环境工程专业英语 课件 U6L1 Governance - Water on the move

ProfessionalEnglishforEnvironmentalEngineeringMainContents

IntroductiontoEnvironmentalEngineeringAirPollutionandControlWaterPollutionandControlSolidWasteandDisposalEnvironmentalImpactAssessmentEnvironmentalLaws，RegulationsandSustainableDevelopmentEnvironmentalLaws，RegulationsandSustainableDevelopment

Governance—WateronthemoveProfessionalEnglishforEnvironmentalEngineering

FromitssourceintheBlackForestinGermanytoitsdeltaontheBlackSeacoast,theDanubecrossesmountains,valleys,plains,countlesstowns,includingVienna,Bratislava,BudapestandBelgrade,and10countries.Initsjourneyofalmost3

000kilometres,theDanubeconvergeswithtributariescarryingwaterfromnineadditionalcountries.Today,millionsofpeopleacrosstheEuropeancontinentareconnectedinonewayoranothertotheDanubeanditstributaries.Governance—Wateronthemove

Whathappensupstreamhasanimpactdownstream,butnotonly.Itisclearthatpollutantsreleasedupstreamwillbetransporteddownstream,butshipstravellingupstreamcanfacilitatethespreadofalienspecies,suchasthe

Asianclam

movingwestwardsintheDanube,whichcancoloniselargeareasoftenattheexpenseofnativespecies.Whenpollutantsoralienspeciesenterthatwaterbody,theyinstantlybecomeasharedproblem.Governance—Wateronthemove

Currentgovernancestructuresarealmostentirelybasedonacommonallocationofthelandmassintoterritories.Wecanagreeoncommonrulesthatapplywithinadefinedareaandsetupbodiestoenforcethesecommonrules.Wecanevenagreeoneconomiczonesatseaandmakeclaimstotheresourcesthoseareascontain.Certainvesselscanbeauthorisedtofishinthosezones;companiescanbegrantedrightstoexploremineralsintheseabed.Butwhathappenswhenthefishmigratenorthorfloatingislandsofplasticwashuponyourshores?Governance—Wateronthemove

GovernanceBeyondtheLandMass

Unlikethelandmass,waterisinconstantmotion,whateveritsformmaybe,fromasingleraindroptoastrongoceancurrentorstormsurge.Fishstocksandpollutants,includinginvisiblechemicalssuchaspesticidesandvisiblepollutantssuchasplastics,donotrespectgeopoliticalbordersandeconomiczonesdefinedbyinternationalagreementsbetweenstates.Liketheairwebreathe,cleanerandhealthierrivers,lakesandoceansrequireawiderapproachtogovernancebasedonregionalandinternationalcooperation.Governance—Wateronthemove

GovernanceBeyondtheLandMass

TheapproachforwidercooperationisoneofthekeyprinciplesbehindtheEU’swaterpolicies.The

EUWaterFrameworkDirective

—oneofthecornerstonesofEUwaterlegislation—seesariversystemasasinglegeographicalandhydrologicalunit,irrespectiveofadministrativeandpoliticalboundaries.TheDirectiverequiresMemberStatestodevelopmanagementplansbyriverbasin.GiventhatmanyofEurope’sriverscrossnationalboundaries,theseriverbasinmanagementplansaredevelopedandimplementedincooperationwithothercountries,includingEuropeancountriesthatarenotmembersoftheEU.Governance—Wateronthemove

RiverBasinManagement

ThecooperationaroundtheDanubeisoneoftheoldestinitiativesoftransboundarywatermanagement,datingbacktothelate1800s.Overtime,thefocushasshiftedfromnavigationtoenvironmentalissuessuchaspollutionandwaterquality.Today,theinitiativestoensurethesustainableuseandmanagementoftheDanubearecoordinatedaroundthe

InternationalCommissionfortheProtectionoftheDanubeRiver

(ICPDR),whichbringstogether14cooperatingstates(EUandnon-EUalike)andtheEUitself,withamandateoverthewholeDanuberiverbasin,whichincludesitstributariesaswellasgroundwaterresources.Governance—Wateronthemove

RiverBasinManagement

TheICPDRisrecognizedasthebodyresponsiblefordevelopingandimplementingtheriverbasinmanagementplanfortheDanube.TherearesimilargovernancebodiesforotherinternationalriverbasinsintheEU,includingtheRhineandtheMeuse.Governance—Wateronthemove

RiverBasinManagement

TheWaterFrameworkDirectivealsorequirespublicauthoritiestoinvolvethepublicindecision-makingprocessesinconnectionwiththedevelopmentandimplementationofriverbasinmanagementplans.MemberStatesorriverbasinmanagementauthoritiescancarryoutthispublicparticipationrequirementinvariousways.Forexample,theICPDRcarriesoutpublicparticipationmainlybyactivelyinvolvingstakeholderorganizationsandconsultingthepublicduringthedevelopmentphaseofriverbasinmanagementplans.Giventheirvastdimensions,governanceoftheoceansremainsanevenmorecomplexchallenge.Governance—Wateronthemove

RiverBasinManagement

Formostofhumanhistory,seasandoceanswereamysterytobeexploredbyallseafarers.Traders,invadersandexplorersusedthemastransportcorridors,connectingoneharbourtoanother.Controllingkeyharboursandthesearoutesconnectingthemresultedinpoliticalandeconomicpower.Itwasnotuntilthebeginningofthe17thcentury,attheheightofnationalmonopoliesovercertaintraderoutes,thatthisapproachofexclusiveaccesswaschallenged.Governance—Wateronthemove

Oceans—FromTradeRoutestoDeep-seaMiningRights

DutchphilosopherandjuristHugoGrotiusclaimedinMareliberum(Freedomoftheseas)in1609thatseaswereinternationalterritoryandnostatecouldclaimsovereigntyoverthem.Grotius’sbookhasnotonlyofferedlegitimacytootherseafaringnationstakingpartinglobaltradebutalsoplayedafundamentalroleinshapingthemodernlawofthesea.Untiltheearly1900s,anation’srightscoveredthewaterswithinacannonshot(correspondingtoapproximately3nauticalmilesor5.6kilometres)ofitscoastline.Governance—Wateronthemove

Oceans—FromTradeRoutestoDeep-seaMiningRights

DutchphilosopherandjuristHugoGrotiusclaimedinMareliberum(Freedomoftheseas)in1609thatseaswereinternationalterritoryandnostatecouldclaimsovereigntyoverthem.Grotius’sbookhasnotonlyofferedlegitimacytootherseafaringnationstakingpartinglobaltradebutalsoplayedafundamentalroleinshapingthemodernlawofthesea.Untiltheearly1900s,anation’srightscoveredthewaterswithinacannonshot(correspondingtoapproximately3nauticalmilesor5.6kilometres)ofitscoastline.Governance—Wateronthemove

Oceans—FromTradeRoutestoDeep-seaMiningRights

Theinternationaldiscussionthatstartedovernations’righttoaccesstoseatraderouteshasovertimechangedtoadiscussionovertherighttoextractresources.Duringthe20thcentury,almostallcountries

extendedtheirclaims.Theseclaimsvarybetween12nauticalmiles(22kilometres)ofterritorialwatersto200nauticalmiles(370kilometres)forexclusiveeconomiczonesand350nauticalmiles(650kilometres)forthecontinentalshelf.ThecurrentinternationallawislargelyshapedbytheUnitedNationsConventionontheLawoftheSea(UNCLOS),whichenteredintoforcein1994.Governance—Wateronthemove

Oceans—FromTradeRoutestoDeep-seaMiningRights

Inadditiontointroducingcommonrulesfordefiningdifferentnationaljurisdictionzones,theConventionstipulatesthatstateshavetheobligationtoprotectandpreservethemarineenvironmentandcallsforinternationalandregionalcooperation.Moreover,theConventionreferstotheprincipleofcommonheritageofmankind,whichholdsthatculturalandnaturalheritageindefinedareas(inthiscasetheseabed,oceanfloorandsubsoil)shouldbepreservedforfuturegenerationsandprotectedfromexploitation.Governance—Wateronthemove

Oceans—FromTradeRoutestoDeep-seaMiningRights

Insuchcomplexgovernancestructures,itisalwaysachallengetoagreeoncommonrulesandstriketherightbalancebetweenprotectionofthenaturalheritageandeconomicinterests.TheConvention’sratificationtookalmosttwodecades,mainlyduetodisagreementsoverownershipandexploitationofmineralsinthedeepseabedandoceanfloor.TheConventionestablishedaninternationalbody,the

InternationalSeabedAuthority,

tocontrolandauthoriseminingexplorationandexploitationintheseabedbeyondthelimitsoftheareaclaimedbycountries.Governance—Wateronthemove

Oceans—FromTradeRoutestoDeep-seaMiningRights

Othergovernancestructuresandconventionscoverdifferentaspectsofoceangovernance.Forexample,the

InternationalMaritimeOrganization

(IMO)isaUnitedNationsagencyspecialisinginshipping,anditworks,amongotherthings,onpreventingmarinepollutioncausedbyships.Initially,itsmarineprotectionworkfocusedmainlyonoilpollution,butinrecentdecadesithasbeenextendedthroughanumberofinternationalconventionstocoverchemicalandotherformsofpollution,aswellasinvasivespeciestransportedbyballastwaters.Governance—Wateronthemove

Oceans—FromTradeRoutestoDeep-seaMiningRights

Pollutioninwatercanbeduetopollutantsreleaseddirectlytowaterorreleasedtoair.Someofthosepollutantsreleasedintotheatmospherecanlaterenduplandingonlandandwatersurfaces.Someofthesepollutantsaffectingaquaticenvironmentsarealsoregulatedbyinternationalagreements,suchasthe

StockholmConvention

onpersistentorganicpollutants,the

MinimataConvention

onMercuryandthe

ConventiononLong-RangeTransboundaryAirPollution.Governance—Wateronthemove

Oceans—FromTradeRoutestoDeep-seaMiningRights

Pollutioninwatercanbeduetopollutantsreleaseddirectlytowaterorreleasedtoair.Someofthosepollutantsreleasedintotheatmospherecanlaterenduplandingonlandandwatersurfaces.Someofthesepollutantsaffectingaquaticenvironmentsarealsoregulatedbyinternationalagreements,suchasthe

StockholmConvention

onpersistentorganicpollutants,the

MinimataConvention

onMercuryandthe

ConventiononLong-RangeTransboundaryAirPollution.Governance—Wateronthemove

Oceans—FromTradeRoutestoDeep-seaMiningRights

TheEEAreport

StateofEurope’sSeas

concludesthatEurope’sseascanbeconsideredproductive,buttheycannotbeconsidered‘healthy’or‘clean’.Despitesomeimprovements,someeconomicactivitiesatsea(e.g.overfishingofsomecommercialfishstocksandpollutionfromshipsormining)andpollutionfromland-basedactivitiesareincreasinglyputtingpressureonEurope’sseas.Climatechangeisalsoaddingtothesepressures.Governance—Wateronthemove

GovernanceinEurope’sSeas—Global,EuropeanandRegional

SomeofthesepressuresarelinkedtoactivitiescarriedoutoutsidetheEU’sborders.Thereverseisalsotrue.EconomicactivitiesandpollutionoriginatingintheEUhasimpactsoutsidetheEU’sbordersandseas.Regionalandinternationalcooperationistheonlywaythesepressurescanbetackledeffectively.Governance—Wateronthemove

GovernanceinEurope’sSeas—Global,EuropeanandRegional

Inthiscontext,itisnotsurprisingthattheEuropeanUnionisapartytotheUNConventionontheLawoftheSea.Insuchcases,EUlawsconformtointernationalagreementsbutsetspecificobjectivesandgovernancestructurestomanageandprotectcommonresources.Forexample,theEU

MarineStrategyFrameworkDirective

aimstoachievegoodenvironmentalstatusinEurope’sseasandprotecttheresourcesuponwhicheconomicandsocialactivitiesdepend.Governance—Wateronthemove

GovernanceinEurope’sSeas—Global,EuropeanandRegional

Tothisend,itsetsoverallobjectivesandrequiresEUMemberStatestodevelopastrategyandimplementrelevantmeasures.The

commonfisheriespolicy

setscommonrulesformanagingtheEU’sfishingfleetandpreservingfishstocks.Governance—Wateronthemove

GovernanceinEurope’sSeas—Global,EuropeanandRegional

Similartointernationalagreements,theEU’smarinepoliciescallforregionalandinternationalcooperation.InallofthefourregionalseasaroundtheEU(theBalticSea,theNorth-EastAtlantic,theMediterraneanSeaandtheBlackSea),EUMemberStatessharemarinewaterswithotherneighbouringcoastalstates.Eachoftheseregionalseashasacooperationstructuresetupbydifferentregionalagreements.Governance—Wateronthemove

GovernanceinEurope’sSeas—Global,EuropeanandRegional

TheEUisapartytothreeofthefourEuropean

regionalseaconventions:

theHelsinkiConventionfortheBalticSea;theOSPARCommissionfortheNorth-EastAtlantic;andtheBarcelonaConventionfortheMediterraneanSea.TheBucharestConventionfortheBlackSeaneedstobeamendedtoallowtheEUtoaccedetoitasaparty.Despitetheirvaryingambitionlevelsandslightlydifferentgovernancestructures,alltheseregionalseaconventionsaimtoprotectthemarineenvironmentintheirrespectiveareasandtofosterclosercooperationforcoastalstatesandsignatories.Governance—Wateronthemove

GovernanceinEurope’sSeas—Global,EuropeanandRegional

Atthegloballevel,theUNEnvironment’s

RegionalSeasProgramme

promotesashared‘commonseas’approachamongthe18regionalseaconventionsaroundtheworld.TheUnitedNations’2030AgendaforSustainableDevelopmentalsoincludesaspecificgoal,SustainableDevelopmentGoal14,

Lifebelowwater,

aimedatprotectingmarineandcoastalecosystems.TheEUhasbeenan

activecontributor

tothe2030Agendaprocessandhasalreadytakenmeasurestostartitsimplementation.Governance—Wateronthemove

GovernanceinEurope’sSeas—Global,EuropeanandRegional

Commonobjectivesandrulesworkbestwhenimplementedproperlyandrespectedbyallthoseinvolved.Nationalauthoritiescansetfishingquotasbuttheirimplementationreliesonfishingfleets.Usingillegalgear,takingfishsmallerthantheminimumsizeallowed,fishinginothercountries’watersoroverfishingcannotbeeliminatedwithoutcompliancebyfishermenandenforcementbyauthorities.Theimpacts—inthiscase,adeclineinfishpopulations,ariseinunemploymentinfishingcommunitiesorhigherprices—areoftenfeltbylargerpartsofsocietyandacrossseveralcountries.Governance—Wateronthemove

WhenStakesGoBeyondStates

Recognizingthatvariousstakeholdersimpacttheoverallhealthofoceans,discussionspreviouslyledbygovernmentshaveincreasinglybeeninvolvingnon-statestakeholders.Atthelatest

UnitedNationsOceansConference

heldinJune2017inNewYork,governments,non-statestakeholders,suchasacademia,thescientificcommunityandtheprivatesector,madecloseto1

400voluntarycommitmentstotakeconcreteactiontoprotecttheoceans,contributingtoSustainableDevelopmentGoal14.Governance—Wateronthemove

WhenStakesGoBeyondStates

Oneofthesecommitmentswasmadebynineoftheworld’slargestfishingcompanies,withacombinedrevenueofaboutonethirdofthetop100companiesinthefishingsector.Theypledgedto

eliminateillegalcatches

(includingtheuseofillegalgearandcatchesoverquota)fromtheirsupplychains.Asmorecompaniesandpeoplemakesuchpledgesandtakeaction,togetherwecouldmakeadifference.Governance—Wateronthemove

WhenStakesGoBeyondStates

定语从句

在英语中，如果单个词用做定语一般放在所修饰的名词之前，而定语词组或从句一般放在所修饰的名词之后，有时也被其他句子成分隔开，句子往往结构复杂、形式多变；而在汉语中，定语成分一般位于中心词的前面，而且少用长而复杂的定语。从结构形式来看，英语的定语从句有许多种，如直接由关系代词(或关系副词)引导，由“介词+关系代词”引导，由“名词+介词+关系代词”引导；从主句与从句的关系，即按它与先行词在逻辑含义上的紧密程度，分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句两大类。张家民、李彦将根据关系代词和关系副词所修饰的先行词及其在从句中所起的作用，将定语从句分为六种：间位型定语从句、后位型定语从句、分离型定语从句、省略型定语从句、总括型定语从句和前位型定语从句”。为了表达一些复杂的概念和严密的逻辑关系，科技文体往往使用一些成分复杂、结构层次繁多的定语从句。Translation

定语从句一、限制性定语从句

一般来说，限制性定语从句和所修饰的名词或代词(称为先行词)之间的关系十分密切，其在意义上是不可或缺的修饰语，在结构上往往放在先行词之后，并且与先行词之间没有逗号格开，在带有限制性定语从句的句子中，定语从句是整个句子中不可缺少的部分，对先行词起到限制和修饰的作用，它一旦缺席，主句的意思就会不完整、意义表达不明确，要靠从句加以补充说明。(1)Scientistssaytheplanetisalreadyontheroadtowardclimatechangesthatcoulddisrupttheglobaleconomyandendangerlife.译文：科学家们说，地球的气候已经开始变化，这种变化有可能破坏世界经济并危及人类的生命。（顺译译法）(2)Scientiststhinkthefirstlossofozonereducestheamountofsolarenergy(which)theatmospherecantakein.译文：科学家认为，臭氧层的首次变薄减少了大气层能够摄入的太阳能量。（逆序译法）Translation

定语从句二、非限制性定语从句

与限制性定语从句不同的是，非限制性定语从句只是对先行词起补充说明的作用，它与先行词之间的关系往往比较疏远。也就是说，如果没有非限制性定语从句，主句的意思仍然清晰明了。一般来说，非限制性定语从句与主句间有逗号隔开，并由关系代词“which”和关系副词“when”，“where”引导。由于它和限制性定语从句有类似之处，翻译的时候也可以采用一些较为类似的翻译方法。(1)Mechanicalenergycanbechangedintoelectricalenergy,whichinturncanbechangedintomechanicalenergy.译文：机械能可转变为电能，而电能又能转变为机械能。（顺序译法）(2)Perhapsthisisthe"deathray",whichweoftenreadaboutinsciencefiction.译文：也许这就是我们常在科幻小说中读到的那种“死光”。（逆序译法）Translation

定语从句三、状语化定语从句

状语化定语从句（包括限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句）是一种边缘化定语从句。从句式形态上来看，属于定语从句，但实际上却与主句在逻辑上形成一种状语关系，充当说明表示原因、结果、目的、时间、条件或让步等的作用。在翻译过程中，对于这类句子的处理方法多采用转译译法，也就是按照其内在逻辑关系和语义关系译成汉语各种相应的复句，比如转译为汉语因果关系、目的关系、时间关系、转折关系、条件关系、让步关系等。(1)Weknowthatacat,whoseeyescantakeinmanymoreraysthanoureyes,canseeclearlyinthenight.译文：我们知道，由于猫的眼睛能比人的眼睛吸收更多的光线，所以猫在黑夜也能看得很清楚。（转译为原因关系）(4)Nowadaysitisunderstoodthatadietwhichcontainsnothingharmfulmayresultinseriousdiseaseifcertainimportantelementsaremissing.译文：现在人们已明白，如果饮食中缺少了某些重要成分，即便其中不含有任何有害物质，也会引起严重疾病。（转译为条件关系）Translation

定语从句四、特殊定语从句

特殊定语从句也称作特种定语从句。所谓特殊定语从句，就是指修饰整个主句或主句部分内容的非限制性定语从句（通常由“which”或“as”引导），它代表整个主句或主句中的一部分在从句中充当成分。以下就来讨论以“which”、“as”引导的特殊定语从句。1.由which引导的特殊定语从句

这类定语从句之所以特殊，是因为由“which”这个关系代词引导的定语从句不同于前面提到的定语从句。它没有具体的先行词，而是说明主句的部分内容或整个内容，包括“介词+which”、“介词+which+名词”、“名词等+介词（多数情况下为of）+which”，这种定语从句一般对主句的内容作进一步阐述说明或起承上启下的作用，其功能相当于一个并列分句。英译汉时，一般可采取分译法，将“which”译成“这”、“从而”、“因而”等等。此外，由于“which”前面还有不同的介词，所以具体情况可因前面的介词不同而有所不同。(1)Liquidwaterchangestovapor,whichiscalledevaporating.译文：液态水变成蒸汽，这就叫蒸发。Translation

定语从句四、特殊定语从句

2.由“as”引导的特殊定语从句

一般来说，由“as”和“which”引导的非限定性定语从句，“as”和“which”可代整个主句，相当于“andthis”或“andthat”。这两个词的用法是不同的，“as”的位置很灵活，而“which”则多在句中，“as”代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时，从句中的谓语必须是系动词：若为行为动词，则从句中的关系代词只能用“which”。在由“as”引导的定语从句中，“as”通常指整个主句的内容或主句的部分内容，其位置十分灵活，不仅可以位于主句之后，还可以位于主句之前抑或是中间，在多数情况下，都有逗号将其隔开。翻译时，往往也会采取分译的翻译方法，把关系代词“as”译为“正如……那样”、“这”、“如”、“像”等。(1)Negativefeedback,asisdescribedhere,ismostwidelyappliedintheautomaticcontrolsofvariouskindsofmechanism.译文：负反馈，就跟这里所描述的一样，非常广泛地应用在各种机械的自动控制装置中。Translation

定语从句五、分隔定语从句

通常情况下，英语中的定语从句是紧密跟随在其先行词之后的。但有时出于表达的需要，有时也会被其他成分分开，形成割裂式的修饰成分，这在科技英语中尤为如此。对于这种定语从句，关键在于正确理解定语从句所修饰的对象并对其逻辑关系加以分析判断，做到对句子结构的理解了然于胸。翻译时，需要灵活加以处理，充分发挥译者的主观能动创造性。(1)Theselimitationsdonotapplytooperationslikeboringwhichareperformedwithsimplepointcutter.译文：这些限制不适于像镗削那样的加工方式，因为那些加工是使用单刀刃具进行的。除了以上的这些定语从句形式之外，还有一种比较复杂的定语，即定语从句套定语从句，甚至是套用多个定语从句，对于这种定语从句群，我们只有分清每层定语从句之间的逻辑关系，才能正确译出。(5)Radioactiveatomsareveryvaluableinallsortsofways,becausewecanusethemtodothingsthatarenotpossiblewithordinaryatomsthatarenotradioactive.译文：放射性原子在各方面都很有价值，因为我们可以利用这些原子做普通非放射法原子做不到的事情。Translation

Exercise

1.Wecanagreeoncommonrulesthatapplywithinadefinedareaa