高三专题讲义：summary-writing

SummaryWritingI.什么是SummaryWriting?Asummaryisashortenedpassage,whichretainstheessentialinformationoftheoriginal.Itisafairlybriefrestatement–inyourownwords–ofthecontentsofapassage.NOTE:Yousimplyreportbackwhatthewriterhassaid,withoutmakingvaluejudgments.1)Canbeunderstoodwithoutreferencetotheoriginal;2)Isafaithfulreproductionof,orcontainsonlytheideasorinformationof,theoriginal;3)Isbriefwithoutanyunnecessarydetail;4)Isareadableunifiedwhole;II.StepsofSummaryWriting1)Determinethetypeofwritingandidentifythetopicaswellastheauthor’spurpose;2)Dividethepassageandsummarizethemainideaofeachpart;3)Highlightthekeyinformationofeachpart;4)Makeanoutlineofthepassage;5)Writethefirstdraft;6)Revisethesummary;HowtowriteasummaryDefinitionBysummary,wemeanabriefrestatement,inyourownwords,ofthecontentofapassage,anarticle,achapterorabook.KeypointsofasummaryAsummaryshouldbebrief,complete,accurate,coherentandobjectivebriefOmitunnecessarydetailslikeexamples,explanationsandotherunimportantinformation.(length1/4-1/3oftheoriginaltext)completeIncludeallthemainandsupportingpointsdeliveredinyourownwordsinacondensedmanner.accurateGivethesameattentionandstresstothepointsastheauthordoes.coherentRatherthananoutlinelistedaskeywordsandphrases,asummaryisaparagraphwithnecessarytransitionsandfunctionstructurestomakeitflow.Eg.First,inthefirstpart,intheintroductorypartSecond,next,inthesecondpart,then,afterwords,afterthat,inadditiontothat,also,furthermoreFinally,Atlast,Intheend,asaconclusion,onthewhole,inaword,tosumup,lastbutnotleast,asaresult,soobjectiveDonotincludeyourownideasoremotionsonthetopic.Thesummaryshouldreflectthecontentoftheoriginalpassageonly.StepstowriteasummarySkimthetexttofindoutthegeneraltheme.Analyzethetextsstructuretodivideitintoseveralsections,findoutthemainideaofeachsectionandwriteitoutwithyourownwords.(onesentence)Writedownthekeysupportingpointsforeachmainideawithoutinvolvingminordetails.Organizethemainandrelatedsupportingpointsinalogicalorderwithnecessarytransitionstoachievecoherence.Proofreadforgrammatical,spellingandpunctuationmistakes.能力目标：【读】能概括文章或段落的主旨大意【写】能用自己的语言概括所读材料评分标准本题总分为15分，其内容为10分，语言5分。（有待考试院最终确认，不排除内容5分+语言5分的可能）评分时应该注意的主要方面：内容要点、信息呈现的连贯性和准确性。字数超过60，酌情扣分档次内容语言A5能准确和全面地概括文章主旨大意，并涵盖主要信息。5能用自己的语言连贯、正确地表达。B4能准确概括文章主旨大意，但遗漏个别主要信息。4能用自己的语言较连贯、正确地表达，但有个别语言错误。C3能概括文章主旨大意，但遗漏部分主要信息。3基本能用自己的语言连贯、正确地表达，但连贯性较差，且有少量不影响表达的语言错误。D2未能准确概括文章主旨大意，遗漏较多主要信息或留有过多细节信息。2基本能用自己的语言表达，但连贯性较差，且严重语言错误较多。E1几乎不能概括文章的主旨大意，未涉及文中有意义的相关信息。1几乎不能用自己的语言连贯、正确地表述。F0完全未作答或作答与本题无关0完全未作答或作答与本题无关答题要点：读懂语篇内容梗概基于文本准确理解不改变原文意思不增添原文没有的内容不含梗概写作者的观点和评价提取要点(mainpoints)准确理解原文用自己的语言概括、转述（paraphrase）——概括性表述上下句连贯要求意思连贯(coherence)使用连词衔接上下文(cohesion)控制字数恰当使用语法结构使上下文结构紧凑准确用词，使用概括性的用词和不同的表达方式(paraphrase)灵活变化表达，适度进行paraphrase理清要点之间的逻辑关系之后，不能简单地照搬原句，还必须进行适度的paraphrase，即用自己的话进行改写，才符合“不要抄袭阅读材料中的句子”的要求。那么，如何才能达到“雁过不留痕”的效果呢？(1)同义替换。即用同义或近义的词语或句型改写，如实例一中的“intellectualability”和“academicability”就可以用grades(成绩)来替换；gradepupilsaccordingto则可用judge/grouppupilsby替换；“Itdoesnottakeintoaccountthefact”可以变为Itfailstoconsiderthat…(2)语态互换。即主语语态与被动语态的转换，如实例二中helateragreestotakethesuggestionto…就可以用它的被动语态来表示：hewaslaterpersuadedto…(3)非谓语动词短语与从句的互换。如实例二中therewasakingwhoruledarichcountry就可以用therewasakingrulingarichcountry来表达。(4)合并句子。就是将几个意义联系紧密的句子合并为一句话。如实例一中的两个论据①Wefeelthattherearemanydisadvantagesinstreamingpupils.Itdoesnottakeintoaccountthefactthatchildrendevelopatdifferentrates.Summary常用句式Thisarticle/passagemainlytells(astory)about……Thispassagemainlydealswith/discusses/explores/……Inthispassage(about……),theauthor……Inthispassageabout……,theauthor……Theauthorbegantheessay/passagebytelling/presenting……First/Firstly/Inthebeginning/Inthefirstpart,theauthorargues/explains/mentions/states/pointsout(that)……Secondly/Next/Furtheron/Then/Inthenextpart/Inthemainpart,theauthorgoesonwith……Finally/Asaconclusion/,theauthorconcludes/adds/stressesthat……Finally,theauthorsummarizesthat……结论和建议，一般有以下几种写法：①Theauthorsuggests(recommends,concludes)that…….②Thisarticleshowsthat…….③Itissuggestedthat…….④Theauthor'ssuggestion(or:conclusion)isthat……⑤Theauthorfindsitnecessaryto…….III.Techniquesofasummary–Paraphrasing注意：使用Paraphrasing需要换词、简化；使用generalwords而不是detailedwordse.g.Hiscourageinbattlemightwithoutexaggerationbecalledlion-like.Hewasverybrave.e.g.Theyactedinamannerthatrenderedthemliabletoprosecution.Theyactedillegally.e.g.ShebroughthomeseveralChineseandEnglishnovels,andsometextbooks.Sheintendedtoreadallofthemduringthewintervacation.Shebroughthomealotofbookstoreadduringthevacation.IV.TypesofSummaries体裁关键句记叙文抓住who,whathappened,及thewriter’spurpose议论文通常抓住首段和尾段说明文抓住首段或各段首句1）记叙文——串联要素（who,when,where,what,how,why）要求：a.谁做了什么？b.结果如何？2）说明文——根据不同类型a.描写事物性质功用。“对象+性质功用+利好”(Inthepassage)thewriterintroduces…(对象)tous,especiallyits…(性质或功用),fromwhichweknow…(对象带有的利好).b.针对某个问题提出的解决方案或措施，“问题+解决方法”Thepassagetellsus…(问题),including…(方法1),…(方法2)…,and…(方法3).c.介绍某现象及其原因和结果，“现象+原因+结果”。(Theauthor/writersaid/talksabout)…(现象)of….,because/but…(原因/本质1),and(原因/本质2).3）议论文——论点、论据和结论；找出主题句，支撑句和结论句。TheStepsofWritingaSummary(1)定时态：如果阅读材料是过去时，那么基本时态用过去时；如果是现在的，那么基本时态用现在时；(2)定人称：一般情况下采用第三人称来写作，特殊如书信的，可能会使用第一、二人称；(3)定技巧：结合相关技巧，重新组句。【例题精讲】【2016年杨浦区统考】Itisacommonsightoncampusorinthestreet:ayoungpersonridesbyonanelectricscooter,travellingquicklyandproudly.ButBeijing’strafficauthoritieshavesaidthatstartingonSept.5,peoplewhoarecaughtridingelectricscootersonpublicroadsorbicyclelaneswillbefined10yuan.Theywillalsobegivenawarningnottousethevehiclesonpublicroadsagain.TheannouncementwasmadeaftertrafficpoliceinShanghaistartedacampaigntogetelectricscootersoffpublicroads,withpoliceofficersstoppingridersbecausethescooterscouldcausetrafficproblems.TheBeijingConsumerAssociationsaidithadtestedmorethan20electricscootersofdifferentbrandsrecentlyandfoundthatmosthadsubstandardbrakes.Itaddedthat16ofthetestedscooterscouldgofasterthanthemaximum20kmperhoursetforelectricbikes.Accordingtothetrafficpolice,peoplewhorideelectricscootersatcertainspeedscaneasilybumpintothevehiclesinthevehiclelaneandhurtpeoplewhowalkinthebicyclelanes.Butseeingthebenefitsthatelectricscootershavebroughttoyoungpeople,expertsareworriedaboutthatthebanmaytakeeffectslowly.Electricscootersareagreatanswertothe“lastmileproblem”ofgettingfromapublictransportstationtoone’shome.They’relightenoughtothrowoveryourshoulder.They’reeasytoridejustaboutanywhereanddon’tneedalotofphysicaleffort.Thescootercantravel25kmononecharge.It’sconvenientandeasytocontrol.Theyarealsogoodfortheenvironment.Unlikecarsandbuses,electricscootersproducenocarbondioxide,neednofuelandmakealmostnonoise.Formanyyoungpeople,theyusethemtocopycoolcelebritiestheyhaveseeninvideos.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________(60)PeopleridinganelectricscooteronpublicroadswillbefinedfromSept.5th.Becauseofthesubstandardbrakesandfastspeed,electricscootersareconsideredpotentiallydangerousfortheridersandthewalkingpeople.Consideringitsadvantageofbeingconvenient,portable,environment-friendlyandfashionable,expertspredictedthebanwouldtakeeffectslowly.【课堂练习】改写训练Rewritethefollowingsentences(eachwithonesentence).(1)Usewordsofsimilarmeanings同义替换法1.Ididn’tcatchanyfishowingtothefactthatIwasnotpatient.Ididn’tcatchanyfishbecauseIwasnotpatient.(2)Adopttheoppositewaywhensayingasentence正话反说法Youwillfail.Youwillnotsucceed.(3)Changethepartofspeech词性转换法Patienceisveryimportant.Patienceisofgreatimportance.(4)Changethestructureofasentence句式变化法Parentsshouldgivechildrenmorepraise.Childrenshouldbegivenmorepraise.(5)简单句变复合句：Childrenshouldbeencouragedmore.Thiswillhelpthemlearnfaster.Childrenshouldbeencouragedmore,whichwillhelpthemlearnfaster.Childrenaregivenmorepraise.Theywillachievemoresuccess.Whengivenmorepraise,childrenwillachievemoresuccess.(6)Usetheshortestpossibletransitions连词衔接法注意使用一些短而精的连词，如but,and,so,while,however,then,thus,yet,for,therefore,including,insteadof等。Weshouldencouragechildren.Weshouldnotscoldthem.Weshouldencouragechildreninsteadofscoldingthem.(7)Changetheorderofthewords.词序改变法Thesecretofsuccesswaspatience.Patiencewasthesecretofsuccess.(8)Makeuseofthemeaningofasentence句意理解法ShoppingontheInternetisbecomingincreasinglypopular.MoreandmorepeopleprefertoInternetshopping.1.KatelookedatPaulandsaidangrily,“Youputtoomuchsaltonyourfood.”KatesaidtoPaulangrilyheputtoomuchsaltonhisfood._______________________________________________________________________2.Sheboughtalotofvegetablessuchascabbage,carrots,cucumbers,tomatoes,potatoesandsomeeggs.Sheintendedtoinviteallhisfriendsforherbirthdaypartyattheweekend.Sheboughtvariousvegetablestoholdherselfabirthdaypartywithallherfriends._______________________________________________________________________3.Nowadaysmoreandmoreteenagerstrytobemoreindependentfromtheirparentsandsometimesbecomeveryrebellious.Theyalwayswanttowearlongandstrangehairstyle,whichtheirparentscomplainaboutalot.TheyalsospendtoomuchtimeontheInternetandplayingcomputergames.Nowadaysteenstrytoshowtheirindependencebydoingstrangethingsorwastingtimeonline,thussomebecomingrebellious._______________________________________________________________________4.1.Itisbettertopreventsomethingunpleasantfromhappeningthantrytoputitrightafterwards.Preventionisbetterthancure.____________________________________________________________________________________5.Hurryup.Ifyoudon’t,youwillmissthetrain.Hurryuporyou’llmissthetrain.____________________________________________________________________________________Attention:Skill1:Omit(省略)thedetailsSkill2:OmittheexamplesSkill3:Usegeneral(概括性)wordsinsteadofspecific(具体的)wordsSkill4:Putthemainpointsofadialogueinindirectspeech(间接引语)Usefulstructuresforwritingasummary:Thepassageismainlyabout…Thepassagemainlytalksabout…Theauthor/writertellsusastorythat...Thestoryismainlyabout…andittellsusthat…(1)记叙文概要模板点明写作目的类：Thewritertellsus…（主题）byshowingusanexampleof…,who/which…（故事情节）.作者经历类：Inthepassage,thewritermainlytellsushisexperienceofdoingsth,which……他人经历类：Thispassageismainlyaboutsb’sexperienceofdoingsth…..(2)议论文概要模板Thearticlegivestheviewthat…should/shouldn’t…（主题）.…..（补充论据）.Thepassagehighlights(强调)theimportanceofsth…..Theauthorarguesthat…(3)说明文概要模板现象揭示类：Thisarticlepointsoutthecommonphenomenon…（主题),which…..（补充解释）.利弊对比类：Thearticlecomparesthedisadvantages/benefitsofAandB.A…whileB…Thepassagediscussestheimpact(影响)ofsth.Onthepositiveside…,butitmayalso….研究显示类：Thestudyreveals(揭露)that…Thepurposeofthereportistoshowthat…注意事项：“五定三忌”定体裁；定主题；定时态；定人称；定技巧忌照抄原文；忌私加观点；忌不符字数。要点：1.提炼——删除细节；删除具体例子（如果需要可以说明一两个）；避免重复；2.整合语言：1.同义转换：近义词、同义词替换；2.句子重构；调整词类、时态、语态等；逻辑：衔接（照应、替代、省略、链接和词汇衔接）3.缩写训练1.Readthefollowingpassageandfillintheblanks.ItmusthavebeenabouttwointhemorningwhenIreturnedhome.Itriedtowakeupmywifebyringingthedoorbell,butshewasfastasleep.SoIgotaladderfromtheshedinthegarden,putitagainstthewall,andbeganclimbingtowardsthebedroomwindow.Iwasalmosttherewhenasarcasticvoicebelowsaid,“Idon’tthinkthewindowsneedcleaningatthistimeofthenight.”IlookeddownandnearlyfellofftheladderwhenIsawapoliceman.IimmediatelyregrettedansweringinthewayIdid,butIsaid,“Ienjoycleaningwindowsatnight.”“SodoI,”answeredthepolicemaninthesametone.“Excusemyinterruptingyou.Ihatetointerruptamanwhenhe’sbusyworking,butwouldyoumindcomingwithmetothestation?”“Well,I’dprefertostayhere,”Isaid.“Yousee,I’veforgottenmykey.”“Youwhat?”hecalled.“Mykey,”Ishouted.Fortunately,theshoutingwokeupmywifewhoopenedthewindowjustasthepolicemanhadstartedtoclimbtowardsme.Summary:Onarrivinghomeearlyinthemorning,thewriterfailedto______________________________byringingthedoorbell.Hetriedto_________________________________,butwasfoundby___________________.Soonhisshoutingwokehiswifeup.Onarrivinghomeearlyinthemorning,thewriterfailedtowakeuphiswifebyringingthedoorbell.Hetriedtoclimbinthroughthewindow,butwasfoundbyapoliceman.Soonhisshoutingwokehiswifeup.2.Writeasummarywithabout30words.Advertisingcanbeaservicetocustomers.Thisistruewhenadsgivereliableinformationaboutthegoodsadvertised.Suchinformationisneededifthecustomeristomakeawisechoicewhenhebuyssomething.Itisusefulbecauseitcanhelpthecustomerknowmoreaboutthekindsofgoodsavailableintheshops.However,someadsarenotveryusefultothecustomers.Insteadofhelpingthecustomertosatisfyhisrealneeds,theysetouttomakehimwantunnecessarythingsbydoingadscleverly.Theysetouttomakeusbelievewhattheyadvertisewillmakeuscleverer,prettier,morehandsome,ifonlyweuseit.Forexample,thevoiceonTVsays,“ByusingourSKII,itmakesyourskincrystal”Thescreenshowsaseriesofpicturesinwhichafamousactressnotonlyhasherskinwhitenedbutalsohasherpronouncedwrinklessilkilysmoothed.Someladieswithdarkskinwillbepersuadedtochoosethatcosmetic（化妆品）.Thispassageisaboutadvertisingservice.Adsarenormallyusefultoprovideinformationforwisepurchases,butsomealsolurecustomerstobuyunnecessaryproductsbygivingexaggeratedorfalseinformation.4.不同文体练习：1.记叙文IreceivedacalltodayaskingifIwouldbereadytobringfoodtoafamilyinneed.Themotherwashavingamajoroperationandwouldbelyingdownforseveralweeks.Ofcourse,Irespondedwithanimmediate“Yes!”.AsIplannedthemealinmyhead,IreflectedonhowmanytimesovertheyearsIhadbeenaskedtopreparefood.Ihavedonesocountlesstimeswithaveryopenheart.ButthetrulyamazingthingisthatIhavereceiveddoubleoverthecourseofmylife.Whenmymotherpassedaway，ourhousewasfilledwithfreshdinnersforweeks.Awomanfromthechurchofourcommunitystoppedbyeacheveningwithsomefood.Thegiftoffoodwashersmallwayoftryingtoeaseourpain.Laterinmylife,whenIwasonbedrestduringmypregnancywithtwins，womenofthechurchagainsteppedintohelp.Theyarrangedbabysittingformytwoyearolddaughter,andbroughtlovelydinnerstoourhouse.EvenwhenIwasputinthehospital,myhusbandwouldbringcookedmealstomyhospitalroom.Howwereliedonthesedinnerstofeedmytiredhusbandandyoungdaughter.Foodisallaboutcomfort.Itfeedsourbodies,butitcanalsofeedoursouls.Whenyouhearpeopletalkingabouttheirfavoriteholidays,itusuallyincludestheirfeelingsconnectedwithsharingfood.IknowthatIwillhavemanymoreopportunitiesinmylifetimetopreparefoodforothers.ItistrulyagiftIwanttoprepareanddelivertosomeoneinneed.Summary范文：Itmainlytalkedaboutpreparinganddeliveringfoodtosomeoneinneed.Theauthorsharedtheexperiencesthatchangedherlife.Whenhermotherpassedawayandwhenshegotpregnant,thewomenfromthechurchofhercommunitybringfoodtoherfamily.Whenotherswereinneedofhelp,theauthorwaspleasedtolendahand.说明文：Eyecareisanimportantfactorinallofourlives.Withouteyes,weseemtobeabletodonothing.But,whatcanwedototakecareofeyes?Firstly,weshouldeathealthyfoods.Secondly,don’tsitbeforeacomputerscreenorTVfortoolongtimeandtakeregularrestatintervals（间隔）sothatrelaxtheeyemuscles.Thirdly,havingenoughsleepisthebestrestforeyes.Besidesthosenotices,youshouldbeawareofsomethreatstoeyesindailylives.Excessiveexposuretobrightsunlightisharmfultoeyes,therefore,whengoingout,especiallyinsummertime,putonapairofqualifiedsunglasses;Stayawayformsmoking.Someingredientsincigarettesarecarcinogenesis(致癌的).Lastbutnottheleast,takeregularmedicalexaminestothecheckoutpotentialeyediseaseandpreventitsdeterioration(退化).Eyesarethemostimportantsenseorgansandoneshouldusepropereyecareproductstoavoidfurtherirritations(刺激性)andensurelongevityatease.Oureyesareimportantforus,sotheauthortellsushowtoprotectoureyes,includingeatinghealthyfood,givingthemenoughtimetorest,knowingsomethreats,andtakingfrequenteyeexaminations.议论文：Gettingupearlyhasbeenregardedasagoodhabitsinceancienttimes.Manyyearsago,peoplethoughtthatifwewenttobedearlyandgotupearly,wewouldbeenergeticthewholeday.So,gettingupearlyisofgreatimportancetousall.Infact,morningisthebesttimeofaday.Inthemorning,theairisthefreshestandpeopleareusuallyinthebestconditions.Manyofusmayhavetheexperiencesthatwememorizesomethingsmorequicklyandaccuratelyinthemorningthanatanyothertimeoftheday.Ifwedosomemorningexerciseoronlytakeashortwalkinthemorning,wecanbuildourbodiesandbecomemuchhealthier.Alsowewillhaveenoughtimetomakeaplanandgetreadyforourworkorstudyofthedayifwegetupearly.However,ifwegetuplate,we’llprobablyhavetodoeverythinginagreathurry.Letusremembergettingupearlyisagoodhabitandtryourbesttokeepit.Ifwesticktogettingupearlyeveryday,wewillcertainlybenefitalotfromit.Thepassagemainlytellsusgettingupearlyinthemorningisagoodhabitthat’llbenefitusalot.Itenablesustohaveabettermemory,healthierbodyandbetterpreparationfortheday.BritishscientistIsaacNewton(1643-1727)oncesaid,“IfIhaveseenfurther,itisbystandingupontheshouldersofgiants.”Andthisyear’sNobelPrizeinchemistrymayhavebestexplainedthesewords.

Thisyear’sprizewasdividedbetweenthreescientists–FrenchmanJean-PierreSauvage,British-bornSirJ.FraserStoddartandDutchscientistBernardL.Feringa.Theywereawardedtheprizeforcreatingtheworld’ssmallestmachines.

Howsmall?Insteadofbeingmadeofnailsandbolts(钉子和螺栓)likeregularmachines,theyaremadeofmolecules(分子).Insteadofmeasuringinmetersorcentimeters,theymeasureinnanometers(纳米)–onebillionthofameter–muchthinnerthanahumanhair.

Butthiswasachievedneitherovernight,noralone.

Backin1983,Sauvage,whoisnowaretiredprofessor