重点注意事项结中文版

1"BestDoesNotMeanItis1"BestDoesNotMeanItisveryimportanttorecognizethatSentenceCorrectionquestionsaskforthebestoptionofthosegiven,notthebestoptionintheuniverse.Indeed,oftenyouwillfeel-andrighdyso-thatalltheanswers,includingthecorrectone,"soundbad."CorrectGMATSentenceCorrectionanswerscansoundveryformalorawkward,soitisimportanttokeepinmindthatyourtaskistoevaluatethegivenanswerchoices,nottocreatetheidealsentence.Theidealsentenceoftenisnotanoption,plicatematters,incorrectanswerchoicesoftensoundright,Indeed,theGMATexploitsthefactthattheEnglishweheariscommonlyriddledwithgrammaticalmistakes.2、GMATSC常考知识(1Subject-VerbAgreement主谓一(2Parallelism平(3Pronouns代(4Modifiers(5VerbTenseMood&Voice时态、虚拟语气和主被动(6Comparisons比(7Idioms.习语/固定搭3对于SC的一个基本原则和读完题，画出句子基本结构（以及很明显的错误派，尽量分成2-3split2个一派，3个一派)。到选剩1个选项。的4GMAT中SC最佳答案要符合以下三的4GMAT中SC最佳答案要符合以下三3、简洁有效（Concision）beginbylookingforerrorsinAfteryouhavegrammarerrors,lookformeaningFinally,ifyouhavestillnotsingledoutanswer,choosetheremainingchoicethatismostDonotaltertheauthor'sintentwhenyoumakeyour同5Meaning的三个常A．小词位置的变换Ifawordchangesitspositionintheanswerchoices,youmustconsiderwhetherthechangehasanimpactonthemeaningofthesentence.Lookoutespeciallyforshortwords(suchasonlyandall)thatquantifynounsorotherwiserestrictB．词的选择C．Connectedwordsmakesense6、主谓不可Wrong:TheelectronnamedinRight:TheelectronWASNAMEDinRight:TheelectronWASNAMEDin句，是不能单独成句的，缺少主句（mainclause）Wrong:BECAUSEthedogwasneverWrong:WHICHwillbeapprovedWrong:Thedevelopmentofahydrogencarbasedonexpectedperformanceparameterswillbeabletotravelhundredsofmileswithoutrefueling.这句话初看觉得OK，但仔细分析主谓，就会发现thedevelopmentwillbeabletotravelhundredsofmiles,发展怎么能跑几百公里呢？！这就是主谓没有一起makesense，犯了逻辑错误。应该是车Right:Oncedeveloped,ahydrogenCARbasedonexpectedperformanceparametersWillabletotravelhundredsofmileswithout8、怎么找到句子的1、介词短语如：acatofthegirl中，cat是主语，ofthegirl惯用语的例外，如由some,nonemany,much,all这类词修饰时，of后面的才是主语，如someofthestudents里，students才是主语；再如anumberofpictures也是，pictures才是主语。不过thenumberofpictures里，thenumber是主语。还有所有表示2（状语从句充当bigadv.定语从句充当bigadj.主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句充当bignoun）如：When.theauditorslefttheexecutivewhohadbeeninterviewedwas/were3过去分词和现在分词（在句中起到修饰其他成分的作用，做定语或状语时如：Limpingthehorseonceconsideredoneofthefavoriteswas/weretaken:注意逗号！Commasareanotherhelpful:注意逗号！Commasareanotherhelpfulsigntoidentifymodifierssincesometimesseparatemodifiersfromtherestofthe9主谓一致（GMAC出题的方法往往是把主语藏起来找到了主语，就很好判断主谓一致了。前面的第点讲了如何找主语，但当两个单数主语被“”连接时，谓语动词就要用复数了。但当两个主语是由versesalongwithtogetherwithainadditiontoaswellastheaccompaniedbvincludingsaltand注意：Mathematics，aerobics和diabetes都是单数，虽然他们都以S关于either…or…和neither…nor…的主另外，如果eitherneither单独修饰句中成分，即没有or或nor关于集体名词的主关于人的agencyarmyaudience,classcommitteecrowdorchestra关于物的baggagecitrusequipmentfleet,fruitPS:在gmat中，只要是在原有名词加了s关于anyone，someone，everybody，some等这一类表示非特质的代的主Anyone,anybody,anythingNoone,nobody,Each,every(aspronouns)Someone,somebody,somethingEveryone,everybody,everythingWhatever,whoeverEither,neither(mayrequireaEither,neither(mayrequireapluralverbifpairedwith以下5个词可以作单数也可以作复数，由of后面的名词的单复数决Some,Any,None,All,SomeofthemoneyWASstolenfrommywallet.(moneyisSomeofthedocumentsWEREstolenfromthebank.(documentsis但noneof+nooneof+关于eachevery的主Right:EverydogHASRight:EverydogandcatHASpaws.Right:EachoftheseshirtsISpretty.TheyeachAREgreattennis关于表示数量的短语的主谓2、Thewordsmajority,minorityandpluralityareeithersingularorpluraldependingontheircontext.Ifyouwanttoindicatethemanyindividualpartsofthetotality,useapluralverb.IfyouwanttoindicatethetotalityitselfthenuseasingularverbThemajorityofthestudentsinthisclassAREhardIntheSenate,themajorityHAScoalescedintoaunifiedvoting关于现在分词作主语和主语从句的主Right：HavinggoodfriendsISawonderfulthing.Right：WhatevertheywanttodoISfinewithme.关于主谓倒装后的主谓Wrong:NearthosebuildingsSITalonelyWrong:NearthosebuildingsSITalonelyhouse,inhabitedbyFlipit!：Alonelyhouse，inhabitedbysquatters,SITSnearthosebuildings.Right:NearthosebuildingsSITSalonelyhouse,inhabitedbysquatters.Wrong:ThereISayoungmanandanolderwomanatthebusstop.Flipit!：AyoungmanandanolderwomanAREthereatthebusstop.Right:ThereAREayoungmanandanolderwomanatthebus在主谓一致问题中，如果不确定的话把赌注压在单数上吧，概率高10、平行常见Paralleland;or;but;both;both…and…;not…but…;notonly…butalso;ratherthan;from…to…;either…or…;neither…nor…XactasY, distinguishXfromY, XisthesameasY, AsX,SoY,estimateXtobeY,Xisgood,andsotooisY, XinsteadofY, X,suchasY, comparedtoX,Y…,Xisknowntobe thinkofXas considerX Xislessthan makeXdeclareX MistakeXFor WhetherXOr XdevelopsIntoY,XDiffersFrom平行！首先要逻辑平行！而这逻辑的平行主要体现1、平行的人或事物的性质相同或;regardXAsregardXAs平行不仅仅局限于出现了parallelmaker，在一个结构中要表达2个或2个以上的人或事物thesameway关于并列svovoo，也有“but+介词短语,句子”或者“but+从句，关于从属从属连词这种连词是用以引导名词性从句和状语从句的.由从属连词所引导从属连词在名词性从句中有:thatweatherAisAistoBwhatCisto另外，系动词也是parallelmakerBe（所有形式）另外，系动词也是parallelmakerBe（所有形式）appearbecome,feelgrowlookremainrepresentresembleseem,smell,sound,stay,taste,turn记住一个大原则：所有句子中要表达两个或两个以上事物或都需要平并列常见形式总结：（形式对称、11Belikelytodo…andbeunabletodo…（be不能省略15定语从句并列必须承前使用相同的代词：n.+inwhich..,inwhich…,andin16overestimatethatandunderestimateB）动作名词不能对纯名词C）。整体名词不能对个体概念nomoneyorstaffmembersD）。泛指不能对特指lesslendingandtheincreasedpressureE)前者是介词结构,3.功能相and，如X,Y,Z,andK;当并列形式为：XandY们，最后这个and和前面的andproperty没有关系！SC做题口诀在GMAT考试过程中特别喜欢考比较对象对1.平行规则（高阶实体名词和动词性名词实体名词和动词性名词不能平行（逻辑平行范畴根名词以及-ing形式的动名词，如：change,development,pollution,eruption,growth,swimming,running,skiing…..简单的动名词和其他动作性名词也不1）什么是简单的动名词：其实就是现在分词！Wrong:Therebelsdemandedthewithdrawalofgovernmentforcesfromdisputedregions,significantreductionsinoveralltrooplevels,raisingtherebelflagonholidays,ANDageneralpardon.分析：这里raising明显不对，在短语“raisingtherebelflag正的名词作用。一般的，就是在动名词前面加量词aanthe或Right:Therebelsdemandedthewithdrawalofgovernmentforcesdisputedregions,significantreductionsinoveralltrooplevels,THEraisingOFtherebelflagonholidays,ANDageneralpardon.如果这个动作本身就有名词形式，就不要去创造一词短语形Wrong:TherebelsdemandedthewithdrawalofgovernmentforcesfromdisputedregionsANDreleasingcertainpoliticalprisoners.disputedregionsANDTHEreleasingOFcertainpoliticalRight:TherebelsdemandedthewithdrawalofgovernmentforcesdisputedregionsANDTHERELEASEOFcertain动名词要避免用“X’s+动名词”形式可以用“物主代动名词要避免用“X’s+动名词”形式可以用“物主代词动名词”（有效性错误谓语动词只能和谓语动词平TheplantBOTHexceededoutputtargetsANDranmoresmoothlythan不定式和不定式平Wrong:Itiscriticaltosuspendactivities,tonotifyinvestorsANDsayRight:Itiscriticaltosuspendactivities,notifyinvestorsANDRight:Itiscriticaleithertosuspendactivitiesortonotifyboth…and…;not…but…;notonly…butalso…;from…to…;either…or…;neither…nor…;distinguishXfromY,AsX,Y,estimateXtobecomparedtoX,Y…,thinkofXasconsiderXY,makeXY,declareXY, MistakeXForY,WhetherXOrY,regardXAsY形容词、现在分词、过去分词可以平行（分词作定语时Amastodoncarcass,thawedonlyonceANDstillfresh,ison不定式和现在分词在句尾的区PresentParticiple:Investorssoldthestockrapidly,CAUSINGpanic.Infinitive:InvestorssoldthestockrapidlyTOCAUSEpanic.从句从句只有和引导词相同的从句从句只有和引导词相同的从句才可以平行！除此之外，和何词、短语、从句都不平行Wrong:Amastodoncarcass,thawedonlyonceANDwhichisstillfresh.isondisplay.Right:Amastodoncarcass,whichhasbeenthawedonlyonceANDisstillfresh,ison关于either…or…Either…or…在句子中位置的不同，导致平行的变化如下（OGSC……eitherfashionedfromthespottedsandstoneofMathuraorfashionedfromGandharangreyEither……fashionedeitherfromthespottedsandstoneofMathuraorfromGandharangreyschis.Either……fashionedfromeitherthespottedsandstoneofMathuraorGandharangreyschis.总结：平行的8大常见考11、比较结最重要的四个信号词是：k，ik11、比较结最重要的四个信号词是：k，ik，th，s！遇到这四个like（更高阶的请看曼哈顿P248-Like后可以跟动名词：likeLike不能用来举例："thepreferredwaytointroduceexamplesiswithphrasesuchasratherthanwiththewordlikewhichsuggestsacomparision."Suchas在举例的时候，可以分开，如：suchcropsascornandbeans Suchas在举例的时候，可以分开，如：suchcropsascornandbeans Wrong:LIKEherbrotherDID,AvaacedtheRight:ASherbrotherDID,AvaacedtheRight：Likeherbrother,AvaacedthetestRight：Asherbrotherdid,Avaacedthetest.Right:JUSTASthetrainswerelateyesterday,thebusesarelateRight:JUSTASthetrainswerelateyesterday,SOTOOaretheylateWrong：Frank'sbuild,LIKEhisbrother,isbroadand以上这个句子中，比较对象是“Frank’sbuild”和”hisbrother”，体格和人怎么能比Right:Frank'sbuild,LIKEhisbrother's,isbroadandRight:Frank'sbuild,LIKEthatofhisbrotherisbroadandRight:Frank,LIKEhisbrother,hasabroadandmuscularMycarisbiggerthanMycarisbiggerthanBrian's[car}.MytoesarelongerthanBrian'sMycarisbiggerthantheSmiths'[car}.MytoesarelongerthantheSmiths'Ingeneral,youshouldputintheomittedwordsorappropriateHelpingVerbs(suchasbe,do,andhave)onlyifyouneed'toremoveambiguity.Right:WhereasIdrink2quartsofmilkaday,myfrienddrinks3[quarts}.Right:IwalkfasterthanBrian[walks}.Right：Iwalkasfastnowas[Iwalked}whenIwas Right:IlikecheesemorethanIDOYvette.(=thanIlike 平常s1voatthesametimeass2有s2与o比较的歧义，所以为Right:VishaleatsmorecarrotsRight:Vishaleatsmorecarrotsthandonuts.(donutsmustbetheWordy:VishaleatsmorecarrotsthanHEDOESWrong:Withwintercoming,IwillhaveHIGHERenergybills.Wrong:IwillhaveHIGHERbillsOVERlastyear.Right:IwillhaveHIGHERbillsTHANlastAlwaysusethanwithacomparative12、动词和比较（高阶 do,have/has代替。不过，如果前后部分动作一样但时态不一致Wordy:Ihaveneverseenanaardvark,butmyfatherhasseenanBetter:Ihaveneverseenanaardvark,butmyfatherWrong:Ihaveneverseenanaardvark,butlastyearmyfatherDID.Right:Ihaveneverseenanaardvark,butlastyearmyfathersawone. Wrong:Ourcarsweredesignedtoinspireenvy,andtheyARE.Right:Ourcarsweredesignedtoinspireenvy,andtheyDO.面是一般现在时。由于they指代的是cars，根据逻辑句意知道，doare ,Right:Somepeopledonoteatsoup.butothersdo.(=doeatRight:Somepeopledonoteatsoupasothersdo.(=doeatUsebe,doandhaveinthiswayonlyifyoumeanthepositiveformofthe情态动 Wrong:Ourdivisionspentsignificant情态动 Wrong:OurdivisionspentsignificantfundsonHAVINGTObuildRight:OurdivisionHADTOspendsignificantfundsonbuilding Wrong:ThisplanensuresthatactionMUSTbeRight:ThisplanensuresthatactionWILLbe “beto”在GMAT中不能用，得用will或“beto”本来表示“某种义务或者将来会做…”，在GMAT里不来或义务。(PS:should不能表命令)如下列：Wrong:WeARETOreceiveanRight:WeWILLreceiveaninvitation.ORWeSHOULDreceivean倍数的说法见曼哈顿其他比较结 wrong：WehaveevenMOREefficientenginesthanRight:WehaveevenMOREenginesthatareefficientthanRight:WehaveenginesevenMOREefficientthan Right:TheincidenceofthediseaseamongmenEXCEEDStheamongRight:TheincidenceofthediseaseamongmenEXCEEDSitsamongRight:TheincidenceofthediseaseamongmenEXCEEDSthat RightsINADDITION RightsINADDITIONTOtaxesdeathisinevitable.（主语比较Right:INADDITIONTOMunstercheese，IlikeSwiss.（宾语比较13、代词代词指代错误在GMAT中经常发生，所以每一次在题目中看到代词查，看其是否指代正确！步骤主谓时，都要问问自己，这个动词的主语是什么;主语和动词是否makesensetogether;是否做到了主谓一致错误一：先行词必须Wrong：Theparkrangersdiscussedmeasurestopreventseverewildfires,whichwouldbedevastatingtoIT.Right：Therangersdiscussedmeasurestopreventseverewildfires,whichwouldbedevastatingtoTHEPARK.Theantecedenttowhichyouwanttorefermustactuallyexistintheandbefunctioningasa错误二：先行词带入代词的句子或短语后，逻辑不对，没有错误三：一个代词有多个先错误三：一个代词有多个先行词的可能，导致cellulosefibers,whichTHEYallegegiveTHEMthestrengthofcastiron.Right:Researchersclaimtohavedevelopednew"nano-papers"incorporatingtiny错误四：先行词和代词单复数不特别注意代词在句子主语的位置上，通常会被认为指代与其平行句子EG:Supernovasdestroytheirimmediateenvironmentsinvastexplosions,BUTsynthesizingheavychemicalelements,THEYprovidetheuniversewiththepossibilityofbiochemistry-basedlifeasweknowit.2.主格和宾格代词不能指代所有格名Wrong:Theboardisinvestigatingseveralexecutives'compensationpackagesinordertodeterminehowmuchmayhavebeenimproperlyawardedtoBetter:TheboardisinvestigatingthecompensationpackagesofseveralexecutiveinordertodeterminehowmuchTheymayhavebeenimproperlyawarded.Best:TheboardisinvestigatingthecompensationpackagesofseveralexecutivesinordertodeterminehowmuchTheexecutivesmayhavebeenimproperly用’s.总结：即代词不能指代N’sX中的N,但可总结：即代词不能指代N’sX中的N,但可以指代XofN中N3.which，that只能指代物，只有whowhom4.that和those指代的是一个newcopyof先行词，而不是完ThemoneyspentbyherparentsislessthanthatspentbyherTheexecutivesofhercompanyaremoreexcellentthanthoseofcompetitors.在第一个例句中，that的出现，是为了防止重复使用“themoney“而不是指代“themoneyspentbyherparents”.这一点，it，they等代词却不同，他们都是在第二个例句中，those指代的是复数形式的先行词的newcopies.表示newcopy的时候，Those和That也只能指代物，不能指代人指代newcopy，单数用that，Lackinginformationaboutenergyuse,peopletendtooverestimatetheamountenergyusedbyequipment.suchaslights,thatarevisibleandmustbeturnedonandoffandunderestimatethatusedbyunobtrusiveequipment,suchaswaterheaters.equipment,suchaslights,thatarevisibleandmustbeturnedonandoffandunderestimatethatequipment,suchaslights,thatarevisibleandmustbeturnedonandoffunderestimateitequipment,suchaslights,thatisvisibleandmustbeturnedonandoffunderestimateitvisibleequipment,suchaslights,thatmustbeturnedonandoffvisibleequipment,suchaslights,thatmustbeturnedonandoffunderestimateit就是指代：amountusedbyvisibleequipment. 是非完全指代，指代的是 copy但是在GMAT中，代词与先行词的单复数形式是一定要一致的，在newcopy中也Wrong:HercompanyisoutperformingTHOSEOFherRight:HercompanyisoutperformingTHECOMPANIESRight:HercompanyisoutperformingTHECOMPANIESOFher总结：代词是指ititsthey,them,theirthat,those（he/his/him,she/her等）。其中，that和those只有在指代newcopy时才使用，所有的事物的代词都用it,its,they,them,their（这几个代词都是完全指代，即不止指代核心名词还指代其修饰语）this，that，those，New"nano-papers"incorporatefibersthatgiveTHESEMATERIALSstrength.（these为Wrong:Herproductsareunusual;manyconsiderTHESERight:Herproductsareunusual;manyconsiderTHEM纯粹做指示代词时，that只能和名词一起使用，不能OGSC55:Manyhousebuildersofferrent-to-buyprograms;thatenablesafamilywithinsufficientsavingsforaconventionaldownpaymenttomoveintonewhousingandapplypartoftherenttoapurchaseWhich在GMAT中不能指代句子，只能指代词或短1.Which由于只能指代物，所以如果紧跟其前面的名词或代词是人的话，就不符合2.Which2.Which而that引导名词性从句时，不充当任何成分意inthat的情况，inthat是连词，且有特定意义：因为）AistoBwhatCisto14代词（高阶 Wrong:Atcurrentprices,Antarcticoilmaybeworthdrillingfor,ifwellscanbedugTHEREandenvironmentalconcernsaddressed.Right:Atcurrentprices,oilinAntarcticamaybeworthdrillingfor,ifwellsbedugTHEREandenvironmentalconcerns一种强调，therebe就不是多余的，如果句意是为了突出“XXXX干 反身代词，词，such的意思就是“liketheantecedent”ForAftertheland-useagreementsurfaced,thecommissiondecidedtosubjectanySUCHcontractstodebateinthe“O”表示其中一个，是泛指，且“”前面一定有复数名词。Afterwalkingbythechocolatessomanytimes,RogerfinallyhadtoeatAfterwalkingbythechocolatessomanytimes,RogerfinallyhadtoeatAfterwalkingbythechocolatessomanytimes,RogerfinallyhadeatONE.ITwasdelicious,butHEcouldeatonlyhalfofDoit&Do“doso”可以指代一整个动作，包括动词+动词的宾语+Quinndidnoteatdinnerquickly,butherbrotherDID分析：例句中，“didso”指代整个“eatdinnerQuinnfailedtodothehomework,butherbrotherdid分析：这里的“it”指代的就是 Accordingtoarecentpoll,owningandlivinginafreestandinghouseonitsownlandisstillagoalofamajorityofyoungadults,asitwasofearliergenerations.分析：这里的“it”指代整个句子主语“owningandlivinginafreestandinghouseonitsownland”。“it”还可以指代主语从句以及作主语Ofcourse“doit”中的“do”不一定只能是“do”，可以变成其他动词，但“doso”中的“do”不可以：Quinndidnoteatthesoup,butherbrotherATE另外,“doso”中的“so”可以省略，只用助动词即QuinnDIDNOTeatdinnerquicklybutherbrotherDID.（相当于QuinnDIDNOTeatdinnerquicklybutherbrotherDID.（相当于主语较“It做不定式的形式主语，把真正的主语——不定式押后Awkward:TORESISTtemptationisfutile.Right:ITisfutileTORESISTtemptation.第一句没有语法错误，但GMAC倾向于第二种表达，顺口多了做that从句的形式主语，把that引导的主语从句押后，避免头重脚Awkward:THATwescoredatallgaveusencouragement.Right:ITgaveusencouragementTHATwescoredatall.第一句也没有语法错误，只是头重脚轻，所以第二句更做不定式或that从句的形式宾语，把真正的宾语押Right:ShemadeITpossibleforusTOATTENDthe总的来说，就是当不定式或者that从句做主语或宾语时，it就要取而代之做形式语或形式宾语代词如果遇到指代不明的情况时，除了重复本需指代的名词外，更好的办法是用this/that/thesethose/scthe+其他类似或同性质的概括性大类词汇代替：Right:New"nano-papers"incorporatefibersthatgiveTHESEMATERIALSstrength.Right:Aftertheland-useagreementsurfaced,thecommissiondecidedtosubjectanySUCHCONTRACTStodebateintheRight:Afterroastingthedeer,thehunterextinguishedthefirethensearchedforatreetohangTHEMEAT寻找代词先行词的2大基本原则和3大附加原原则一：代词和先行词数量上要一复数形式的代词就选定复数形式的原则二：代词和先行词在性别指代上要一He/his指代男性，she/her指代女性，it/its属于中性，them/their/they可代一切原则三：代词如果在一个句子中重复出现，一般认为这个代词指代的行词都是同一个原则四：就近原则。（貌似打破了很多的就近，所以暂且不以此为判断原则了）即代词指代的先行词一般倾向于指代最近的那个符合原则1和2Inthestationhouse，ITisconsidered…,inthecurrenteconomicclimateITmayfinallyexperiencesales分析：第一句中，因为house紧贴着代词“it”（即使中间有逗号所以不是先行词。第二句也是，因为climate紧贴着代词“it”，所不可是大多数时候，是先有先行词，后出现代词，不过当一些比较短的短置时，也可以代词在前，先行词紧随其后，不过记得得是短的短原则五：平行原则（前提是这个名词满足原则1&2！）另外，如果一个代词充当从句的主语，那么它优先指代其主句的主语159.Whiledepressedpropertyvaluescanhurtsomelargeinvestors,theyarepotentiallydevastatingforhome-owners,whoseequity—inmanycasesrepresentingalife’ssavings—canoreven(A)theyarepotentiallydevastatingforhomeowners,(C)forhomeownerstheyarepotentiallydevastating,because(D)forhomeowners,itispotentiallydevastatinginthat(E)itcanpotentiallydevastatehomeowners,B选项指代错误，就是因为inthat引导的原因从句中，their是主语，应优先修饰主句的主语they，即depressedproperty总的来说，判断先行词，就是先用原则一&原则二选选先行词，然后再利用原则三、四、五逐一排除原则3、4、5是并列的，不是依次的）注意：句子中一点点的指代不明是可注意：句子中一点点的指代不明是可以被容忍的。所以在排除选项的时候，一定不能以指代不明作为唯一排除选项的标准，要结合其他考点综合考15、修饰语作为系动词，它本身有词义，但不能单独用作谓语，后边必须跟表语（1）Heisateacher.他是一名教师。（is与补足语一起说明主语的身2）remain,stay,lie,stand,例如：Healwayskeptsilentatmeeting.Thismatterrestsamystery.3）用来表示"看起来像"这一概念，主要有seem,appearlook,Helookstired.Heseems(tobeverysad.4）感官系动词主要有feel,smellsoundtaste,ThiskindofclothfeelsveryThisflowersmellsvery5）turn,fall,get,go,come,run.Hebecamemadafterthat.SheHebecamemadafterthat.Shegrewrichwithinashorttime.6）表示主语已终止动作，主要有proveturnout,表达"证实"，"变成"Therumorprovedfalse.Thesearchproveddifficult.Hisplanturnedoutasuccess.他的计划终于成功了。（turnout表终止HefellillHefelloffthe5）GMATGMAC的trick之一。谨慎！谨慎6）同位语（Nounmodifiers的其中一种Mr.Smith,ournewteacher,isverykindtoHetoldmethathisbrotherJohnisaworld-famousdoctor.Heisinterestedinsports,especiallyballgamesB.questionthought，belief，conclusion等少数抽象概念名词。A．在that引导的定语从句中，that在其中充当一定成分，且①Thenews[thatyoutoldmeyesterday]wasreally②Weheardthenews[thatourteamhad①Iwillneverforgettheday[whenIjoinedthe②Wehavenoidea[whenshewas③Thisisthehouse[whereIlivedtwoyears④Heputforwardtothequestion[wherethemeetingwouldbe⑤Thisisthereason[whyshewillnotattendthe⑥Theteacherhadnoidea[whyJackwas12Wrong:JimbikedalonganWrong:Jimbikedalonganolddirtroadtogettohishouse,whichcutthroughthewoods.Right:Togettohishouse,Jimbikedalonganolddirtroad.,whichthroughtheWrong:Therewasnocommotionintheoffice,resignedtothebadnews.Right:Resignedtothebadnews,theofficeWorkersmadenocommotion.Wrong:Theproblemwasidentified,usingthelatesttechnology.Right:Usingthelatesttechnology,theengineeridentifiedthePS：上面这个句子using是做verbmodifier在句子结尾，不遵循touchrule。不过verbmodifier也需要主语和它一起makesense！注意：避免几个长的修饰语排列着修饰同一个名词，如两个长修饰语都放在先行词的前面或都放在后面，这样就造成了awkward前一后紧挨先行词放着，这是better的情况，best的情况是最好把句子改写，使句子只剩下一个长修饰。有时候GMT只提供了这个better的选项，那这个选项就是正确的，如果提供了better和best的选项，那best就是正确的！你滴明白？！O(∩_∩)O哈哈~8）特别注意所有格makesensetogether,如下例所示：Wrong:Unskilledincomplexmath,Bill'sscoreontheexamwas个modifier的修饰对象是Bill’sscore，不合乎逻辑。正确如下：Right:Unskilledincomplexmath.Billdidnotscorewellonthe另外，不要忽略development等抽象名词，他们同样符合nounmodifiers的Wrong:Onlyinthepastcenturyhasorigami'sdevelopment,aactivityinventedWrong:Onlyinthepastcenturyhasorigami'sdevelopment,aactivityinventedmillenniaago,intoatrueartformtakenRight:Origami-aceremonialactivityinventedmillenniaago-hasintoatrueartformonlyinthepast定语从句（Nounmodifiers的其中一种;Wrong:ThescientistsTHATmadethediscoverywereRight:ThescientistsWHOmadethediscoverywere在GMAT中，whose可以修饰物，很惊奇GMAT:thetownwhosewatersupplywasWhichWhom有时候可以搭配介词：介词+whom；介词+whichWrong:ThesecurityguardWHOwemetwasRight:ThesecurityguardWHOMwemetwasThatwhomRight:ThemovieTHATwewatchedlastFridaywasRight:ThemoviewewatchedlastFridaywaswhy引导状从、宾从和定从的You'dbettermakeamarkwhereyouhaveanyYou`dbettermakeamarkattheplacewhereyouhaveanyYou’dbetterknowwhereyouhavea.You’dbetterknowwhereyouhavea.容；和第一句不同的是，当where引导状语从句时，意为“在/限定性定语（从句）与非限定性定语（从句限定性ThemansionPAINTEDREDisownedbythe非限定性ThismansionRECENTLYPAINTEDREDisownedbythe注意：一般而言，that修饰限定性定语从句，which修饰非限定性定语从句。但这个不定 Awkward:TOERRisRight:ITishumanTORight:ThecontractorsdemolishedthebuildingTORight:ThecontractorsdemolishedthebuildingTOKEEPitfromfallingdownaccidentally.Right:ThebuildingwasdemolishedTOKEEPITfromfallingdownWrong:ThebuildingwasdemolishedTOKEEPfallingdown分析：第一句中，“tokeep”的主语是句子的主语“thecontractors”，不定式的宾语“it”指代的是句子的宾语“thebuilding”；第二句中，“tokeep”的宾语“it”指代的是句子的主语，即使重复也不合逻辑：building不是keep的主语，而是宾语，这里直接在keepkeep后面，不能省略。但GMAC不喜欢不定式连着用，即todotowrong：quicktoright:torun不定式做宾语不能跟在介词后（语感！语感10）VerbModifiers(顾名思义，修饰动词的修饰语VerbModifiersNounModifiers的一个很大的区别在于:NounModifiers要遵循”TouchRule”,而VerbModifiers不用。makesense。怎么区别nounmodifiersverbNounmodifiers意为“什么什么样的XX”；而verbmodifiers可以修饰动词以及动词的主语（verb可以修饰一个句子，做状语，表结果（verbRight:Crimehasrecentlydecreasedinourneighborhood,leadingtoariseproperty主句的主语。（verbmodifiers）（nounWhich的修饰作Which只能引导定语从句作nounmodifiers，不能引导状语从句作verb名词，遵循touchrule。which指代主句宾语：s+verb+o,which0（svo,whichsWhich的跳跃修饰（that也一样AofB，which”结构中，which根据语义决定，既可以修饰修饰AA符合语义，这whichAandB,AsandBs,whicharewhich指Bs?which指AsandBs？)AandBs,whichare(which指Bs？或which指AandBs？)AandBtogether，没有歧义，这时which修饰AandBs。PresentParticiple:AtechniqueALLEVIATINGpainisgrowingpopular.RelativeClause:AtechniqueTHATALLEVIATESpainisgrowingpopular.Infinitive:AtechniqueTOALLEVIATEpainisgrowingpopular.Wrong:AplanCONQUERINGtheworldisinhisWrong:AplanTHATWILLCONQUERtheworldisinhisfiles.Right:AplanTOCONQUERtheworldisinhisfiles.有逗号是表明“非限定性修饰”16修饰词（高阶有逗号是表明“非限定性修饰”16修饰词（高阶 rule”当中 Right:Anicesheetcovers80percentOFTHESURFACEOFGREENLAND,anarearoughlythesizeofAlaska.Right:HehadawayOFDODGINGOPPONENTSthatimpressed（这里“that”不会产生先行词指代不明，因为that的先行词只能是事物 Awkward:AnewCEOwhowilltransformthecompanybyauthoritytovariousdivisionheadswhileincreasingtheiraccountabilitythroughtheuseofpublicscorecardshasbeenhired.Right:AnewCEOhasbeenhiredwhowilltransformthecompanydecentralizingauthoritytovariousdivisionheadswhileincreasingtheiraccountabilitythroughtheuseofpublicscorecards.过去分词在句尾，除非前面的词是形容词这种不能修饰的情况，否则都是限定性修饰前面名词短语和核心词（当然也可以跳跃修饰饰主语是不可以的。如“svowhich”结构中，which指代S Right:Our饰主语是不可以的。如“svowhich”结构中，which指代S Right:OursystemofPresidentialelectionsfavorsstates,suchasDelaware,thatbypopulationareover-representedintheElectoralCollege. 跟的modifier前肯定有parallelmaker。 在GMAT中，不允许双重所有格“ofWrong:Theorca,arelativeofthebluewhale's,isfoundthroughouttheRight:Theorca,arelativeofthebluewhale.isfoundthroughoutthe 在GMAT中，复数所有格“-s’”也是尽量不要使用的，用of结SubgroupModifiers（部分修饰Right:Thismodelexplainsallknownsubatomicparticles,SOMEOFWHICHWEREonlyrecentlydiscovered.注意：这里有谓语动词“er”因为h引导的是定语从句，是一个句子。)Right:Thismodelexplainsallknownsubatomicparticles,SOMEOFonlyrecentlyRight:Thismodelexplainsallknownsubatomicparticles,SOMEonlyrecentlydiscovered.的someofthem是同位语Wrong:Thismodelexplainsallknownsubatomicparticles,OFSOMEWEREonlyrecentlyWrong:Thismodelexplainsallknownsubatomicparticles,SOMEOFWHICHWEREonlyrecentlyWrong:Thismodelexplainsallknownsubatomicparticles,SOMEWHICHonlyrecentlyPSsomemanyallnone都是代词，一定要存在先行词在前面，GMAC关WHICHonlyrecentlyPSsomemanyallnone都是代词，一定要存在先行词在前面，GMAC关于现在分词作定语的时Right:ThemanWHOISCLEANINGthestepsismyRight:ThemanCLEANINGthestepsismy(A)Therateoflanguageextinctionisaccelerating,atendencyultimatelyculminatinginthesurvivalofjustafewlanguages,accordingto(B)Therateoflanguageextinctionisaccelerating,atendencythatwillultimatelyculminateinthesurvivalofjustafewlanguages,accordingtoPast:ISAWamanCLEANINGthesteps.(cleaningtakesplaceinthePresent:ISEEamanCLEANINGthesteps.(cleaningtakesplaceinFuture:IWILLSEEamanCLEANINGthesteps.(cleaningtakesplaceinWrong:ISEEthemanCLEANINGthestepsRight:ISEEthemanWHOCLEANEDthesteps.独立主格（absolute独立主格结构：名词/代词+修饰独独立主格结构：名词/代词+修饰独立主格作用：独立主格相当于一个verbmodifier,可以修饰整个句独立主格的三种形n,n+修饰语Right:Scientistshavefoundhighlevelsofiridiumincertaingeologicalformationsaroundtheworld.Theseresultssuggestthecataclysmicimpactofameteormillionsofyearsago.Right:Scientistshavefoundhighlevelsofiridiumincertainformationsaroundtheworld,resultsthatsuggestthecataclysmicimpactofameteormillionsofYearsago.Right:Scientistshavefoundhighlevelsofiridiumincertaingeologicalformationsaroundtheworld,SUGGESTINGthecataclysmicimpactofameteormillionsofyearsago.Wrong:Scientistshavefoundhighlevelsofiridiumincertaingeologicalformationsaroundtheworld,ANDTHISsuggeststhecataclysmicimpactofameteormillionsofyearsago.Wrong:Scientistshavefoundhighlevelsofiridiumincertaingeologicalformationsaroundtheworld,whichsuggeststhecataclysmicimpactofameteormillionsofyearsago.独立主格独立主格和同位语的同位语是nounmodifiers，修饰前面紧跟的名词；独立主格是verb17动词时态同位语是nounmodifiers，修饰前面紧跟的名词；独立主格是verb17动词时态Wrong:VeronicaHASTRAVELEDallovertheworldinRight:VeronicaTRAVELEDallovertheworldin的。Right:AntonioDROVEtothestoreandBOUGHTsomeiceRight:LauraLOCKEDthedeadboltbeforesheLEFTforRight:AntonioDROVEtothestore,andCristinaBOUGHTBy1945:theUnitedStatesHADBEENatwarforseverala)GMAT里也常有用过去进行时描述背景，用一般过去时突出要Right:SheWASPLAYINGwithherfriendsa)GMAT里也常有用过去进行时描述背景，用一般过去时突出要Right:SheWASPLAYINGwithherfriendswhenthebabysitterb)主从句都用一般过去时的话，主句的动作要在从句动作之后发Right:ShePLAYEDwithherfriendswhenthebabysitterExample：（run和ask都是将来时态省略了SheWILLPAYyouwhenyouASKher.(thetimeofwillpayisLATERthanthefuturetimeofhave★★★★★Youshouldusetheperfecttensesonlywhenyoucanjustifythemwiththerulesdescribedinthesesections.Ifanactionbeganinthepastandcontinuesintothepresent(oritseffectdoes),usethePresentPerfecttense.Ifoneactioninthepastprecedesanother,andyouneedtoclarifyoremphasizethetimesequence,thenusethePastPerfecttense.Otherwise,sticktothesimplertenses.18虚拟语 WEREharmless经常是由if，asif，asthoughIf…then….常见的五种句型(then经常会被省略掉)eg:ifsheeatspizza,thenshebecomes2.表示某种eg:ifsheeatspizza,thenshebecomes2.表示某种程度的不确定:ifpresent,thencanorIfsheeatspizza,thenshemaybecome3.确定-用于将来时态：ifpresentthenIfsheeatspizzatomorrow,thenshewillbecome4.不确定-将来时态：ifhypotheticalsubjunctive,Ifsheatepizzatomorrow,thenshewouldbecome5.从未发生-过去式：ifpastperfect,thenconditionalIfshehadeatenpizzayesterday,thenshewouldhavebecome19命令语气(比较重要TheagencyREQUIREDthatGaryBEreadybeforeWePROPOSEthattheschoolboardBossyVerb+THAT+subject+CommandBossyVerb就是由命令口吻的动词，如GMAT常见的5种关于命令语气的错WrongWePROPOSEtheschoolboardDISBAND(That从句，that不可省略WrongWePROPOSETHATtheschoolboardDISBANDS.（没有WrongWePROPOSETHATtheschoolboardISTODISBAND.（没Wrong:WePROPOSETHATtheschoolboardWILLDISBAND.（无Wrong:WeWrong:WePROPOSETHATtheschoolboardWILLDISBAND.（无Wrong:WePROPOSETHATtheschoolboardSHOULD第五句，在美式英语为基础的GMAT中是错的，不能有should表示 demand,dictate,insist,mandate,propose,recommend,stipulate,advise,allow,forbid,persuade,(payparticularattentionto20、主动与被动语 21、习语打印曼哈顿P136-22、Oddsandsvo,打印曼哈顿P136-22、Oddsandsvo,andsvo,svo,andsvo,svo,svo,andFor,And,Nor,But,Or,Yet,Although,Be