印度光伏屋顶潜力分析-英

Mapping

India’s

ResidentialRooftop

SolarPotentialA

Bottom-up

Assessment

Using

Primary

DataSachinZachariah,Bhawna

Tyagi,

andNeerajKuldeepNovember2023

|Report©

CouncilonEnergy,Environment

and

Water,2023Image:

iStockContentsKeyhighlights1

Study

background2

Approach3

National

estimations

for

RTSpotentialin

theresidentialsegment4

State-level

estimations

for

RTSpotentialintheresidentialsegment5

Awareness

ofsolarintheresidentialsector6

Policy

recommendations7

Annexure8

ReferencesImage:

CEEWKey

highlightsRooftop

solar

potential

inIndiaImage:

CEEW637

GWof

residential

rooftop

solar

(RTS)potential

in

IndiaIRES

survey

2020

coverage•

21statescovering

97%ofthe

population•

14,850households

witheighthouseholds

from

eachvillage/wardTechnicalpotentialEconomicpotentialMarketpotential637

GW118

GW~102

GW~11

GWAll

suitablerooftops

areentirelycoveredwithsolar.Restrictingrooftopsolar(RTS)

sizetomeet

households’electricitydemand.Estimation

basedon

economicviability

(Netpresent

value>0).Based

on

consumerwillingness

topayand

paybackin

afiveyear

period.•

Unlockingthetechnical

potential

inthe

residential

segment

requiresintroducing

innovative

business

models

to

utiliseexcessroof

space.•

This

canplay

asignificantroleinIndia’s

energy

transitionand

contribute

towards

its

renewableenergy(RE)targetof

500GW

of

installed

capacity

by

2030.Source:Authors'analysis.5|Note:Potentialassessmentbased

on

theIndia

Residential

Energy

Survey

(IRES)

dataset.

The

estimated

RTS

potentials

arewithoutanycapital

subsidy.Decoding

rooftop

solar

potential

at

thenational

and

state

levelsNational-level

insightsTechnicalpotentialreducestoone-fifthwhensystemsizeisrestricted

to

meethouseholds’

electricityconsumption

duetolowerelectricityIntotal,

85%ofthetechnicalpotential

isconcentrated

inRTSsystems

sizebetween0-3kW

as

electricityconsumptionacrossstates

inIndiaisIntotal,

~30%ofthetechnicalpotential

liesinthe

0-1kW

category.However,

this

categoryis

notrecognisedinpolicyandsubsidyschemes.Thedeclineintechnicalpotentialishigher

inruralareasdue

to

lowelectricitydemand

per

sqft(6.8

kWh

per

sq

ft)compared

tourbanareas(7.7

kWhpersq

ft).TheMinistry

ofNewandRenewableEnergy(MNRE)

subsidy1

iseffective

for

anRTSsystemsizeof1-3kW,and

can

increasetheeconomic

potential

by

~5GWby

makingsystemseconomicallyfeasibleformoreconsumers

withnochangein

system

sizesabove3kW.consumptionpersqft.concentrated

inthelowerslabs.Source:Authors’analysis.6|Note:1.

Capitalsubsidy

of

INR

14,558

per

kWfor1-3

kWRTS

categoryunderMNREPhaseII

RTS

scheme.Decoding

rooftop

solar

potential

at

thenational

and

state

levelsState-levelinsightsMorethan60%

ofthetechnicalpotential

isconcentrated

insevenstates

inIndia.Asignificant

decline

intechnicalpotential

iswitnessedinstatessuchas

Assam,

Bihar,Odisha,MadhyaPradesh,

Rajasthan,Jharkhand,

andUttarakhand

duetothe

large

share

ofhouseholdswithlowenergyconsumptionpersqft.Net-meteringregulationsfurtherreduce

theeconomicpotentialfrom

102GWto

~81GW,due

tominimumkWrestriction

limits

forRTSin15states.

ForWestBengal,theFlatMNRE

capitalsubsidiesincreasethe

economicpotentialinstatesbymakingsystemsConsumer

awarenessabout

solaris

<60%inmost

ofthe

states.Awareness

inurbanareasisonly

6%higherthan

rural

areas.economicallyviable.Consumers

inmoststatesfind

RTSsystemsto

be

costly,

makingthem

aversetopotential

reduces

tozerodue

to

aminimumlimitof5kW.buying

them.Source:Authors’analysis.7|Note:1.

Capitalsubsidy

of

INR

14,558

per

kWfor1-3

kWRTS

categoryunderMNREPhaseII

RTS

scheme.Unlocking

therooftop

solar

potential

in

the

residential

sectorRecommendationsPolicy

and

regulatoryinterventionsConsumer-centricinterventionsMarket-driveninterventions•

Introducing

targetedcapitalsubsidies,

particularly

forRTSsystems

ofsize0-3kW.•

Rolling

outanationalawarenesscampaign

togenerate

amoresignificant

demandfor

RTS.•

Unlockinguntapped

potentialbymoving

beyond

traditional

modelstoovercome

constraintssuchaslimited

roof

space,

ownership

ofroofs,

and

capital

constraints.•

Recognising

RTSsystems

of<1kW,bothinpolicies

and

regulations,assignificant

potential

lies

inthiscategory.•

Creating

onestopplatform

atthestate

level

to

provide

consumersbasic,

reliable,and

compellinginformationaboutRTS.•

Introducing

low-cost

financingoptions

withafast

approvalprocessand

aseparateline

of

credit

forresidentialconsumers.8|Source:Authors’analysis.01StudybackgroundImage:

CEEWSolarising

India’s

households

foranaccelerated

energytransitionLimitedresidentialRTSdeploymentKeyrooftop

solarpolicyinitiativesEstablishingtheneedfor

RTSAsof

2022,

Indian

households

consumeaboutafourthof

the

totalelectricity

soldannually

(1317

billionunits).

Consumptionintheresidential

sector

islikelytodouble

by2030

asperthe

projectionsof

the20thElectricPower

Surveyof

India.

Thiswillbefuelledby

growing

per

capita

electricityconsumption,rapidurbanisation,

andareturntonormalcyafterthe

COVID-19pandemic.RTS

providesanexcellent

opportunity

forIndian

households

tocontribute

significantlytotheongoingenergy

transitionbysubstituting

their

electricity

consumptionwith

solar.

Asof

August

2023,India

hasinstalled

about11GWof

RTS

capacityagainst

55.3GWof

utility-scale

projects.Further,the

shareof

residential

rooftops

isonly21percent

of

the

totalRTS

capacity,giventhat

RTS

adoptionislargelyskewedtowardscommercial

andindustrialconsumers.Overthe

years,theMNRE

and

states

haveintroduced

aslewof

policy,regulatoryandmarketinitiatives

topromoteRTS

amongresidential

consumers.

Some

of

thesekeyinitiatives

includethe

NationalRooftop

SolarPortal,whichhas

asimplified

RTS

adoptionprocedure,directbenefit

transferfor

capitalsubsidy

under

theCentralFinancialAssistancescheme

and

provision

of

net-metering,

amongothers.Shiftingexisting

andfuturehouseholdelectricity

needs

tocleanenergy

remainscritical

toachieving

India’s

nationallydetermined

contributions

(NDCs)targets

anddeep

decarbonisation

of

the

economy

inthelongrun.10|Source:CEA,

2023;

NREL;

MNRE;

BridgetoIndiaSolarising

India’s

households

foranaccelerated

energytransitionAssessmentofrooftop

solarpotentialis

crucial

forApproach

toestimate

the

rooftop

solarpotentialtargetedinterventionTheresidential

rooftop

sectorrequirestargeted

policiesandmarketinterventions

to

accelerategrowthinRTS

adoption.This

necessitatesanin-depth

understanding

of

RTS

potential

across

theentireconsumerstrata.Thereisadearthof

studies

that

estimate

thepotential

of

RTS

for

residential

consumersin

India.

Existing

studies

onRTS

potential

arebasedon

secondaryliterature

and

providelimitedunderstanding

with

noinformation

on

state-wise

potential.Thetrueeconomicandmarketpotential

canbecaptured

onlybyconsideringhouseholds’economicstrength

andenergy

footprint.Weconductadetailed

assessmentof

thetechnical,

economic,

andmarketpotential

of

households

inIndia

byadopting

the

bottom-upapproach.Theassessmentfurther

providesinsights

on

theRTSpotential

of

differentstates,

the

urban-ruralsplit,andpotential

fordifferentsystemsizes.11|Source:CEA,

2023;

NREL;

MNRE;

BridgetoIndia02ApproachImage:

CEEWBottom-up

approachTypesof

potentialPerform

stratifiedsampling1Conduct

household-leveldatacollectionResource

potentialTechnicalpotentialTheamountof

sunshine

overtheroofareathat

canbe

usedtogenerateelectrical

energy

using

asolar

PVsystem.Thecapacity

of

asolar

PV

systemthatcanbeinstalled

on

arooftop,accounting

for

factorssuchas

rooftopavailability

and

energy

consumptionofthehouse.Estimate

technical

potential

atthehouseholdlevelEstimate

economic

andmarketfeasibilityatthe

householdlevelMultiply

estimates

withweightagefor

the

village/wardlevelMultiply

estimates

withweightage

for

the

districtlevelEconomic

potentialMarketpotentialMultiply

estimates

withweightage

for

the

statelevelTheportion

of

technical

potential

thatiseconomicallyfeasiblei.e.

thenetpresent

valueof

savings

that

isgreaterthan

the

expenses

of

setting

upasystem.Theportion

of

economicpotentialwhereeither

thepayback

periodof

thesolar

PVsystemislessthan

fiveyearsor

consumerwillingness

tobuy

ispositive.∑of

potential

(s)inallstates

≈India

RTS

potential1.

Samplingapproach

isprovided

indetail

in

theannexures.Data

on

Indian

households

captured

through

the

India

ResidentialEnergySurvey(IRES)150010005000RuralUrbanIRESsurvey

2020

coverage:•

21states

covering97%of

thepopulation.

Dataconsistsof

66%ruraland34%urbanhouseholds.•

152districts

selected

through

clustersampling•

1210

villages

and614urbanwardsthroughcluster

sampling•

14,850

households

with

eight

households

from

eachvillage/wardSource:Agrawal,Shalu,SunilMani,

AbhishekJain,

KarthikGanesan

and

Johannes

Urpelainen.

2020.

India

Residential

Energy

Survey(IRES)2020:

Design

and

data

quality.

NewDelhi:

Councilon

Energy,

Environmentand

Water.14|Decision

treeto

estimate

residential

rooftop

solar

potentialResource

potentialParameters

usedforcalculation•

State

weatherprofileTechnical

potentialTechnical

potentialRooftop

area

basedConsumerenergy

consumptionbased•

States

rooftop

areaavailableParameters

usedforcalculation•

Consumers’energy

consumption•

Rooftop

areaParameters

usedforcalculation•

Rooftop

area•

Rooftop

availability

factor1•

Rooftop

sustainability

factor2Minimum

oftechnicalpotential{Rooftop

area,energy

consumption}Economicpotential={Technicalpotential,ifsystemis

economicallyviable0,ifsystemiseconomically

unviable}Economic

potentialSystems

economicallyviableifNPV>0Parameters

usedforcalculationare•

RTSsystemcost3•

Energy

consumption•

Retailelectricity

tariffMarketpotential={Yes,

ifconsumerisinterested

and

NPV

>0

orconsumeris

notMarket

potential5interested

but

NPV

>0;No,otherwise}5Parameters

usedforcalculation•

Paybackperiod

less

than

fiveyears•

Consumers

willingnessto

installRTSNotes:1.

Rooftop

availability

factor

determines

theavailability

ofroof

spacefor

installation

after

accounting

for

shading,

obstructions,

and

other

constraints.2.

Rooftop

suitability

factor

determines

thesuitability

oftherooftoputupthe

systemfor

25

years.3.

The

RTS

systemcostisconsidered

withoutsubsidy.15|03

National

estimations

for

RTS

potential

in

theresidentialsegmentImage:

CEEWIndia's

households

can

deploy

more

than

600GWofrooftop

solarTechnicalpotentialTechnical

potential

reduces

to

one-fifth

after

limiting

the

system

size

byelectricity

consumption.

This

isprimarilydrivenbylower

electricityconsumption

per

sq

ftin

most

of

the

states

inIndia.Allsuitable

rooftops

arecovered

withsolar.1637GW118GW~102GW~11GWEconomic

potentialRTS

sizeequal

toahousehold’selectricity

demand.Most

residential

consumersfallin

low

consumptionslabs

–(0-100)

and

(100

–300)

kWhper

month.

Typically,

these

consumers

receiveelectricity

atasubsidised

ratetomakeelectricity

affordablefor

them.Asa

result,

lowresidential

electricity

tariff

rates

reduce

the

economicviability

of

rooftop

systemseven

thoughthey

aretechnically

feasible.Thisreduces

the

technical

potential

by

16GW

toarriveateconomic

potential.Estimationbased

oneconomic

viability(NPV>0).MarketpotentialThepotential

reduces

further

to

11GW

whenthepayback

periodisrestrictedto

fiveyearsandwith

consumers’limited

willingness

topay.Thisisprimarilydrivenby

lower

electricity

tariff

rates

andhighsystemcosts,

makingthesystemunable

torecovertheinvestment

cost

infiveyears,furtherworsened

bylimited

consumerawarenessaboutthe

benefits

of

RTS.Based

on

consumerwillingnesstopayandpayback

period.Source:Author's

analysis17|Note:1.

For

rooftop

with

shading,only

50%

of

thespace

isconsidered

available

for

RTS.

2

The

estimated

RTS

potentials

arewithoutany

capitalsubsidy.Rooftop

solar

potential

shifts

to<3kWsystem

sizes

restricted

byelectricity

consumptionTechnical

potential

–Rooftop

area

based

(GW)Technical

potential

-Energy

consumption

based

(GW)Economic

potential

(GW)Market

potential

(GW)521360.50.50.5171626235325515143204452500-1

1-2

2-3

3-10

>10

(kW)•

Technical

potential

based

on

rooftop

area

isconcentrated

insystem

sizesabove

3kW,indicating

the

potential

for

putting

uplargersystems

primarilybasedon

high

averagerooftop

spaceacross

states.•

Limitingthe

systemsizeby

electricity

consumptionreduces

andshiftsthe

potential

tothe

<3kWsystemsizecategories

aselectricity

consumptionacrossstates

inIndia

isconcentrated

inthelower

two

slabs

–

(0-100)

kWhand

(100

–300)

kWhper

month.•

Current

RTS

netmeteringregulation

inmost

states

restrict

the

installation

of

an

RTS

system

to

below

1kWby

specifyingtheminimumcapacity

criteria.Source:Authors’analysis

usingIRES

data.Note:The

estimated

RTS

potentials

arewithoutany

capitalsubsidy.18|Rural

households

haveabundant

space

butlowelectricity

demandconcentrates

economic

potential

in

lowerkWcategoriesTechnical

potential

–Rooftop

area

based

(GW)Technical

potential

-Energy

consumption

based

(GW)Economic

potential

(GW)Market

potential

(GW)211200.50.53530.5510.414423171850.7201810-1

1-2

2-3

3-10

>10

(kW)•

Rooftop

area-based

technical

potential

ishigher

inrural

areas

(~363

GW)due

tohigher

averageroof

spacecomparedto

urbanareas(~274

GW).•

Themost

preferred

system

sizeisless

than

2kWinrural

areas

due

tolower

electricitydemand.Source:Authors’analysis

usingIRES

data.Note:The

estimated

rooftop

solarpotentials

arewithoutanycapital

subsidy.19|1-2kW

is

themost

preferredRTSsystem

sizeinurban

areasTechnical

potential

–Rooftop

area

based

(GW)Technical

potential

-Energy

consumption

based

(GW)Economic

potential

(GW)Market

potential

(GW)310150.610131312301102.813102.6135270.90-1

1-2

2-3

3-10

>10

(kW)•

Technical

potential

in

urban

areas

declines

by

76%

whenwe

restrictthesystemsizerequirement

byelectricity

consumption.•

Economic

potential

ishigher

inurban

areas

due

tohighelectricity

demand

per

sq

ft

(7.7kWhper

sq

ft)

as

compared

to

rural

areas

(6.8kWhper

sq

ft).•

Market

potential

isskewed

inurban

areas

due

to

higher

economic

feasibility

and

consumers’

willingness

tobuy.Source:Authors’analysis

usingIRES

data.Note:The

estimated

rooftop

solarpotentials

arewithoutany

capital

subsidy.20|Theimpact

of

policies

and

regulations

on

rooftop

solar

potentialImpact

ofstatemeteringregulationsImpact

ofMNRERTS

subsidiesImpact

ofvariationsin

payback

periodsEconomic102GW~81GWEconomic102GW107GW80687050403020605040302010060504030201003232294541101726101171010016

162010513313

1400.53years5years8years0-11-22-33-10>100-11-22-33-10>10PaybackperiodRTSsystem

category(kW)RTSsystem

category(kW)RuralUrbanWithsubsidyWithout

subsidyWithnetmeteringWithout

netmetering•

Introducing

the

net

metering

regulation

reduces

theeconomic

potential

due

tothe

minimumkWrestriction

limitfor

RTSin15states,ranging

from102GWto

81GW.•

TheMNREsubsidy

iseffectivefor

RTSsystemsizesof1-3kW

and

increasethe

economicpotential

by~5GWby

makingsystems

economicallyfeasible

formoreconsumers.•

Increasing

the

payback

period

to

eight

yearsincreasesthe

market

potential

significantly

asmorehouseholds

areableto

recoverthe

investment

costoveralonger

timeframe

evenwithlowelectricityconsumption.•

Potential

reduces

tozerofor

West

Bengaldue

to

the•

Nochange

inpotential

observed

inthe

3-10kWcategory,implying

that

the

systems

werefeasiblewithout

subsidies.minimumlimitof5kW.•

Themarket

potential

increasesfurther

onintroducing

anMNREcapitalsubsidy

as

itmakes

RTSfeasiblefor

morehouseholds

with

afiveyearpayback

period.•

Themaximumlimitdoesn’thave

animpactonRTSpotential.Source:Authors’analysis.21|Note:1.

Netmeteringregulation

specify

theminimumand

maximumsystemsizesthatcan

beinstalled

asgrid-connected

systems.

2.

Capitalsubsidy

ofINR14,558

perkWfor

the1-3

kWRTS

categoryundertheMNREPhaseII

RTS

scheme.04

State-level

estimations

for

RTS

potentialintheresidentialsegmentImage:

CEEW~25

crore

households

could

support

637

GWRTScapacity

acrossstates637GW118GW~102GW~11GWTechnicalpotential–Rooftopareabased(GW)Technicalpotential–Energyconsumptionbased

(GW)Economicpotential(GW)Marketpotential(GW)•

RTSpotential

is

spread

geographically

across

states

inIndia

incontrast

toother

renewable

technologies

such

asutility

scale

solar,windprojects,etc.and

couldbecriticalto

states’energy

transition

ambitions•

Morethan

60%oftechnicalpotential

isconcentrated

insevenstatesin

India.

One-third

ofthe

total

technicalpotential

couldsupport

the

entire

electricity

demand

oftheresidential

sector(~310TWh),although

notallofthis

demand

isinthe

daytime.•

Asignificant

decline

intechnicalpotential

is

witnessedinstatessuchas

Assam,

Bihar,Odisha,Madhya

Pradesh,

Rajasthan,

Jharkhand,

and

Uttarakhand

due

to

the

high

shareofhouseholds

withlowenergy

consumption

per

sq

ft.Source:Authors’analysis

usingIRES

data.Note:The

estimated

RTS

potentials

arewithoutany

capitalsubsidy.23|Ruralstrata

shows

higher

technical

potential

compared

to

urbanareas

across

statesTechnical

potential

-

Rooftop

area

basedTechnical

potential

–Energy

basedTechnicalpotentialbasedon

rooftop

areaismuchhigher

inruralareas(363GW)

comparedtourbanareas(274GW)AndhraPradeshAssam1110AndhraPradeshAssam3302952310Bihar98Bihar2410.20.2Technicalpotentialbasedon

rooftop

areaismuchhigher

inruralareascomparedtourbanareasinmost

ofthe

statesexcept

Maharashtra,Delhi1,

TamilNadu,

Gujarat

and

Assam

duetomorerooftop

spacesinurbanareasinthesestates.ChhattisgarhDelhiChhattisgarhDelhi116600GujaratGujarat251Haryana5Haryana2610.3HimachalPradeshJharkhandKarnatakaKerala1HimachalPradeshJharkhandKarnatakaKerala5510.53110119102223Restricting

by

electricity

consumption,

potentialdeclinesacrossall

states

duetolowerelectricityconsumptionpersqft,i.e.,there

is

moreroofspace

availablethansystem

size

needed

tomeetelectricity

demand.MadhyaPradeshMaharashtraOdisha6MadhyaPradeshMaharashtraOdisha18133122966152382Punjab10Punjab41955RajasthanTamilNaduTelanganaUttarPradeshUttarakhandWestBengal16RajasthanTamilNaduTelanganaUttarPradeshUttarakhandWestBengal231326Technicalpotentialbasedon

energyconsumptionis

higher

inurbanareas(65GW)

thanruralareas(52GW)duetohigher

electricity

consumptioninurbanareas.191741122431146620.50.451720439400103050051015GWGWUrbanRuralUrbanRuralSource:Author's

analysis

usingIRES

dataNotes:1.

Delhihas

only

urban

spaces

in

itsregion.24|Capitalsubsidies

haveanimpacton

economic

potential

inseven

statesAndhraPradeshAssam55AndhraPradeshAssam88Declineineconomicpotentialis

higher

instateswithlowerelectricity

tariff

ratesmakingiteconomicallyless

attractive

for

consumers

toputup

systems

without

upfront

capitalsubsidies.81222Bihar3Bihar555ChhattisgarhDelhi0ChhattisgarhDelhi0.20.20.2444Gujarat1Gujarat120.5Lower

limitsinnetmeteringregulations(i.e.1kWand

above)

are

restrictive

inafewstates

reducingthe

economic

potential,

especiallyfor

stateswitheconomic

potential

inthe

<1kWcategory

suchasUttar

Pradesh,

Andhra

Pradesh,

Telangana,1Haryana00.5Haryana1HimachalPradeshJharkhandKarnatakaKerala1HimachalPradeshJharkhandKarnatakaKerala11101113444333Rajasthan,

Karnataka,

Jharkhand,

and

Kerala.4MadhyaPradeshMaharashtraOdisha22MadhyaPradeshMaharashtraOdisha2218181818EconomicpotentialdeclinestozeroforWestBengal

which

has

alowerlimit

of5kW

and

abovefor

RTSsystems

under

itsnet

metering

regulation.2222Punjab88Punjab88RajasthanTamilNaduTelanganaUttarPradeshUttarakhandWestBengal33RajasthanTamilNaduTelanganaUttarPradeshUttarakhandWestBengal565510101010FlatMNRE

capitalsubsidiesincrease

the55economicpotentialinseven

states

that

havewitnessedadeclinefromtechnical

toeconomicpotential

by

makingsystems

economically

viable.1012121411110999However,there

wasno

increase

ineconomicpotentialdespite

introducingcapitalsubsidiesinotherstates.0510GW152005101520GWWithnetmeteringWithout

net

meteringWithout

subsidyWithsubsidy25|Source:Authors’analysis

usingIRES

data.Marketpotential

with

different

payback

periods

–

without

subsidyMarket

potential

(GW)7GWMarket

potential

(GW)11GWMarket

potential

(GW)32GWAndhraPradeshAssam1.3AndhraPradeshAssam2.43.1AndhraPradeshAssam0.70.20.30.20.300.2BiharChhattisgarhDelhiBiharChhattisgarhDelhiBiharChhattisgarhDelhi000.20.30.10.20.10.20.20.10.50.30.11.10.40.20.30.10.20.10.20.20.1GujaratHaryanaGujaratHaryanaGujaratHaryanaHimachalPradeshJharkhandKarnatakaKeralaMadhyaPradeshMaharashtraOdishaHimachalPradeshJharkhandKarnatakaKeralaMadhyaPradeshMaharashtraOdishaHimachalPradeshJharkhandKarnatakaKeralaMadhyaPradeshMaharashtraOdisha3.80.20.42.14.811.80.10.10.10.8Punjab0.50.30.50.40.3Punjab0.50.40.6PunjabRajasthanTamilNaduTelanganaUttarPradeshUttarakhandWestBengalRajasthanTamilNaduTelanganaUttarPradeshUttarakhandWestBengalRajasthanTamilNaduTelanganaUttarPradeshUttarakhandWestBengal3.3110.40.300.30.20.500.40.40246810121402468101214024681012143years5years8years•

Considering

the

consumerwillingnesstoadopt

and

the

paybackperiod

(fiveyears),market

potential

reduces

significantly

across

statesto

11GW.•

Marketpotential

increases

by

increasing

the

payback

period

withsignificant

changesseeninthe

case

ofAndhra

Pradesh,

Maharashtra,

Bihar,Karnataka,

and

Rajasthan.26|Source:Authors’analysis

usingIRES

data.Marketpotential

with

different

payback

periods

–

with

subsidyMarket

potential

(GW)10GWMarket

potential

(GW)32GWMarket

potential

(GW)68GWAndhraPradeshAssam0.80.20.3AndhraPradesh4.6AndhraPradeshAssam2.53.3AssamBiharChhattisgarhDelhi1.40.2BiharChhattisgarhDelhi3.32.7BiharChhattisgarhDelhi0000.30.40.20.20.10.20.20.10.70.40.21.10.5GujaratHaryanaGujaratHaryanaGujaratHaryana0.80.41.10.5HimachalPradeshJharkhandKarnatakaKeralaMadhyaPradeshMaharashtraOdishaHimachalPradeshJharkhandKarnatakaKeralaMadhyaPradeshMaharashtraOdishaHimachalPradeshJharkhandKarnatakaKeralaMadhyaPradeshMaharashtraOdisha3.82.70.20.40.914.512.414.30.10.50.30.50.40.30.10.80.3PunjabPunjabPunjab4.9RajasthanTamilNaduTelanganaUttarPradeshUttarakhandWestBengalRajasthanTamilNaduTelanganaUttarPradeshUttarakhandWestBengal3.2RajasthanTamilNaduTelanganaUttarPradeshUttarakhandWestBengal3.33.1110.30.30.56.89.600.50.45.16024681012141602468101214160248101214163years5years8years•

Marketpotential

increases

by

three

timesafter

introducing

acapitalsubsidy

as