建筑专业英语作业-勒柯布西耶和他的的建筑

LeCorbusierandhisconstructionIwanttointroduceaninternationallyrenownedarchitectLeCorbusier.LeCorbusier,borninSwitzerland,awatchmaker'shome,LeCorbusier'sinterestinthearchitecturewhenhewasinyouth,andstudyconstructionbyhimselfthroughtravelingandvisitingtheEuropeancountries,andworkinginthefirmoperatedbyarchitectssuchasPeterBehrens.In1917,LeCorbusiercametoParis,France,andmetsomeavant-gardeartistshere,begantounderstandthemodernartcomprehensively,andco-publishedthepublication《L’EspritNouveau》withtheseartists.AsLeCorbusier'sarchitecturaltheoryandideasmatured,healsopublishedhisownfirstbook《VersuneArchitecture》,ThisbookbecomesthearchitectureworksthatPost-Modernistarchitectsmustread.

In1922,LeCorbusiersetuphisownarchitecturalfirm.In1928,LeCorbusier'sparticipatedinandorganizedoftheInternationalAssociationofmodernarchitecture,andthenjoinedtheFrenchnationality.Headvocatedmechanicalaesthetics,proposedthat"buildingisalivingmachine",sotheconstructionworkshouldbedevelopedtotheindustrializationtomeetthe"massproductionhousing"needs.Amongthemodernismarchitect,hehasbeenalwaysadvocatingandpracticingthetheoryofthenewbuilding.HereIwillintroducetwoofhismasterpieces.ThefirstisthefamousSavoyvilla.Savoyvillawasbuiltin1931.Itwasaleisurevillaawayfromtheurbanwhichwasbuiltforacoupleofentrepreneurs.Thisvillaisathree-storeybuilding,closetosquareinplane,mainlywithwhitetone.Thearchitecture'sbottomissupportedbythecolumngrid,inadditiontothemiddleusageforthetransportationandservices,allotherouterspaceisoverhead,butcanalsobeusedasagarage.Aspiralstaircasewassetuptoconnectbetweenthebottomandthetwo-story.Spaceonthetopsecondstoreybuildingsurroundedbyabrokenlinerampsetting,withcontinuoushorizontalbeltwindow,soeachroomcangetagoodnaturallandscape.Mainactivitiesandlivingspacewereinthesecondstorey,thethirdstoreywassetwiththeopenterraceandroofgarden.ItisthemostprominentarchitecturalmasterpieceintheearlyarchitecturecareerofLeCorbusier.

Marseilledwellingunit(UniteHabitation,Marseille),MarseilleinFrance,builtin1952.Itisnotonlytheroughstylerepresentativesplitoutofmodernistarchitecturalstyle,butalsothefamousresultsbasedonexploringtheidealizedformofacollectionofresidential.Theentirebuildingisconstructedofreinforcedconcretestructures.Thespacedbottomoftheoverheadofbuildingonlysetsthemainentrance,elevatorsandtheirpublicspaces,butalsosetsasidealargeareaofparking.Insidethebuildingatotalof23differentunitsofhousing337,canaccommodate1,800persons.LeCorbusiersetssunshieldforthehouseholdtounderlinetheimageoftheentirebuilding.Thetopfloornurseryisconnectedbyrampstoroof.Hugeroofsurroundedwithhigh-walledtogether,theinternalwasopenedasaplayground,gymandchildren'sactivitycenter,isforthebuildingofthedailycasualopen-airterrace.Marseilleapartmentisafullyfunctional,livingandservicespace,acompleteresidentialidealizedform.Althoughthislargecollectionoffull-featuredresidentialbuildingsduetotheirroughimageandtoorigorous,rationaldesign,isnotrecognizedbythelocals,butbecauseofitspracticalfunctions,itisbuiltinotherareas,andinparticularinGermanywidelywelcomed.勒•柯布西耶和他的建筑我要介绍的国际著名建筑师是勒·柯布西耶。勒·柯布西耶，出生于瑞士的一个钟表制造之家，青年时代的柯布西耶对建筑产生兴趣，并通过云游欧洲各国参观，以及在贝伦斯等建筑师开办的事务所工作等途径自学建筑。1917年，柯布西耶来到法国巴黎，并在这里结识了一些前卫的艺术家，开始全面了解现代艺术，并与这些艺术家们合作出版了《新精神》刊物〔L’EspritNouveau〕。随着柯布西耶建筑理论与思想的成熟，他还出版了自己的第一部著作《走向新建筑》〔VersuneArchitecture〕，这本书也成为以后现代主义建筑师们必读的建筑著作。1922年，柯布西耶开设自己的建筑事务所，1928年，柯布西耶参加并组织了国际现代建筑协会，随后参加了法国国籍。他崇尚机械美学，主张“建筑是居住的机器〞，因此建筑工作也要向工业化方面开展，以满足“大规模生产房屋〞的需要。在现代主义建筑师当中，他一直是新建筑理论的倡导和实践者。在这里我来介绍他的两个代表作。首先是著名的萨伏伊别墅。萨伏伊别墅在1931年建成。是为一对企业家夫妇建造的一处远离市区的休闲别墅。此别墅是平面近乎于方形的三层建筑，以白色调为主。建筑底层由柱网支撑，除中部的交通和效劳用房外全部架空，同时也可作为车库使用。底层与二层之间设置了一个螺旋梯相连接。上两层建筑空间围绕的一个折线形坡道设置，搭配连续的横向带式窗，让各个房间都能够获得良好的自然景观。主要活动和居住用房都在二层，三层设置了露天阳台和屋顶花园。是柯布西耶早期建筑生涯最突出的代表作。马赛居住单元〔UniteHabitation,Marseille〕，位于法国马赛，1952年建成。它不仅是现代主义建筑风格分裂出的粗野主义风格的代表作，还是对理想化集合住宅形式进行探索的著名成果。整个建筑采用钢筋混凝土结构建成。底部架空的建筑空间不仅设置了主入口、电梯等公共空间，还预留了大面积的停车场。建筑内部共设有23种不同户型的住宅337户，可容纳1800人居住。柯布西耶为每户的窗外设置了彩色遮阳板，用以活泼整座建筑的形象。顶层设有幼儿园，并通过坡道与屋顶相连接。巨大的屋顶四周用高墙围合，内部被开辟为运动场、健身房和儿童活动中心，是供楼内居民日常休闲的露天阳台。马赛公寓是一座功能完善，居住和效劳空间完备的理想化的住宅形式。虽然这种功能完备的大型集合住宅因其粗糙的建筑形象和过于严谨、理性的设计，没有获得当地人的认可，但却因其实用的功能而得以在其他地区建造，并在德国尤其收到了广泛的欢送。China'sCapital--BeijingBeijing,locatedatthenorthwestedgeoftheNorthChinaPlain.AdjacenttotheBohaiBay,BeijingisnexttotheLiaodongPeninsulaattheupside,andnexttotheShandongPeninsulafromthedownside.BeijingisnexttoTianjinandbothsurroundTheurbanroadsinBeijing'soldcityhaveacheckerboardpattern.East-westroadsincludeChang'anAvenue,Ping'anAvenue,Guang'anAvenue.Thereisaaxilewireinthenorth-southroads,FromtheeasternlinebetweentheYuTingbridgeandtheLamaTempletothewesternlinebetweentheKaiYangbridgebridgeandJiShuiTanbridge.TheeasternlinepassingFangzhuang,HongQiao,Chongwenmen,Dongdan,DongSi,BeixinqiaoandLamaTemple;westernlinepassingthroughCaishikou,Xuanwumen,Xidan,XiSiandXinjiekou.DuetotheTiananmenSquareandtheForbiddenCity,Beijing'scentralaxisisdividedintoNorthaxisandSouthaxis.NorthaxisfromTiananmentonorth,passingtheDrumTower,BeiChenRoad,uptotheOlympicSportsCenter;southaxisstartsfromtheQianMensouthwardsthroughtheTianQiaoTheplacethatpeoplemustgoistoTiananmenSquare.TiananmenSquareistheheartzoneofBeijing,isthelargestcitycentralsquare.Itcoversanareaof​​44hectares,500metersfromeasttowest,880metersfromnorthtosouth,thegroundallpavedwithlight-coloredgranitestonewhichprocessedthroughaspecialtechnology.AfterthefoundingofNewChina,TiananmenSquarewasexpanded,andthePeople'sHeroesMonumentwasbuiltinthecentralsquare,thentheGreatHallofthePeoplewasbuiltinthewestsideofthesquare,andChineseRevolutionaryMuseum&theChineseHistoryMuseumwerebuiltintheeastsideofthesquare,theMemorialHallofChairmanMaowasbuiltinthesouthsideofthesquare.TheTiananmenRostrumislocatedatthenorthernend.UndertheRostrumistheJinShuiriverwithShimmeringbluewaves,therearefivebeautifullycarvedwhitemarbleJinShuibridgesontheriver.InfrontoftheRostrum,twopairsofvigorouslionsandgracefulformofornammetalcolumnmatchtactfully,tomaketheTiananmenSquareasaperfectmasterpieceofarchitecturalart.

WangfujingStreetisalsotheplacethatpeoplemusttravelthrough.WangfujingStreet,southfromtheEastChangAnAvenue,northtoChinaArtGallery,isaboutthreeli(Chineseunit).Frommorningtonight,everydayuptoamillionChineseandforeigncustomersenterintothisstreet.ThisstreetnowhasAsia'slargestcommercialbuildings,withthelargestdensityandmostconcentratedshoppingmalls,hotelsandstores.Wangfujingisalsothenearestlarge-scaleshoppingvenuesjointedbythedomestictravelagencies,centralizedwithstate-ownedbrands,theoldandfamousshops.Afterregulation,theWangfujingStreet,fromJinYuHutongtotheNanKou,theconnectionofChang'anAvenue,eighthundredandtenmeterslong,slightlywavytypeofstreet,onbothsidesdistributedwith12large-scaleshoppingmalls,inadditiontotheoriginaldepartmentstore,Craftartbuilding,Muslimbuildings,ForeignLanguageBookstore,XieHeshoppingmall,XinDonganshoppingmall,butalsoaddsixnewlarge-scalecomprehensiveshoppingandentertainmentcommercialconstructions,includesthenewdepartmentstorebuilding,theDongHuaclothingbuilding,MinghuiBuilding,Beijing'strafficisthenecessaryproblemtobesolvedinfuture.Withpopulationgrowth,theincreaseincar,oftencausestrafficcongestionphenomenon.ButalsofortheenvironmentandairqualityinBeijingitisaburden.Mysuggestionisthatinthefuture,moredevelopmentandutilizationofurbanundergroundspace.Thiscanbethemostsuitableforcreatingabusinessdevelopmentandlivinglifeinmoderncitiesprovidinggoodconditions.Subway,undergroundshoppingmalls,undergroundbusinessstreetandundergroundcarparksandotherprojectsnotonlyimprovethecity'sdefenseandpreparationforwarandprotectioncapabilities,butalsoimprovingtheurbangroundenvironment,ensuringthatthegroundhasmoregreenspace,youcanbuildmoresquaretoeasecity'scrowdedtrafficconditions.中国首都—北京北京，位于华北平原西北边缘。毗邻渤海湾，上靠辽东半岛，下临山东半岛。北京与天津相邻，并与天津一起被河北省环绕。北京老城区的城市