操作系统-精髓与设计原理英文原版Ch线程

OperatingSystem-EssenceandDesignPrinciplesEOperatingSystemOverviewProcessandThreadManagementmemorymanagementfilesystemInputoutputsystem目录01OperatingSystemOverviewVSAnoperatingsystemisasoftwarethatmanagesandcontrolscomputerhardwareresources,providescommonservicesforapplicationsoftware,andensuresthesecurityandstabilityofthecomputersystem.FunctionThemainfunctionoftheoperatingsystemincludesprocessmanagement,memorymanagement,filemanagement,devicemanagement,anduserinterfacemanagement.DefinitionDefinitionandFunctionofOperatingSystemAccordingtothetypeoffieldReal-timeoperatingsystem:Areal-timeoperatingsystemisacomputeroperatingsystemthatguaranteestheabilitytoperformadesignatedtaskwithinaspecifiedtime.Networkoperatingsystem:Anetworkoperatingsystemisacomputeroperatingsystemthatprovidesnetworkservicesandmanagesnetworkresources.ClassificationofoperatingsystemsDistributedoperatingsystem:Adistributedoperatingsystemisacomputeroperatingsystemthatmanagesdistributedcomputingresourcesandprovidesunifiedservicestousers.ClassificationofoperatingsystemsAccordingtothefunctionofthefieldSystemoperationsystem:Asystemoperationsystemisacomputeroperatingsystemthatprovidesbasicservicesforotherapplicationsoftware.Applicationoperationsystem:Anapplicationoperationsystemisacomputeroperatingsystemthatprovidesapplicationsoftwarewithvariousservices.ClassificationofoperatingsystemsTheearlystageofthedevelopmentoftheoperatingsystem(1940s-1960s):Duringthisperiod,computerswerelargeandexpensive,andonlyafewpeoplecouldusethem.Themainpurposeoftheoperatingsystemwastosimplifytheuseofcomputersandimproveefficiency.Thedevelopmentstageoftheoperatingsystem(1960s-1980s):Duringthisperiod,computersbecamesmallerandcheaper,andmorepeoplecouldusethem.Themainpurposeoftheoperatingsystemwastoprovidebetterservicesforusersandimprovetheefficiencyofresourceutilization.Themodernstageofthedevelopmentoftheoperatingsystem(After1980s):Withthecontinuousdevelopmentofcomputertechnology,thecomplexityoftheoperatingsystemhasalsobeenincreasing.Themainpurposeoftheoperatingsystemistoprovidebettersecurity,stability,andexpandability.TheHistoryandDevelopmentofOperatingSystems02ProcessandThreadManagement03ProcessControlBlock(PCB)Storesinformationaboutaprocess,includingitsstate,priority,memoryaddress,andsystemresources.01ProcessDefinitionAprocessisaprograminexecution.Itoccupiesacertainamountofmemoryandhasassociatedsystemresources.02ProcessStateAprocesscanbeinanyoneofthreestates:running,ready,orblocked.TheconceptandstateofprocessesCreatinganewprocessinvolvesloadingthenewprogramintomemory,initializingitsPCB,andschedulingittorun.ProcessCreationWhenaprocesscompletesitsexecutionorencountersanerror,itisterminated.Resourcesassociatedwiththeprocessarefreed.ProcessTerminationProcesscreationandterminationProcessSynchronizationEnsuringthatprocessesexecuteinacoordinatedmannertoachieveadesiredoutcome.Techniquesincludesemaphores,mutexes,andconditionvariables.ProcessCommunicationProcessesmayneedtoexchangedata.Techniquesincludesharedmemory,messagepassing,and管道(pipes).ProcesssynchronizationandcommunicationThreadDefinition01Athreadisthesmallestunitofexecutionwithinaprocess.Itsharestheresourcesofitsparentprocessbuthasitsownprogramcounterandstack.ThreadState02Athreadcanbeinanyoneoffivestates:running,ready,waiting,timedwaiting,orterminated.ThreadControlBlock(TCB)03SimilartothePCBbutstoresinformationspecifictothreads.TheconceptandstateofthreadsThreadCreationAnewthreadiscreatedwithinaprocessusingthe`pthread_create`function.Itinheritstheresourcesofitsparentthread.ThreadTerminationAthreadcanbevoluntarilyterminatedusingthe`pthread_exit`functionorinvoluntarilywhentheprocessterminates.CreationandterminationofthreadsTechniquesincludemutexes,conditions,barriers,andsemaphorestosynchronizethreadswithinaprocess.ThreadSynchronizationThreadswithinaprocessmayexchangedatausingsharedmemoryormessagepassingtechniques.ThreadCommunicationThreadsynchronizationandcommunication03memorymanagement总结词内存管理是操作系统中用于分配、回收、交换、保护和共享内存资源的一系列机制。详细描述内存管理是操作系统的重要组成部分，负责有效地管理和控制计算机系统中的内存资源。它通过一系列机制，如内存分配、回收、交换、保护和共享，确保系统能够高效地运行并满足各种应用程序的需求。TheConceptandFunctionofMemoryManagement内存分配和回收是内存管理中的关键任务，用于分配和释放内存空间。内存分配和回收是内存管理中的重要环节。当应用程序需要使用内存时，操作系统会为其分配适当的内存空间。当应用程序不再需要使用内存时，操作系统会回收这些内存空间，以便其他应用程序可以使用。总结词详细描述Memoryallocationandrecycling总结词交换和分页是内存管理的两种常见技术，用于解决内存不足的问题。要点一要点二详细描述交换和分页是解决内存不足问题的两种常见技术。交换技术将不常用的程序或数据暂时移出内存，将其存储在磁盘上，以便释放内存空间供其他程序使用。分页技术将物理内存划分为固定大小的页面，当程序需要使用超过其分配的内存空间时，操作系统会将部分页面移至磁盘上，从而实现内存的动态管理。SwappingandPagingofMemoryMemoryprotectionandsharing内存保护和共享是内存管理中的重要功能，用于确保不同程序之间的安全隔离和资源共享。总结词内存保护和共享是确保系统安全和稳定的关键机制。通过内存保护机制，操作系统能够隔离各个程序的内存空间，防止一个程序意外修改或破坏其他程序的内存数据。同时，通过共享机制，多个程序可以共享相同的物理内存区域，从而提高内存利用率并减少不必要的内存分配和回收操作。详细描述04filesystem总结词文件系统的概念和功能详细描述文件系统是操作系统的重要组成部分，用于组织、存储和管理计算机中的文件。它提供了统一的命名空间，使得用户可以方便地访问文件，同时提供了数据保护、共享和备份等功能。Theconceptandfunctionoffilesystems文件的存储和组织方式总结词文件系统负责将文件存储在磁盘等存储介质上，并采用一定的组织方式，如目录结构、文件路径等，以便于用户查找和使用。此外，文件系统还需要考虑如何有效地利用存储空间，以提高存储效率。详细描述Storageandorganizationoffiles总结词文件的访问和控制机制详细描述文件系统提供了各种访问和控制文件的机制，如打开、读取、写入、删除等操作。同时，为了保护文件的安全，文件系统还提供了权限控制、访问控制等机制，以防止未经授权的访问和修改。Accessandcontroloffiles总结词文件的备份和恢复机制详细描述文件系统需要提供备份和恢复文件的机制，以防止数据丢失。备份可以通过定期将文件复制到其他存储介质上实现，而恢复可以通过复制备份文件或从备份中恢复数据实现。此外，为了提高数据的安全性，文件系统还需要提供数据冗余和容错机制。Backupandrecoveryoffi