脑科学课件(英文版)

2024-1-251腦科學2024-1-252BrainScience

SchoolofLifeSciences2024-1-253近代飛速發展1。Cajal

染色神經系統解剖高爾基染色2。神經外科醫生

1861Broca運動性語言區

CharlesSherrington麻醉猴

WilderPenfield麻醉人

BrendaMilner兩種記憶

DonaldHebb突觸可塑性2024-1-2542024-1-255Dr.Milner2024-1-256Dr.PierrePaulBroca2024-1-257近代飛速發展3。Pavlov

經典條件反射4。EdwardThordikeB.F.Skinner

操作式條件反射2024-1-258近代飛速發展5。

RadiographPneumoencephalogramAngiogram2024-1-2592024-1-25102024-1-25112024-1-2512神經科學實驗方法（1）在位實驗（2）離體實驗（3）無損傷實驗2024-1-25132024-1-2514電發放記錄2024-1-2515延緩非樣本配對任務2024-1-2516DNMS操作成績比較2024-1-25172024-1-25182024-1-25192024-1-25202024-1-2521在位實驗實驗動物猴、狗、貓、、兔、鼠、荷蘭豬雞蛙、蟾蜍蟑螂槍烏賊、海兔2024-1-25222024-1-25232024-1-25242024-1-2525

NeuronalfastsignallingR.Y.Cajal

GoljiNerveCellWhatistheshapeofaneuron?AxonMyelinsheathDendrites[Caentry]DendritesAxonSynapticendings[Transmitterconcentration][Membranepotential]ResponseSynapticchannelsDoseSodiumchannelsTransmitterreleaseSomaNeuronandfasttransmission[Caentry]DendritesAxonSynapticendings[Transmitterconcentration][Membranepotential]ResponseSynapticchannelsDoseSodiumchannelsTransmitterreleaseSomaNeuronandfasttransmissionSynapseAsynapticdelay<1msThesynpaticpotentialislocalSynaptobrevinSNAP-25Syntaxin[Caentry]ResponseDoseTransmitterreleaseFastsignallingKd=afewµMHormonalsignallingKD=afewnMGapjunction[Caentry]DendritesAxonSynapticendings[Transmitterconcentration][Membranepotential]ResponseSynapticchannelsDoseSodiumchannelsTransmitterreleaseSomaNeuronandfasttransmissionmusclespindleProprioception:musclespindleNeurogliaFigure1.4.Neuroglialcells.Tracingsofanastrocyte(A),anoligodendrocyte(B),andamicroglialcell(C)visualizedbyimpregnationwithsilversalts.Theimagesareatapproximatelythesamescale.(D)Astrocytesinthebrainlabeledwithanantibodyagainsttheastrocyte-specificprotein(glial

fibrillaryacidicprotein).(E)Ascanningelectronmicrographofasingleoligodendroglialcellimagedintissueculture.(F)AperipheralaxonensheatedbytheprocessesofSchwanncells(ingreen),exceptforatadistinctregioncalledthenodeofRanvier(labeledinred).(G)Amicroglialcellfromthespinalcord,labeledwithacell-type-specificantibody.(ACafterJonesandCowan,1983;DcourtesyofA.-S.LaMantia;E,FcourtesyofB.Popko;GcourtesyofA.Light.)Wejustspokeoffastsignallingintheneuronwhichisitselfpartofacomplexnetwork….Intheneuron,

Whatistheroleofthesoma? Theco-releaseofpeptidesandfasttransmitters Thereleaseofgrowthfactors…..[Caentry]DendritesAxonSynapticendings[Transmitterconcentration][Membranepotential]ResponseSynapticchannelsDoseSodiumchannelsTransmitterreleaseSomaNeuronandfasttransmission

神經遞質(1)Ach(2)nonepinephrine(3)neuromodulator(4)Dale’sprincipleReceptor(1)cholinergicreceptor(2)adrenergicreceptor(3)othersDendritesCerebellarglomerulusmusclespindleProprioception:musclespindleNeurogliaRestingPotentialIonicEquilibria

Nernstequation

ExperimentsDataActiveIonPumpingNa+,K+-ATPasePumpiselectrogenicK+equilibriumpotentialActionPotential

NerveActionPotentialActionPotentialActionPotentialActionPotential Na+equilibriumpotentialNa+ChannelK+ChannelVoltageClampVoltageCurrentPatchClampSingleChannelInteractionoftheSensory,Motor,andMotivationalSystemsisEssentialforEvenSimpleBehaviorFourPrinciples(1)RelayCenters(2)distinctPathways(3)EachPathwayisTopographicallyOrganized(4)MostPathwaysCrosstheBody’sMidlineEachSystemIscomposedofSeveralDistinctPathways

(1)Sensorysystem(2)Motorsystem(3)MotivationalsystemVAB100mMKCl10mMKClK+

permselectivemembraneI10mMKCl100mMKClIVIVUnpolarizableelectrodesElectrophysiologicalRecordings-90/-60mV0mVAcellmembranewithaspecificpermeabilityandalsoelectrical

properties:

channelsareproteinsinalipidicenvironmentRestingPotentialIonicEquilibria

Nernstequation

BigcylindricalaxonsAndchannelconceptSmallmyelinatedaxonsLargeneurons

molluscs

motoneuronesMediumsizeneuronsSmallneuronsAndothercellsAndChannels~1mm1-5µm500µm75µm<20µm5-10µmMetalelectrodesPatch-clampSucrosegapGlasselectroderecordingK.Cole1940sA.Hodgkin&Huxley1950s

HoldandSampleB.SakmannAndE.Neher1992NeurontypeSizeTechniqueHistoryLing1949ThevoltageclampIVVcommandmembrane5mMK+145Na+110Cl-1Ca2+2.Electrical

propertiesofanon-excitablecell:Arestingpotential:

leak(background)channels+Na+/K+ATPaseOnthelongterm,thepumpimposesanassymetrical

ionicdistributionSelectivepermeabilitytoK+Ofthemembraneimposesmostofthemembranepotential140mMK+4-15Na+4-30Cl-0.0001Ca2+CellExtracellular-80/-60mV+osmolarityNa+/K+ATPaseGoldman-Hodgkin-Katzequation-90/-60mV0mVAcellmembranewithaspecificpermeabilityandalsoelectrical

properties:

channelsareproteinsinalipidicenvironmentExperimentsDataNB:Onpassing

current,theionsmovinginthecellandintheexternalmediumisnotthesame(KandNarespectively)ExperimentsDataActiveIonPumpingNa+,K+-ATPasePumpiselectrogenicK+equilibriumpotentialActionPotential

NerveActionPotentialActionPotentialThesynapticcurrentislocalActionPotentialActionPotential Na+equilibriumpotentialNa+ChannelK+ChannelVoltageClampVoltageCurrentThesynapticcurrentislocalRecordinginvoltageclampconditionsNa+K+FromthecurrentstothespikeThresholdConduction,VelocityAnactionpotentialisallornone!PatchClampSingleChannelInteractionoftheSensory,Motor,andMotivationalSystemsisEssentialforEvenSimpleBehaviorFourPrinciples(1)RelayCenters(2)distinctPathways(3)EachPathwayisTopographicallyOrganized(4)MostPathwaysCrosstheBody’sMidlineEachSystemIscomposedofSeveralDistinctPathways

(1)Sensorysystem(2)Motorsystem(3)MotivationalsystemGoldman-Hodgkin-Katzequation

ExperimentsDataActiveIonPumpingNa+,K+-ATPasePumpiselectrogenicK+equilibriumpotentialH-H方程

OrganizationofNerveSystem

InteractionoftheSensory,Motor,andMotivationalSystemsisEssentialforEvenSimpleBehaviorFourPrinciples(1)RelayCenters(2)distinctPathways(3)EachPathwayisTopographicallyOrganized(4)MostPathwaysCrosstheBody’sMidlineEachSystemIsComposedofSeveralDistinctPathways

(1)Sensorysystem(2)Motorsystem(3)MotivationalsystemDevelopmentoftheNervousSystem(1)NeuralCellIdentityiscontrolledbyCellLineageandInductiveInteractions(2)AxonalPathwaysAreFormedinResponsetoLocalGuidanceCues(3)SynapseFormationattheNeuromuscularJunctionInvolvesInductiveinteractionsBetweentheMotorNerronandtheMuscleCell(4)SurvivalofNeuronsIsRegulatedbyInteractionswithTheirTargetsBrain:input/outputrelations+emergingpropertiesInputOutputTheknee-jerkresponse(themyotaticreflex)ThebraindeveloppsfromahollowtubeMelanocytesAdrenalglandDorsalrootganglionAutonomicsystemThespinalcord81255WhiteandGraymattersMetameresCerebrumBrainStemCerebellum+Spinalcordtheendocrine

brainInputs/OutputsBonesupportsthecentralnervoussystemAdiagram+thebones!AmetamericorganizationThecerebrospinalfluidAndChoroidPlexusesThemeningesTheventriclesBloodsupply(andstroke)aB-B-Bthough:thebrain-blood-barrierMidbrainPonsMedullaBrainstemHindbrainInjuries:warcasualtiesStrokeandbloodsupplyofspecificareasEEGbrainrecording,deeprecordingelectrodesBrainimagingComputarizedtomographyMagneticresonanceimagingThespinalcord81255WhiteandGraymattersMetameresBonesupportsthecentralnervoussystemAdiagram+thebones!AmetamericorganizationComputarizedtomographyMagneticresonanceimagingComputarizedtomographyMagneticresonanceimaging腦腦幹間腦端腦小腦腦幹延髓腦橋中腦腦腦幹間腦端腦小腦腦幹延髓腦橋中腦間腦一。間腦的分區

1。前區2。內側區3。外側區4。後區前區從前往後1。視前核2。視上核3。視交叉上核4。室旁核5。下丘腦前核內側區1。腹內側核2。背內側核3。結節核4。灰白結核外側區下丘腦外側核（其間穿插有內側前腦束）後區下丘腦後核乳頭體核下丘腦的功能1。體溫調節2。水準衡調節3。對腺垂體激素的調節4。生物節律控制5。攝食行為的控制生物節律控制1。生物節律

高頻（低於一天）

中頻（日週期）

低頻（長於一天）生物節律控制日節律血細胞數、體溫、促腎上腺皮質激素分泌下丘腦腹內側區（視交叉上核）小腦VentralsurfaceInputstothecerebellumMiddlepeduncleInferiorpeduncle(20millionaxons)Theefferentprojections腦腦幹間腦端腦小腦小腦作用並不小調節身體平衡（前庭小腦）調節肌緊張（小腦性共濟失調、）協調運動編制和存儲精巧運動程式處理感覺資訊VentralsurfaceInputstothecerebellumMiddlepeduncleInferiorpeduncle(20millionaxons)TheefferentprojectionsFig10Fig11Fig12Fig13腦腦幹間腦小腦端腦端腦左右大腦半球大腦皮質、髓質、基底神經節端腦半球間裂胼胝體大腦小腦裂端腦三溝

中央沟、大脑外侧裂、顶枕裂四葉

额叶、顶叶、枕叶、颞叶、脑岛

大腦的內部結構

（1）基底神經節

1。紋狀體------尾狀核，豆狀核屏狀核

杏仁核（2）大腦半球的白質

1。連合系-----胼胝體、前連合、海馬連合

內囊額部：大腦額葉

腦橋核

丘腦

額葉膝部：皮質腦幹束枕部：前份

---皮質脊髓束

中份

---丘腦皮質束

後份

---枕、顳、橋束

聽輻射、視輻射（3）側腦室

前角、後角、下角（4）大腦皮質的結構和分區

腦腦幹間腦小腦端腦討論（一）1。你認為神經系統的構成有什麼原則？2。小腦皮層的結構和功能？3。比較小腦皮層、大腦皮層的結構有何特點，和功能有何相關？4。學習神經系統後，有何想法？討論（二）5。帕金森氏症的病因？6。老年性癡呆症的病因？7。舞蹈病的病因？8。估計桑蘭的病是脊髓何處折斷？理由是什麼？研究學習和記憶（神經生物學和生理學）的歷史和進展？

Learningandmemory

XuYaozhongSchoolofLifeSciences腦腦幹間腦小腦端腦討論（一）1。你認為神經系統的構成有什麼原則？2。小腦皮層的結構和