2023年中考一轮复习名词

中考一轮语法复习名词【名词】一切有生命和无生命的物体的名称一.名词分类二.名词的数2.1可数名词复数的规则变化1.大多数名词，直接加s. students,teachers,trees desk—desks 2.以s,x,ch,s，ss结尾的名词，加es. buses;watches,boxes,dishes,glasses特殊：stomach-stomachs以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，变y为i加es. families;parties以元字母加y结尾的名词，直接加s. monkeys;holidays;boys 4.常见的以o结尾的一般加s,radios,videos,zoos特殊：可以总结为“黑人英雄爱吃土豆西红柿和芒果”. negroes,heroes,potatoes,tomatoes,mangoes 5.以f和fe结尾的名词，大多数改f/fe为ves半片树叶自己黄，妻子拿刀去杀狼，小偷架后逃命亡thieves,wives,knives,wolves,lives,selveshalves,leaves,shelves,少数直接加s巧记：海湾边，屋顶上，首领奴仆两相望；谁说他们无信仰，证据写在手帕上gulf,roof,chief,serf,belief,proof,handkerchief6.名词双子座。A座：当杠号相连构成复合定语时，相连部分的名词永保单数。【前有冠，后有名，杠相连，永保单】Heisaone-year-oldboy.B座：当杠号相连构成复合名词变复数的规则。【有人加人后，无人加最后，代词不是人】Thisisallweare,lookers-on.Janeisalmostagrown-up.touch-me-nots含羞草go-betweens中间人fathers-in-law岳父forget-me-nots勿忘我lookers-on旁边者7.名词修饰名词。【前不变后变，有man,woman,前后都要变】 1.十名女老师tenwomenteachers 2.五棵苹果树fiveappletrees 3.六位男警察sixpolicemen4.三个继子threesons-in-law5.围观的人lookers-on行人passers-by成人grown-upsThisisallweare,lookers-on.Janeisalmostagrown-up.Therestoodacrowdoflookers-on.那站了一群围观的人。7.不同国籍人的单复数中日（瑞士，Swiss葡萄牙Portuguese）不变，英法荷变en，其它加s中国人Chinese日本人Japanese英国人Englishman-EnglishmenFrenchman-FrenchmenDutchman-Dutchmen美国人American-s俄国人Russian-s罗马人Roman-s希腊人Greek-s德国人German-s瑞典人Swede-s2.2可数名词复数的不规则变化1.变内部元音foot-feettooth-teethgoose-geesemouse-mice(老鼠）-mouses(鼠标）2.单复数同形deer,sheep,fish,Chinese,Japanese,aircraft(飞机，飞行器）,means(方式方法手段），speciesbymeansof借助于注意：神奇的鱼：a.鱼的条数fish-fishb.鱼肉【U】c.鱼的种类【C】奇妙的鸡a.chick-chicks小鸡b.chicken鸡肉【U】chickens大鸡【C】3.美元，英镑，法郎等都有复数形式adollar,twodollars,apound,twopounds,afranc,francs4.集体名词1）形单意复a.people,police,cattle,crew,youth本身就是复数,谓语用复数（但是可以说aheadofcattle,20headsofcattle)注意：cow-cows奶牛ox-oxen公牛b.theChinese/British/French/English/Japanese/Swiss,表示国民总成用复数eg.TheChineseareindustriousandbrave.中国人民是勤劳勇敢的。c.family,class,team,government,crowd,public看成整体用单数，看成个体，谓语用复数。【集体名词墙头草，可单可复两边倒】d.当mankind,man,humanity做主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式。5.以s结尾，仍为单数的名词a.maths,politics,physics等学科名词，一般是不可数名词，为单数b.news为不可数名词c.theUnitedStates,theUnitedNations应视为单数TheUnitedNationswasorganizedin1945.d.以复数形式出现的书名，剧名，报纸，杂志名也视为单数。TheArabianNightsisaveryinterestingstorybook.一千零一夜是一本有趣的书。e.两条腿走路的名词，需要借助量词,如，glasses,trousers,scissors,clothes,借助量词pair,suitf.有些名词，复数形式表示特别意思,如goods货物，waters水域，arts文科，arms武器，clothes衣物，greens青菜，sands沙滩，ages时代，customs海关，looks外貌，papers论文，works作品，工厂peoples民族forces军队lines台词times时代，manners礼貌contents目录savings存款2.3不可数名词数的表示不可数名词的数应该借助于可数的量词来表达，用“数词/冠词+量词（单/复）+of+不可数名词”的结构来表示数量（注意：该结构作主语时，谓语的单复数应该和量词保持一致）常考不可数名词：fun,advice,weather,progress,information,bread,baggage,luggage,butter,equipment,furniture,homework,practice,wealth,housework.七大不可数名词：【如果你想在工作上取得进步，我给你一条建议，坐在家具上，边收拾垃圾，边看天气信息】work,progress,advice,furniture,rubbish,weather,information不可数名词三原则1.不可数名词作主语，按单数处理。Waterisimportantforus.2.不可数名词的量词可数。aglassof-twoglassesof3.当时间，金钱，距离，重量作主语时，谓语动词用单数Fiveyuanisnotenough.2.4不可数名词转化为可数名词1.抽象名词表示具体的事时也可数Thepartyisabigsuccess.这次聚会事一个巨大的成功。【类】asurprise一件令人吃惊的事adifficulty一件难事2.表示“一场，一段，一件，一种”时,要用a或an,此时多用形容词或of短语修饰，如afinerain一阵细雨，aheavysnow一场大雪，alongtime很长一段时间3.有些不可数名词，无论什么情况下也不可以转化为可数名词，比如advice,fun,homework,information,news,progress,equipment,furniture,baggage,luggage,jewelry,clothing等4.一些物质名词前可以加不定冠词，或数词，但是意思发生改变。acoffee一杯咖啡twodrinks两杯饮料=twocupsofdrinkthreeteas三杯茶5.七大变形金刚【玻璃有时间做头发，有空间去锻炼，有经验做纸】a.glass玻璃【U】b.time时间【U】c.hair头发【U】d.room空间【U】玻璃杯【C】次数【C】零星几根【C】房间【C】e.exercise锻炼【U】v.f.paper纸【U】练习【C】试卷，论文【C】2.5名词前的修饰语1.只修饰可数名词的有each,either,neither,another,these,those,both,afew,several,many,a(large)numberof,scoresof,dozensof,agreat/goodmany,acoupleof几个，manya许多，morethanone不止一个，quiteafew相当多的等2.只修饰不可数名词的有alittle,much,abitof,agreatdealof,a(large)amountof，quitealittle,agreatdealof很多3.既可以修饰可数名词，又可以修饰不可数名词的有some,any,half,most,all,alotof,lotsof,plentyof，suppliesof,enough,most大多数aquantityof,quantitiesof,(由quantity单复数决定谓语动词的单复数）massesof大量的，amassof大量的三.名词所有格‘s和of1.单数名词词尾加’stheboy’sbag.2.复数名词词尾以及以s结尾的名词后加’theboss’book,theworkers’struggleTeachers’DayMother’sDayFather’sDayChildren’sDay3.凡是不能加s的名词，都可以用“名词+of+名词”的结构表示所有关系thetitleofthesong4.表示店铺或教堂的名字或某人的家，名词所有格的后面常不出现所修饰名词thebarber’s,thetailor’s裁缝店atthedoctor’s在医务室atTom’s在汤姆家atmyaunt’sthe+姓氏’s表示...家房子theSmith’sthe+姓氏s表示...一家人theSmiththe+职业’s表示...的店thebutcher’s肉店5.如果两个名词并列，共有A+B’s各有A’s+B’sJohn’sandMary’sroom,JohnandMary’sroom6.复合名词或短语，’s加在最后一个词的词尾amonthortwo’sabsence一个月或两个月的缺席7.双重所有格apictureofmybrother（我兄弟的一张照片）vsapictureofmybrother’s(我兄弟拥有的一张照片）8.另类所有格：表时间、距离+’sa.一个三天的假期aholidayofthreedaysathreedays’holidayathree-dayholidayb.一个二十分钟的路程awalkoftwentyminutesatwentyminutes’walk/rideatwenty-minutewalk9.部分用to表达所有格的名词（钥匙，答案，桥和路，出入口的所有格都用to)thekeytothedoortheanswertothequestion=thekeytothequestionthebridgetotheknowledgethewaytotheschooltheexittothebuildingtheentrancetothehall四.名词辨析1.noise,sound,voice2.people,person,population3.job,work，career4.news,information,message,instruction5.praise,pride,proud6.instrument,instruction,invention,invitation7.sight,view,scene,scenery8.sign,signal,mark,symbol9.award,reward,prize10.cause,reason,excuse11.power,strength,force,energy12.journey,voyage,trip,tour,travelhaveagoodjourneytravelagency13.question,problem14.few,afew,little,alittle五、易混词性1.honest/honesty2.affect/effect3.healthy/health4.wealthy/wealth5.succeed/success6.patient/patience7.difficult/difficulty8.breathe/breath巩固练习1.Allthe________inourschoolenjoyedthemselvesonMarch8thbecauseitwastheirownholiday.A.menteacher B.womenteachers C.womanteacher D.menteachers2.Theproblemsaredifficulttosolve.Pleasegiveme________.A.manyadvice B.someadvice C.anadvice D.someadvices3.Thisis________and________room.A.myfather;mother B.myfather’s;motherC.myfather’s;mother’s D.myfather;mother’s4.WhenPetercomes,pleaseaskhimtoleavea________.A.notice B.message C.sentence D.information5.—Howfarisyourteacher'shomefromhere?—It’sabouttwo________drive.hour’s B.hours C.hours’ D.hour6.Afteryearsofwar,thepeopleinSyriaarethirstyfor________.A.price B.noise C.peace D.course7.AfterreadingthenovelTreasureIsland,Paulhasmore________thanbeforebecauseofthemaincharacter,braveJim.A.humour B.wealth C.luck D.courage8.Thefoodsafetyisaserious________inourcountry.Weshouldtrytosolveit.A.subject B.program C.problem D.opinion9.—Listen!Whoissinging?—It’sBetty.Shehasasweet________.A.sound B.voice C.noise D.speech10Theboydidn’tsleepwellbecauseofthe________fromthedog.A.voice B.noise C.music D.song11.Great________forfootballlovers—morethan50,000soccerschoolswillbebuiltinourcountrybytheendof2025．A.news B.message C.situation D.information12.—Willyoufixupthemachineaccordingtothe________,David?—Noproblem.A.instructions B.inventions C.invitations D.interviews13.—Whatkindofporridgewouldyoulike,Alice?—Iwouldlike________.A.eggporridge B.eggsporridge C.fishporridges D.fishesporridge14.Couldyougivesome________tothe________students?A.advice;boy B.advices;boys C.suggestion;boy D.suggestions;boys15.Iwillneed________abouttheclimatebeforeImakethefinaldecision.A.afewinformation B.alittleinformationsC.alittleinformation D.afewinformations16.Myaunthasbeautifullong________,butIcanseesomewhite________.A.hair;hair B.hairs;hair C.hair;hairs D.hairs;hairs17.—Mum,I’veheardthatwecan’teat________thesedays.Isittrue?—Takeiteasy.Itissafetoeatcookedmeat.A.chicken B.chickens C.achicken D.thechicken18.—Leo,doyouknowwhothegirlinthephotois?—Yes,sheis________littlesister.Ruby’sandJason’s B.RubyandJason C.Ruby’sandJason D.RubyandJason’s19.It’snotagood________forstudentstogoonlinejustforanswerstohomework.A.skill B.game C.hobby D.habit20.—Mom,whichisthebetter________forme,aseniorhighschooloravocational(职业的)highschool?—EitherisOK.It’suptoyourfutureplan.A.choice B.result C.experience D.news21.—I’mnotsurewhattowriteaboutTheSecretGardeninthereport.—Youshouldreadsome________aboutthebookbeforewriting.A.reviews B.reasons C.resultsD.rewards22.—Haveyoupaidthe________?—Yes.It’stenmoredollarsthismonth.A.bill B.price C.value D.menu23.Youcanseethe________inourfaceswhenwetalkaboutthegreatachievementsinthepast70years.A.doubt B.pride C.regret D.ability24.Overonehundredyearsago,theworldrecordforthe________100-metreracewas10.6secondsA.man B.man’s C.men D.men’s25.Tomalways________foranhoureveryday,butheneverdoesmath________.A.exercise;exercises B.exercise;exercise C.exercises;exercise D.exercises;exercises26.USscientistEdwardT.Hallsaidthatinaconversationbetweentwopeople,65%of________isdonethroughbodylanguage.A.application B.pronunciation C.introduction D.communication27.—Keepquiet!Ineedcomplete________whenI’mworking.—Sorry,dad.Iwon’tmakeanynoiseagain.A.trust B.silence C.control D.strength28.Nobodythoughtiteasytofinishsomuchworkin_______.A.twodays’timeB.two-daystimeC.twoday’stimeD.twodaystime29.MissGreenisafriendof_______.A.Mary’smother’sB.MarymotherC.Mother’sofMaryD.Marymother’30.YangLiwei,thefirstspacemaninChina,isthe_______ofChinesepeople.A.proudB.pridesC.proudestD.pride完成句子【★★☆】1.他们上星期捕到许多老鼠。Theycaught________________lastweek.【★★☆】2.I’msotirednow,andIneed________________________.(2小时的睡眠)【★★☆】3.她喜欢用各种水果做沙拉。Shelikesmakingsaladwith________________________________.【★★★】4.鲍勃和露西只是我姐姐的两个朋友。（我姐姐还有其他朋友）BobandLucyarejusttwo________________________________.【★☆☆】5.这个警察从河中救起了一个10岁的男孩。Thepolicemansaved________________________fromtheriver.【★★★】6.新冠肺炎疫情发生以来，中国尽己所能为有需要的国家提供支持和帮助，得到国际社会的普遍赞誉。Sincetheoutbreakoftheepidemic,Chinahasbeendoingitsbesttooffer________andhelptothe________inneed,allthishasbeenwidelypraisedbytheinternationalcommunity.【★★★】7.随着人民生活水平的不断提高，人们越来越重视自己的身体。Aspeople’sliving________continuestorise,theyarepayinggreater________totheirhealth.【★★★】8.中国取得的成就万众瞩目，其中之是在科学技术领域。It’sknownaroundtheworldthatChinahasmadegreat________.Oneisinthefieldsofscienceand________.【★★★】9.许多国家领导人高度评价中国为控制疫情所做的诸多努力。Manycountryleadersspokehighlyofthegreat________thatChinahadmadeincontrollingthepandemic.【★★★】10.这位艺术家很有创造力，他可以用沙子制作不同的变化图片。Theartistissocreativethathecanmakedifferentchangingpictureswith________.中考高频、易错考点考点高考频易错点名词词义理解（不）同类名词词义辨析、抽象名词词义辨析、名词词义近义名词词义辨析名词的数单数变复数、名词数量的表达不可数名词数量的表达名词所有格可数名词复数的-’s所有格并列名词的-’s所有格高考频易错题典例名词词义辨析TheNewYorkTimesisapopulardaily.A.DictionaryB.magazineC.newspaperD.guidebook高考频易错题解题秘笈中考常考名词解题必备知识advantage优点benefit好处,益处choice选择contribution贡献decision决定difference差别，差异entertainment娱乐活动environment环境fun乐趣,快乐hono(u)r荣幸,荣誉importance重要(性)instruction指示，命令interview采访，面试invention发明memory记忆，回忆mistake错误pride自豪,骄傲progress进步,进展purpose目的,意图relationship关系suggestion建议tradition传统名词高考频易错考点真题专练一、单项选择1．（2020·贵州铜仁·中考真题）—Tokeepourcitycleanandbeautiful,the________arealwaysverybusyinthestreet.—Theyshouldberespectedbyallthepeople.A．drivers B．postmen C．firemen D．cleaners2．（2022·山东东营·中考真题）TheYellowRiverDeltaNationalNatureReserve(黄河三角洲国家级自然保护区)isthe________ofmorethansixmillionbirds.A．area B．home C．house D．family3．（2022·内蒙古呼和浩特·中考真题）—Itwascarelessofyoutomakesuchamistake.Letthatbea________toyou!—OK.I’llbemorecareful!A．condition B．competition C．lesson D．hobby4．（2022·贵州黔西·中考真题）The________ofthisconcertistoraisemoneyforanewFangcanghospital.A．activity B．purpose C．question D．reason5．（2022·辽宁营口·中考真题）—InChina,weuseredpaperforhongbaobecauseredmeansgoodluck.—Oh,that’sinteresting!IwanttoknowmoreChinese________.A．events B．policies C．festivals D．traditions6．（2022·江苏镇江·中考真题）Listeningtomusicandwatchingfilmsarebothrelaxingformsof_______.A．achievement B．agreementC．development D．entertainment7．（2022·江苏常州·中考真题）Althoughthematchismovinginanunexpected________,ourteamwillwinfinally,Ibelieve.A．instruction B．introduction C．position D．direction8．（2020·广东·东莞市南城开心实验学校一模）Theareplayinggameswiththeirontheplayground.A．child;womanteachers B．child;womenteachersC．children;womenteachers D．children;womanteachers9．（2022·安徽·模拟预测）—Couldyougivemesome________onlearningEnglish?—Ithinkyoushoulddomorereading.A．advice B．newsC．messages D．information10．（2022·湖北·阳新县富川中学模拟预测）—ThelandingofChina’srover(登陆车)ZhurongonMarsisalandmarkofChina’sspaceindustry.—Yes.________greatprogressChinahasmadeinitsspaceexploration.A．What B．Whata C．How D．Howa11．（2021·广西·都安瑶族自治县教学研究室三模）I’dliketobuysome________inthesupermarket.A．chickenandpotatoes B．chickensandpotato C．chickenandpotato D．chickensandpotatos12．（2022·广西·环江毛南族自治县教育局三模）—Iheartherearethreeforeignstudentsinyourclass.—Yes.Oneisan________andtheothertwoare________.A．Australian,Germans B．Australians,GermenC．Australians,Germans D．Australian,Germen13．（2021·辽宁·模拟预测）________theteachersintheirschoolisabout200andonefourthofthemare________teachers.A．Anumberof;women B．Anumberof;womanC．Thenumberof;women D．Thenumberof;woman14．（2022·重庆·一模）Thehospitalis_________fromhere.A．fortyminutes’swalk B．fortyminute’swalk C．fortyminuteswalk D．fortyminutes’walk15．（2022·西藏拉萨·一模）—Whoseroomisthis?—It’s________.A．LucyandLily B．Lucy’sandLily’s C．LucyandLily’s D．Lucy’sandLily16．（2022·四川凉山·一模）________motherscan’tcometoschoolonSchoolDaybecausetheyhavetowork.A．BobandAlan’s B．Bob’sandAlan’s C．BobandAlan D．Bob’sandAlan17．（2018·湖北黄石·模拟预测）—Mary,thispairofgloves_______foryou.—_________nicesurprise!A．is;Whata B．are;Whata C．is;How D．are;How18．（2022·云南·开远市教育科学研究所二模）—________isthepopulationofYunanaccordingtotheseventhnationalpopulationcensus(人口普查)?—Thereareover47millionpermanentresidents(常住人口)inYunnan.A．What B．How