区别

Eg.(1)Whatyousaidyesterdayisright.(Whatdidyousayyesterday?)

(2)Thatsheisstillaliveisapuzzle.(Sheisstillalive.)

练习题

1.hemadeanimportantspeechatthemeetingwastrue.

A.ThatB.WhyC.WhatD.How

2.we'llgocampingtomorrowdependsontheweather.

AIfBWhetherCThatDWhere

3.isknowntousallisthatAmericaisadevelopedcountry.

A.WhichB.AsC.WhatD.It

4.It'sknowntousall_afbnnofenergy.

A.waterisB.thatwateris

C.iswaterD.thatwaterto

宾语从句

I.宾语从句:宾语是个句子,或者说从句在句中充当宾语.

1.当宾语是陈述句时,连接词是that即:that(可省略)+该陈述句

Eg.1.)Ihope(that)hewillcometomorrow.(Hewillcometomorrow.)

2.)Heguesses(that)thisteamwillwin.(Thisteamwillwin.)

(注意)主语从句的that一定不能省略,而宾语从句中的that可以省略。

Eg.1.)Thatwewillbelateiscertain.(主语从句,that不能省略)

2.)Ibelieve(that)wewillwinthegame.(宾语从句,that可以省略)

2.当宾语是一般疑问句时,连接词是whether(ornot)/if

即:whether(ornot)/if+该一般疑问句的陈述语序

Eg.1.)Iaskwhethei7ifTomknowsJack.(DoesTomknowJack?)

2.)Idon'tknowwhether/ifhecamebackyesterday.(Didhecomebackyesterday?)

3.当宾语是特殊疑问句时,连接词是特殊疑问词“8W+H”

即:特殊疑问词“8W+H”+该特殊疑问句的陈述语序

(注:8W—what/where/which/who/vvhom/why/whose/when,H-how)

Eg.1.)Idon'tknowwhalhedidyesterday.(Whatdidhedoyesterday?)

2.)Hewantstoknowwherehewentyesterday.(Wheredidhegoyesterday?)

3.)Hedidn'ttellmewhichteamheliked.(Whichteamdidhelike?)

4.)Wewanttoknowwhowonthegameatlast.(Whowonthegame?)

5.)Hismomaskedwhomhemetyestoiday.(Whomdidhemeetyesterday?)

6.)Hedidn'tfindoutwhyhewaslateforthemeeting.

(Whywashelateforthemeeting?)

7.)Iamnotsurewhosebookthisis.(Whosebookisthis?)

8.)Theyaskmewhenhewillarrive.(Whenwillhearrive?)

9)Wehavediscussedhowwewillhelp\helostboy.

(Howwillwehelpthelostboy?)

IL(注意一)

当主句的谓语动词是command/demand/insist/order/require/suggest等表示要求或建议的动

词时,从句谓语动词用(should)+动词原词,should可以省略。

eg(1)Sherequired(that)he(should)gobackhomerightnow.

Sherequired(that)hegobackhomerightnow.

(2)Isuggested(that)he(should)askhisteacherforhelp.

Isuggested(that)heaskhisteacherforhelp.

(注意二)

当主句中believe/expect/suppose/think等作谓语动词时,否定要前移。

Eg.Idon'tthinkthathewillcometomorrow.(Hewon'tcometomorrow.)

Hedoesn9tbelievethatitistrue.(Itisnottrue.)

(注意三)宾语从句的语序

宾语从句从句的语序必须是陈述语序,即连接词+主语+谓语+其他成分

eg.Ibelievethattheywillcomesoon.

HeaskedmewhetherIwasateacher.

Theywantedtoknowwhattheycandoforus.

(注意四)宾语从句的时态

宾语从句的时态受主句的限制,即:主句是一般现在时态,从句根据实际情况而定。主句

是一般过去时态,从句用相应的过去的时态。如果从句的动作发生在主句之前,则从句要用过去

完成时态。

eg.l)Shesaysthatsheisastudent.

Shesaidthatshewasastudent.

2)ShesaysthatshewillflytoJapaninaweek.

ShesaidthatshewouldflytoJapaninaweek.

(注意五)

由whether或特殊疑问词8W+H引导的宾语从句(也就是第二、第三种情况时),如果宾

语从句的主语和主句的主语是同一对象,可以用“疑问词+不定式”做宾语的简单句结构。

eg.Idon'tknowwhatIshoulddonext.

Idon'tknowwhattodonext.

Hedidn'tknowwherehewouldlive.

Hedidn'tknowwheretolive.

Hewasn'tclearwhichwayheshouldgotoreachthebank.

=Hewasn'tclearwhichwaytogotoreachthebank.

(注意七)

含有宾语补足语时,若宾语是个句子,宾语通常用形式宾语it代替,真正的宾语放在宾

语补足语之后。

Eg.1)Wethinkitwonderfulthatwewillgoonatripthisweekend.(宾语是陈述句)2)I

thinkituncertainwhetherwewillwinthegame.(宾语是一般疑问句)

3)WehopeitdiscussedhowwexviHsolvetheDroblem.(宾语是特殊疑问句)

练习题

lo一DoyouknowtheCapitalMuseum?

-NextFriday.

A.whenwilltheyvisitB.whentheywillvisit

C.whendidtheyvisitD.whentheyvisited

2.-Canyoutellme?

-Sheisinthecomputerlab.

A.whereLindawasB.whereisLinda

C.wherewasLindaD.whereLindais3。

3o—GuessIdidyesterday!

—Ithinkyouwenttoaparty.

A.whereB.whenC.whatD.which

4.—Couldyouletmeknowyesterday?

—Becausethetrafficwasheavy.

A.whydidyoucomelateB.whyyoucamelate

C.whydoyoucomelateD.whyyoucomelate

5。—DoyouknowtheMP3playerlastweek?

一Sorry,Ihavenoidea.A.howmuchdidshepayfor

B.howmuchwillshepayforC.howmuchshepaidfor

同位语从句

同位语从句通常跟在某些名词之后,用以说明或解释该名词表示的具体内容。可以跟同位语从

句的名词通常有:advice,fact,truth,decision,fact,hope,idea,information,message,news,

promise,proposal,reply,report,siiBRestion,word(消,息),agreement(——致),problem,question,

doubt,thought等。

ThenewsthatMr.LiwillbeournewEnglishteacheristrue.

有时同位语从句可以不紧跟在被说明的名词后面,而被别的词隔开。如:

ThenewsistruethatMr.LiwillbeournewEnglishteacher.

1.(一).当同位语从句是陈述句时,连接词是that即:that(不省略)+该陈述句

Eg.l)ThenewsthatMr.LiwillbeournewEnglishteacheristrue.

2.)Headmittedthefactthathehadstolenthewallet.

(注意)*第,弘导同位谙丛包威只是空心闻和同位谙丛旬之间的桥梁而已"无任何意义,,也丕充

当任何成分,但that不可以省略

(二).当同位语从句是一般疑问句时,连接词是whether(ornot)

即:whether(ornot)+该一般疑问句的陈述语序

(注意)此处不能用if.

1.)Hehasn'tmadethedecisionwhetherhewillgothere.

(decision的内容是Willhegothere?)

2.)Theyhavenotcometoanagreementwhetherheshouldtakepartinthisgame.(agreement的

内容是Shouldhetakepartinthisgame?)

(三),当同位语从句是特殊疑问句时,连接词是特殊疑问词“8W+H”

即:特殊疑问词“8W+H”+该特殊疑问句的陈述语序

(注:8W指的是what/where/which/who/whomAvhy/whose/when,H指的是how)

1.)Ihavenoideawhattheboyisdoinginthenextroomnow.

2.)Wehaven9tyetsettledthequestionwherewearegoingtospendoursummervacationthisyear.

3.)Wehavenotcometoaconclusionwhichteamisthebest.

4.)Thequestionwhoshoulddotheworkisbeingdiscussedatthemeeting.

5.)Thedoubtwhomhetalkedwithyesterdayisimportanttothecase(案件).

6.)Thedoubtwhyhedidnotcomeyesterdayisimportanttothecase(案件).

7.)Theproblemwhosemoneythisishasnotbeensolved.

8.)Ihavenosuggestionwhenhewillbeback.

9.)ThethoughtcametomehowIcansolvethisproblem.

2.that引导的同位语从句和定语从句的区别

1)意义不同:

that引导的同位语从句是用来进一步说明前面名词的内容,是解释中心词;而that引导的定语

从句用来修饰、限定前面的先行词,是修饰中心词(先行词)。

Eg.@Thenewsthatourteamhaswonthefinalmatchistrue.

②Thenewsthathetoldusistrue.

[分析]①中that引导同位语从句,解释说明“news”的内容:我们队取得了决赛胜利。

②中that引导定语从句,对“news”加以限定:是他告诉我们的,而非来自其他渠道,起

修饰作用.

2)that功能不同:

that引导同位语从句时是一个纯连词,只是中心词和同位语从句之间的连接词,不充当任何成

分;而that引导定语从句时,是关系代词,不仅起连接作用,而且还指代先行词并在从句中充

当主语、宾语等成分。

Eg.①DadmadeapromisethathewouldbuymeaCDplayerifIpassedtheEnglishtest.

②.Dadmadeapromisethatexcitedallhischildren.

[分析]①中that引导同位语从句,其中that无词义,也不充当任何成分;

②.中that引导定语从句,that指代promise,又在从句中充当主语,且that可以用which

替换。

3)that可否省略:

that引导同位语从句时,不可省略。在引导定语从句时,若在从句中作宾语,可以省略,若作主

语则不可以省略。

Eg.①Thenewsthatourteamhaswonthefinalmatchistrue.

②Thenews(that)hetoldusistrue.

(3)Thenewsthatisfromthisnewspaperistrue.

[分析]①中that引导同位语从句,不能省略。

②.中that引导定语从句,that指代news,在从句中充当宾语,that可以用which替换,

也可以省略。

③中that也是引导定语从句,thal指代news,在从句中充当主语,thal可以用which替

换,但that不能省略。

3.有时同位语从句可以不紧跟在被解释说明的名词后面,而被别的词隔开。

定语从句有时也可以不紧跟在被修饰的先行词后面,而被别的词隔开。

Eg.①ThenewsistruethatanewteacherwillcometomorrowtoteachusEnglish.

②AnewteacherwillcometomorrowwhowillteachusEnglish.

(定语从句whowillteachyouEnglish修饰anewteacher,willcometomorrow隔开,定语从句

与先行词分离)

练习题

1).TheyexpressedthehopetheywouldcomeovertoChinasoon.

2)Thefacthedidn'tseeTomthismorningistrue.

3)WordhascomesomeAmericanguestswillcometoourcollegeforavisitnextweek.

4).Hecan'tanswerthequestionhegotthemoneyfromhishomeyesterday.

5).Doyouhaveanyideaisactuallygoingonintheclassroom?

6).Theproblemweshouldhavethemeetinginthehallnowmustbedecidedatonce.

2.Thesuggestion____themonitorgaveisgood.

Thesuggestion____wewillhaveatripontheGreatWallthisweekisgood.

A.thatB.\C.whichD.where

定语从句

定语从句:定语是个句子,也就是一个句子作定语从属于主句。定语一般是由形容词充当,所以

定语从句又称作形容词从句。另外,定语从句是由关系代词或关系副词引导的,故又称作关系从

句。关系代词和关系副词又统称为引导词。

区别:汉语中,定语只能放在名词前面,而英语中,定语既可以放在名词前(形容词修饰名词),

也可以放在名词后面(定语从句修饰名词)。

被修饰的中心词叫作先行词。

Eg.(1)Heisacleverboy.

Heisaboywh。isclever,

(aboy是中心词或者先行词,whoisclever是修饰aboy的定语从句,who是关系代词,替

代先行词aboy)

拆成两个句子:Heisaboy.(主干)

Thisboyisclever.(定语)

定语从句一般要紧跟在中心词(先行词)的后面,即:Heisaboy(thisboyisclever).去掉定语

从句中与中心词(先行词)重复的部分,即thisboy,把它替换成指人的关系代词who,即Heisa

boywhoisclever.

(2)他是一个我们喜欢的男孩。

拆成两个句子:他是一个男孩。Heisaboy.(主干)

我们喜欢这个男孩。Welikethisboy.(定语)

定语从句在中心词(先行词)的后面,即:Heisaboy(welikethisboy).去掉定语从句中与中心

词(先行词)重复的部分,即thisboy,把它替换成指人的关系代词who,即Heisaboy(welike

who).但是,定语从句中,关系代词要紧跟中心词(先行词)后面,所以who要紧跟在aboy后

面,即:Heisaboywhowelike.

一.关系代词引导的定语从句

1.关系代词代替前面的先行词,关系代词/先行词都在定语从句中充当句子成分,可以作主语、

宾语、定语等。常见的关系代词有:that,which,who,whom,whose»

that既可指人又可指物,在定语从句中作主语或宾语,作宾语时还可省略。

which代替物,在定语从句中作主语或宾语,作宾语时还可省略

who代替人,在定语从句中作主语或宾语,作宾语时还可省略。

whom代替人,在定语从句中作宾语,还可省略。

whose既可指人又可指物,是所有格,在定语从句作定语。

(一).先行词是人,1)在定语从句中充当主语时:that/who

Eg.Anarchitectisapersonthat/whodesignsbuildings.

Iwillneverforgettheteacherthat/whotaughtuschemistryinmymiddleschool.

2)在定语从句中充当宾语时:that/who/whom八(关系代词省略)

Eg.Doyouknowthemanthat/who/whom/\wemetintheschoollibraryyesterday?

Thisisthestudentthat/who/whom/\myfathertaughttenyearsago.

3)在定语从句中充当定语(所有格)时:whose/ofwhom

Eg.Thegirlwhosefatherisanengineerstudiesabroad.其父是一位工程师的那个女孩在国外留

学。

Thegirlthefatherofwhomisanengineerstudiesabroad.

Achildwhoseparentsaredeadiscalledanorphan.

Achildtheparentsofwhomaredeadiscalledanorphan.

(二).先行词是物,1)在定语从句中充当主语时:that/which

Eg.Tomworksinafactorythat/whichmakeswatches.

Idonotlikestoriesthat/whichhaveunhappyendings.

2)在定语从句中充当宾语时:that/which八(关系代词省略)

Eg.Thisisthebookthat/which/\youwanttobuy?

Theletterthat/which/\Ireceivedyesterdayisveryimportant.

3)在定语从句中充当定语(所有格)时:whose/(which')/

ofwhich

Eg.Doyouknowthehotelwhosewindowwecanseehere?

(=Doyouknowthehotelwhich'swindowwecanseehere?)

=Doyouknowthehotelthewindowofwhichwecanseehere?

(关系代词whose指代先行词hotel,也可以用ofwhich,whosewindow=thewindowofwhich,意思

是:thewindowofthehotel。)

Hecanrepairthedeskwhoselegisbroken.

(=Hecanrepairthedeskwhich'slegisbroken.)

=Hecanrepairthedeskthelegofwhichisbroken.

(三).先行词既有人,又有物,

1)在定语从句中充当主语时:that

Eg.Thetime,placeandpersonsthatarementionedinthestoryareveryimportant.

Hewaswatchingthechildrenandparcelsthatfilledthecar.

他正望着塞满车的孩子和包裹。

2)在定语从句中充当宾语时:that八(关系代词省略)

Eg.Thetime,placeandpersonsthat/\thewritermentionedinthestoryareveryimportant.

(注意)

1.当介词与关系代词紧密相连时,即介词后面的关系代词用whom(指人时)或者which(指物时),

而不用who(指人时)和that(指人或物时)。例如:

(1)ThemantowhomourheadmastertalkedjustnowisourEnglishteacher.

我们校长刚才与他谈话的那个人是我们的英语老师。

注意:介词与关系代词不是紧密相连时,或者说介词放在句子后面时,这时可以用who,也可用

that,还可以省略关系代词。因此,上面的这句话还可以有如下四种说法:

①ThemanwhomourheadmastertalkedtojustnowisourEnglishteacher.

②ThemanwhoourheadmastertalkedtojustnowisourEnglishteacher.

(3)ThemanthatourheadmastertalkedtojustnowisourEnglishteacher.

④ThemanourheadmastertalkedtojustnowisourEnglishteacher.

第4句简洁、自然,所以口语中用得最多。

(2)Thisisthebookforwhichyouasked.

注意:介词与关系代词不是紧密相连时,或者说介词放在句子后面时,这时可以用which,也

可用Ihat,还可以省略关系代词。因此,上面的这句话还可以有如下三种说法:

①Thisisthebookwhichyouaskedfor.

②Thisisthebookthatyouaskedfor.

③Thisisthebookyouaskedfor.

2.关系代词which可以指代前面的整个句子。

关系代词as也可以指代前面的整个句子。

Eg.HecomesfromAmerica,whichIknowfromhisaccent.

(which在定语从句中作know的宾语,其先行词是前面的整个句子hecomesfromAmerica.)

=HecomesfromAmerica,asIknowfromhisaccent.

练习题

1.Isthisthefactory_youvisitedtheotherday?

A.thatB.WhichC.\D.A^BandC

2.Finally,thethiefhandedeverything_hehadstolentothepolice.

A.whichB.whatC.whoD.that

3.Hisparentswouldn'tlethimmarryanyone_familywaspoor.

A.ofwhomB.whomC.ofwhoseD.whose

4Allisneededisasupplyofoil.

A.thethingB.thatC.whatD.which

5.Theplace_youaregoingtovisitisaplaceofinterest.(名胜古迹)

A.inwhichB.atwhichC.whereD.which

6.TheSummerPalace(颐和园)isoneofthemostbeautifulparks__builtintheQingDynasty.(清

朝)

A.wherewereB.wherewasC.thatwereD.whichwas

7.Sheshowedmetheditionary_shepaidalotofmoney.

A.whichB.\C.forwhichD.that

二、关系副词引导的定语从句

常用的关系副词只有三个:when,where,why,关系副词在定语从句中作状语,在定语从句中充当

时间、地点和原因状语。

(-)关系副词when的用法

关系副词when代替的先行词表示的是时间,when在定语从句作时间状语。

Eg.Iwillneverforgetthosedayswelivedtogether.

=Iwillneverforgetthosedayswhichwelivedtogetherin.

=Iwillneverforgetthosedaysinwhichwelivedtogether.

=Iwillneverforgetthosedayswhenwelivedtogether.

(时间thetime)in/on/duringwhich...=(时间thetime)when...

(区分)Iwillneverforgetthosedayswespenttogether.

(二)关系副词where的用法

关系副词where代替的先行词表示的是地点,where在定语从句作地点状语。

Eg.ThisistheplaceLiBaioncelived.

=ThisistheplacewhichLiBaioncelivedin.

=ThisistheplaceinwhichLiBaioncelived.

=ThisistheplacewhereLiBaioncelived.

=ThisiswhereLiBaioncelived.

(地点theplace)in/atwhich...=(地点theplace)where...

(区分)ThisistheplaceLiBaioncevisited.

(三)关系副词why的用法

关系副词why代替的先行词表示的是原因,why在定语从句作原因状语。

Eg.Thisisthereasonhedidnotcomeyesterday.

=Thisisthereasonwhichhedidnotcomeyesterdayfor.

(Hedidnotcomeyesterdayforthisreason.)

=Thisisthereasonforwhichhedidnotcomeyesterday.

=Thisisthereasonwhyhedidnotcomeyesterday.

(原因thereason)forwhich…二(原因thereason)why...

(区分)Thisisthereason____heexplained.

(注意)

1.以下由关系副词when/where/why引导的定语从句,如果把先行词去掉,则变成了表语从句。

关系副词引导的定语从句:

Thosedaysarethetimewhenwelivedtogether.

ThisisIheplacewherewelivedtogether10yearsago.

Thisisthereasonwhyshedidnotcomeyesterday.

表语从句:

Thosedaysarewhenwelivedtogether.

Thisiswherewelivedtogether10yearsago.

Thisiswhyshedidnotcomeyesterday.

2.区分定语从句与其它从句的区别。

1)那些日子是我们曾经住在一起的时光。

①Thosedaysarethetimewhenwelivedtogether.(定语从句)

=ThosedaysareIhetimewhichwelivedtogetherin.(定语从句)

=Thosedaysarethetimeinwhichwelivedtogether.(定i吾从句)

②Thosedaysarewhenwelivedtogether.(表语从句)

表语是特殊疑问句:Whendidwelivetogether?

2)这是我们十年前住在一起的地方。

①Thisistheplacewherewelivedtogether10yearsago.(定语从句)

=ThisistheDlacewhichwelivedtogether10yearsagoin.(定语从句)

=Thisistheplaceinwhichwelivedtogether10yearsago.(定语从句)

②Thisiswherewelivedtogether10yearsago.(表语从句)

表语是特殊疑问句:Wheredidwelivetogether10yearsago?

3)这是她昨天为何没来的原因。

①Thisisthereasonwhyshedidnotcomeyesterday.(定语从句)

=ThisisIhereasonwhichshedidnotcomeyesterdayfor.(定语从句)

=Thisisthereasonforwhichshedidno>comeyesterday.(定语从句)

②Thisiswhyshedidno[comeyesterday.(表语从句)

表语是特殊疑问句:Whydidn'tshecomeyesterday?

4)为何不把这些政策运用到食品被出售的地方呢?

①Whynotapplythesepoliciestotheplaceswherefoodissold?(定语从句)

=Whynotapplythesepoliciestotheplaceswhichfoodissoldin?(定语从句)

=Whynotapplythesepoliciestotheplacesinwhichfoodissold?(定语从句)

②Whynotapplythesepoliciestowherefoodissold?(宾语从句)

宾语从句是特殊疑问句:Whereisfoodsold?

3.定语从句的位置

就像前面所讲,定语从句一般紧跟在所修饰的中心词/先行词之后,但有时候,定语从句也

可以与中心词/先行词分离,即:定语从句与先行词之间插入了其他的成分,这样它们被分隔了,

这种情况下的定语从句被称作隔离定语从句.

eg.①Therewasagirlupstairswhowasshoutingandcrying.楼上有一个女孩,大喊大叫。(定语

从句whowasshoutingandcrying修饰thegirl,被upstairs所隔开)

②AnewmasterwillcometomorrowwhowillteachyouGerman.

明天要来一位新老师教你们德语了。(定语从句whowillteachyouGerman修饰anewmaster,被

willcometomorrow隔开,定语从句与先行词分离)

4.限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别:

(1)限制性定语从句:先行词与关系代词/关系副词中间无逗号隔开,定语从句与先行词关系

密切,限制性关系强。

非限制性定语从句:先行词与关系代词/关系副词中间有逗号隔开,定语从句与先行词只

有一种松散的修饰关系,限制性关系不强。

(注意两种从句不同的汉语翻译)

Eg.①Hehasasonwhoisadoctor.他有个当医生的儿子。

Hehasason,whoisadoctor.他有个儿子,是个医生。

②Helefthishometownwherehehadlivedfor30years.

他离开了他已经生活了30年的家乡。

Helefthishometown,wherehehadlivedfor30years.

他离开了他的家乡,他已经在他的家乡生活了30年。

③Shebroughtupthelittleboywhoseparentshadbeendead.

她把这个父母已经去世的小男孩抚养带大。

Shebroughtupthelittleboy,whoseparentshadbeendead.

她把这个小男孩抚养带大,小男孩的父母已经去世了。

(2)在非限制性定语从句中,关系代词不能用that

①1metAlice,whotoldmethatshewaslearningChinese.

我遇见艾丽斯,她告诉我她在学汉语。

②Thatgirlisverybeautiful,whomImetinthelibraryyesterday.

(3)Beijing,whichisthecapitalofChina,willhostthe2008OlympicGames.4匕京,中国的首

者R,将主办2008年奥运会。

④Hebroughtupthelittleboy,whoseparentshadbeendead.

⑤HecomesfromAmerica,whichIknowfromhisaccent.

(which在定语从句中作know的宾语,其先行词是前面的整个句子hecomesfromAmerica.)

练习题

1.Thisistheplacewelived10yearsago.

Thisistheplacewediscovered10yearsago.

Thisistheplacewelivedin10yearsago.

A.thatB./C.whereD.whichE.inwhich

2.Filneverforgetthedays___westudiedtogether.

rilneverforgetthedays___wespenttogether.

rilneverforgetthedays___westudiedtogetherin.

A.thatB./C.whenD.whichE.inwhich

3.Hegavethereasonhewaslateformeeting.

Thiswasthereasonhegavetothedirector.

Hegavethereasonhewaslateformeetingfor.

A.thatB./C.whyD.whichE.forwhich

4.Sheheardaterriblenoise,_broughtherheartintohermouth.

主语、宾语、表语成分

1.主语、宾语、表语可以是名词

eg.GoodEnglishisimportant.

Thestudentisdiligent.

TheteacherteachesEnglish.

ThetallmanismyEnglishteacher.

2.主语、宾语、表语可以是动名词

eg.StudyingEnglishwellisimportant.=ItisimportantstudyingEnglishwell.

Playingbasketballismyfavorite.=Itismyfavoriteplayingbaskelball.

Ilikeplayingbasketball.

Myfavoriteisplayingbasketball.

3.主语、宾语、表语可以是动词不定式

eg.TostudyEnglishwellisimportant.=ItisimportanttostudyEnglishwell.

Toplaybasketballismyfavorite.=Itismyfavoriteloplaybasketball.

Iliketoplaybasketball.

Myfavoriteistoplaybasketball.

4.主语、宾语、表语可以是句子(分别构成主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句)

eg.ThatwestudyEnglishwellisimportant.=ItisimportantthatwestudyEnglishwell.

Thalhecanwinthegameiscertain.=Itiscertainthathecanwinthegame.

Hehopes(that)hecaewinthegame.

Hishopeis(that)hecanwinthegame.

注意:当主语是不定式或句子时,不定式或句子可以用“it”形式主语替代,真正的

主语(不定式或句子)放在主句的最末尾

英语四大规则

1.两个并列简单句,如果①前后主语一致,②其中一个句子表达主动关系,那么,把该句子中相

同的主语去掉,把谓语动词变成ing形式。

Hecarriesaballinhishands.Hewalksintotheclassroom.

-CaiTyingaballinhishands,hewalksintotheclassroom.

2.两个并列简单句,如果①前后主语一致,②其中一个句子表达被动关系,那么,把该句子中相

同的主语去掉,把系动词去掉。

Hewasblamedbytheteacher.Hecriedsadly.

…Blamedbytheteacher,hecriedsadly.

3.定语从句中,如果①先行词在定语从句中作主语,②定语从句表达主动关系,那么,把关系代

词去掉,把定语从句中的谓语动词变成ing形式。

Thecarwhichrunsfastismine.

…Thecarrunningfastismine.

4.定语从句中,如果①先行词在定语从句中作主语,②定语从句表达被动关系(bedone)或者

be+adj或者be+doing形式,那么,把关系代词去掉,把定语从句中的系动词去掉。

(1)Thecarwhichwasboughtbymerunsfast.

■--Thecarboughtbymerunsfast.

(2)Thebookswhichareavailableforstudentshavebeenhandedtothem.

・一Thebooksavailableforstudentshavebeenhandedtothem.

(3)Thepatientwhoisundergoingsurgerycameacrossanaccident1hourbefore.

-Thepatientundergoingsurgerycameacrossanaccident1hourbefore.

强调句

一、强调非谓语动词:

ImetTomonthestreetyesterday.

强调非谓语动词:itis/was...+被强调部分+由at(指人时也可用who)+句子剩余部分

1)强调主语I

ItwasIthat/whometTomonthestreetyesterday.

2)强调宾语Tom

ItwasTomthat/whoImetonthestreetyesterday.

3)强调地点状语onthestreet

ItwasonthestreetthatImetTomyesterday.

4)强调时间状语yesterday

ItwasyesterdaythatImetTomonthestreet.

强调谓语动词met:助动词+动词原形

(注意)强调句在强调非谓语动词时,去掉itis/wasthat(指人时也可用who),句子保持完整,不

缺任何成分,句意不变

二强调谓语动词

ImetTomonthestree

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