（初升高）高一英语衔接班第6讲-阅读理解（一）

（初升高）高一英语衔接班第6讲——阅读理解（一）1一、学习目标：了解高中阅读理解题的特点，掌握应对不同类型阅读理解题的做题技巧，提高阅读能力二、学习要点：了解阅读理解题型中事实细节题的特点，掌握做题技巧了解阅读理解题型中主旨大意题的特点，掌握做题技巧三、课程精讲：（一）重点知识讲解阅读理解作为高中考查学生语言能力的重点，《考试大纲》提出了明确的要求：1）能把握阅读材料的主要线索、时间和空间顺序2）掌握阅读材料的主旨和大意，以及用以说明主旨和大意的事实和细节。3）理解文中具体信息：既能理解具体事实，也能理解抽象概念。4）根据材料所提供的信息，通过上下文推断生词的词义。5）能够根据材料所提供的信息，根据学生应具备的知识，正确作出简单推理和判断。6）理解文章基本结构，能够理解某句、某段的含义，并能把握全篇的文脉，并以此进行推理和判断。7）既要理解字面的意义，也要理解深层次含义，也就是理解作者的意图和态度。高考英语的阅读理解也围绕这一要求来命题，基本上可分为五类：主旨大意题、细节判断题、综合信息题、猜测词义题、推理判断题。本节课我们来介绍前三类型：1.主旨大意题1）这类题型常见的提问方式有：What’sthemainideaofthepassage?Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?Fromthepassagewecanlearn/concludethat…Whichofthefollowingbeststatesthethemeofthepassage?Agood/suitabletitleforthispassagewouldbe….2）主题句主题句位于段首：先立论，再摆事实。例：Peopleusedtositawholelot.Youwouldwalkdownthestreetordrivedowntheroad,andtheretheywouldbeoutonthedoorsteps,sitting.Youcouldgodowntothestoreandsitonthebeachoutfrontinthesummeroraroundthefireinthewinter.Therewerestraight-backedchairs.Thereamongtheoilcansandtiresandspareparts,youcouldkickbackandsit.Whichsentenceisthetopicsentence?主题句位于段末：先摆事实，后作结论。例：Sittingisanartthatisn’tgettingpassedalong…Peopleusedtositawholelot…Housesusedtohavesittingrooms,wherethegrown-upswouldgoafterSundaydinner…Thatsortofthinglookslikedoingnoting.Arechargingbattery(正充电的电池)doesn’tlookasifit’sdoinganythingeither.Sittingrestoresyoursoul.Ifyouwanttoenjoyatrulyfulllife,don’tjustdosomething—sitthere.Whatmessagedoestheauthortrytotellus?A.Peopleshouldmakebetteruseoftheirsittingroom.B.PeopleshouldspendlesstimewatchingTV.C.Peopleshouldpassdowntheirgoodhabits.D.Peopleshouldtakethingseasyfortheirowngood.主题句隐含在段意之中：没有明显的主题句，其中心思想包含在各个句子中。例：Aclosefriendsaid:“IfIcouldonlyfigurethisout,IthinkIcouldfindhappiness.”IhaveheardthisbeforeandwillhearitagainIamsure.Manypeoplebelievethatfindinghappinessisallaboutfindingsomethingelsetheywant.Notmanyhaveeverfoundlongtermhappinessbyachievinganothergoal.Theanswertofindinghappinessistolookwithinyourself.Inotherwords,happinessisacompletelyinsidejob.Themostimportantpiecetofindhappinessistocomprehendhappinessisachoiceandnottheresultofanexperience.Ifallhappinesscouldbefoundastheresultofanacquisition(成就),meetingagoal,orhavinganything,thenaperson’shappinesswouldalwaysbesubjecttosomethingelse.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?A.Lookwithintofindhappiness.B.Happiness,achoiceortheresultofanexperience?C.ThedefinitionofhappinessD.Howcanwecreatehappiness?3）选项特点正确选项：不含细节信息和表示绝对意义的词，能概括文章全部内容。错误选项：是对细节部分的概括，常含绝对意义的词。2.细节判断题1）这类题型常见的提问方式有：WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedinthepassage?WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrue/True?WhichofthefollowingisNOTconsideredas…?Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedasoneofthereasonsfor…?What/Who/When/Where/How/Why…?2）做细节题要用原文定位法根据题干中的关键词，找准相关句子、段落的内容，再仔细对照。Ⅰ.从原文直接找到答案所需的信息。在解答这类题时，我们可采用“对号入座”的方法。例：“ThepopularityofforeignwordsispartoftheJapaneseinterestinanythingnew.”saysuniversitylecturerandwriterTakashiSatio,“Byusingaforeignwordyoucanmakeasubjectseemnew,whichmakesiteasierforthemediatopickup.”WhatadvantagesdoforeignwordshaveovertraditionalJapanesewords?A.Theideasexpressedinforeignwordssoundnew.B.Foreignwordsarebestsuitedforannouncement.C.Foreignwordsmakeanewsubjecteasiertounderstand.D.Theuseofforeignwordsmakesthemediamorepopular.Ⅱ.对信息进行加工。这类题目我们能够在文章中找到信息，但原文信息又不是做题所直接需要的，因此需要我们对原文信息进行合理的加工处理，据此作简单推理。例：Itisdifficultfordoctorstohelpapersonwithadamagedbrain.Withoutenoughblood,thebrainlivesforonlythreetofiveminutes.Moreoftenthedoctorscan’tfixthedamage.Sometimestheyareafraidtotrysomethingtohelpbecauseitisdangeroustoworkonthebrain.Thedoctorsmightmakethepersonworseifheoperatesonthebrain.Thebiggestdifficultyinoperatingonthedamagedbrainisthat________.A.thetimeistooshortfordoctorsB.thepatientsareoftentoonervousC.thedamageisextremelyhardtofixD.theblood-coolingmachinemightbreakdown3.综合信息题。这类题目的信息不仅仅涉及文章的某一句话，还可能涉及文章的几句话，而且有时可能散落在文章的不同段落，因此要求我们把原文提供的信息综合起来分析，不能断章取义，张冠李戴。例：Dr.Whitetriedhisideaon13monkeys.Firsthetaughtthemtododifferentjobs,thenheoperatedonthem.Hemadethemonkeys’bloodgothroughamachine.Themachinecooledtheblood.Thenthemachinesentthebloodbacktothemonkeys’brains.Whenthebrain’stemperaturewas10°C,Dr.Whitestoppedthebloodtothebrain.After30minutesheturnedthebloodbackon.Hewarmedthebloodagain.Aftertheiroperationsthemonkeyswereliketheyhadbeenbefore.Theywerehealthyandbusy.Eachonecouldstilldothejobsthedoctorhadtaughtthem.Whatistherightorderofthestepsintheoperation?a.sendthecooledbloodbacktothebrainb.stopthebloodtothebrainc.havethebloodcooleddownd.operateonthebrainA.a,b,c,d B.c,a,b,d C.c,b,d,a D.b,c,d,a（二）即学即练AABritishbaby,whosevenweeksagobecametheworld’syoungestheartandlungtransplant(移植)，diedoflungfailuretoday.JemwasonlytenweeksoldwhenhereceivedtheoperationatahospitaloutsideLondon.1.Whichofthefollowingistrue？A.Jemwastheyoungestbaby.B.JemwasaBritishbaby.C.JemwastheyoungestdoctoratahospitaloutsideLondon.D.Jemfailedtooperateonhispatient.2.Howoldwasthebabywhenhedied?A.seventydays B.abouttwenty-onedaysC.about120days D.forty-ninedays3.Thebesttitleforthepassageshouldbe__________A.AnoperationfailureB.ABritishbabyC.HowandwhyJemdiedD.Theworld’syoungestheartandlungtransplantpatientBMrs.Faysavedformonthstobuycoatinthesummersales.Thenafterqueuingforninedaysshesetfiretothecoat,valuedat$795andboughtbyherinthesalefor$79.Aseverywoman’sdreamdisappearedinsmoke,shesaid:“Iamverypleased.Ihatethefurtradebecauseitiscrueltoanimals.150minks(貂)havediedtomakethisjacket.”1.Mrs.Faywas________A.arichlady B.apoorwomanC.ahousewifewithoutmuchmoney D.ahousewifeofwealth2.Sheboughtthecoatformuchlessmoneythanitwasvaluedbecause__________A.therewerefewpeoplebuyingfurcoat.B.thepriceinthesummersaleswaslower.C.shehadnomoremoneyforit.D.thereweremanypeoplebuyingforcoats.3.Mrs.Fayboughtthecoatinorderto__________byburningit.A.pleaseherself B.makethepeoplelookingonsurprisedC.expressherkindnesstoanimals D.dosomethingforanimal-protecting（三）高考链接Itisdifficultfordoctorstohelpapersonwithadamagedbrain.Withoutenoughblood,thebrainlivesforonlythreetofiveminutes.Moreoftenthedoctorscan’tfixthedamage.Sometimestheyareafraidtotrysomethingtohelpbecauseitisdangeroustoworkonthebrain.Thedoctorsmightmakethepersonworseifheoperatesonthebrain.Dr.RobertWhite,afamousprofessoranddoctor,thinksheknowsawaytohelp.Hethinksdoctorsshouldmakethebrainverycold.Ifitisverycold,thebraincanlivewithoutbloodfor30minutes.Thisgivesthedoctoralongertimetodosomethingforthebrain.Dr.Whitetriedhisideaon13monkeys.Firsthetaughtthemtododifferentjobs,thenheoperatedonthem.Hemadethemonkeys’bloodgothroughamachine.Themachinecooledtheblood.Thenthemachinesentthebloodbacktothemonkeys’brains.Whenthebrain’stemperaturewas10°C,Dr.Whitestoppedthebloodtothebrain.After30minutesheturnedthebloodbackon.Hewarmedthebloodagain.Aftertheiroperationsthemonkeyswereliketheyhadbeenbefore.Theywerehealthyandbusy.Eachonecouldstilldothejobsthedoctorhadtaughtthem.1.Thebiggestdifficultyinoperatingonthedamagedbrainisthat_______.A.thetimeistooshortfordoctorsB.thepatientsareoftentoonervousC.thedamageisextremelyhardtofixD.theblood-coolingmachinemightbreakdown2.Thebrainoperationwasmadepossiblemainlyby_______.A.takingthebloodoutofthebrainB.tryingtheoperationonmonkeysfirstC.havingthebloodgothroughamachineD.loweringthebrain’stemperature3.WithDr.White’snewidea,theoperationonthedamagedbrain_______.A.canlastaslongas30minutesB.cankeepthebrain’sbloodwarmC.cankeepthepatient’sbrainhealthyD.canhelpmonkeysdodifferentjobs4.Whatistherightorderofthestepsintheoperation?a.sendthecooledbloodbacktothebrainb.stopthebloodtothebrainc.havethebloodcooleddownd.operateonthebrainA.a,b,c,d B.c,a,b,d C.c,b,d,a D.b,c,d,a四、下讲预告下一讲将讲解阅读理解题型中推理判断题和猜测词义题的做题技巧。【同步练习】（答题时间：35分钟）AClivewasclimbinganoldtreeonButterHill.HisfatherandMr.Drewweremakingconversationnotfaraway,whichClivecouldoverhear.“…NorthDakota,capitalBismarck,”saidClive’sfather.“Yes,andofSouthDakotait’sPierre.Delawarenext,capitalDover,withapopulationofonly5,000…”Clivelistened,checkingthenames.WhentheygotstuckonIndiana,hecamedownthetreeandwentacrosstothem.“Letmeseenow,”Mr.Drewwassaying,“Indiana,Indiana…thecapitalmustbeFortWayne.”“No,”saidtheother,“Ithinkit’sEvansville.”“Indianapolis,”saidClive.“That’stheeasiestofalltoremember.”Boththemenlaughed.“He’sright,youknow,”Mr.Drewsaid.Clive’sfatheragreed,“Yes,yes.Indiana,Indianapolis.NowKansas...”Clive,whowasthirteenthen,wasnotverycleveratschool.Butatthemomenthefeltratherproudofhimself.Lookingbacknow,aftermanyyears,Cliverememberssomeofthewayshelearnedgeography.Onethingheremembersclearlyisthe“test”thattookplaceeveryotherweek.Theteacherusedtopinupabigmapontheboard－Chinaperhaps,ortheUnitedStates,AustraliaorEurope－Themapwouldhaveeverythingonit,exceptthenames.Theteacher,pointingwithalong,woodenstick,began.“Ready?Fiftyquestions.Number1-writethenameofthisriver.Number2－thenameofthisstate.3－itscapital,here.4－thenameofthisbay.5...”Clivehasquiteforgottenwhetherheenjoyedlearninggeographyornot.Hedidn’tconsidertherightsorwrongs.Thoughhehasneverstudiedgeographysinceheleftschool,hehasneverforgottenit.Heisgladaboutthewayhelearned.Theworkmighthavebeendull,unexciting;butevenso,thedullnesshasgivenhimalifetimeofinterest,understandingandpleasure.1.Thispassageshowsthatthetwomen_______.A.gaveClivearegulartestingeographyB.wereinterestedingeographyC.likedsomemodernwaysofteachingD.discouragedClive’sfeelingofpride2.Indianapoliswastheeasiestofalltorememberbecause________A.itisthecapitalofthestate.B.itislargerthantheothercitiesinthestate.C.Clivehadlearneditsowell.D.itrepeatsthenameofthestate.3.Inthispassagethemapsweresuitablefortheirpurposebecause_______.A.theydidn’tgiveanynamesB.theyshowedeverythingthatthestudentshadlearntC.theymadethetestinterestingD.theymadeiteasytorememberthings4.WhichofthefollowingisTRUE?A.Clive’sgeographywaspoor.B.Clive’sgeographyteacherdidn’tteachwell.C.Clive’steachertaughtgeographywell.D.Clivewasproudofhiscleverness.5.Nowthathehasgrownup,Clivethinksthat_______.A.learningplaceisnotallthatimportantB.hisgeographylessonsmusthavebeenenjoyableC.hewasluckytohavebeentaughtinthatwayD.youwon’trememberitunlesstheworkisinterestingBO·HenrywasapennameusedbyanAmericanwriterofshortstories.HisrealnamewasWilliamSydneyPorter.HewasborninNorthCarolinain1862.Asayoungboyhelivedanexcitinglife.Hedidnotgotoschoolforverylong,buthemanagedtoteachhimselfeverythingheneededtoknow.Whenhewasabout20yearsold,O·HenrywenttoTexas,wherehetrieddifferentjobs.Hefirstworkedonanewspaper,andthenhadajobinabank.Whensomemoneywentmissingfromthebank,O·Henrywasbelievedtohavestolenit.Becauseofthat,hewassenttoprison.Duringthethreeyearsinprison,helearnedtowriteshortstories.Afterhegotoutofprison,hewenttoNewYorkandcontinuedwriting.HewrotemostlyaboutNewYorkandthelifeofthepoorthere.Peoplelikedhisstories,becausesimpleasthetaleswere,theywouldfinishwithasuddenchangeattheend,tothereaders’surprise.1.InwhichorderdidO·Henrydothefollowingthings?a.LivedinNewYork. b.Workedinabankc.TravelledtoTexas d.WasputinprisonA.a,b,d,c B.c,b,d,a C.b,d,c,a D.b,d,a,c2.PeopleenjoyedreadingO·Henry’sstoriesbecause_____.A.theyhadsurpriseendings B.th