工商管理英语课后题答案(司爱侠版)

工商管理英语(以下内容均为textA的课后题答案）Unit1一、调整，整理coordinate关系，关联Relationship处理，操作，操纵manipulate为。。。配备职员；任职于staff决策，决定decisionStrategy策略Contract合同Supervisory监督performance性能profit利润executive

directors执行董事top

manager高级经理human

capital人力资本internal

auditors内审员branch

manager分公司经理二、1.

A

manager's

job

is

complex

and

multidimensional,

and

requires

a

range

of

skills经理的工作是复杂和多维的，需要一系列的技能2.

Conceptual

skills

are

needed

by

all

managers

but

are

especially

important

for

managers

at

the

top.所有管理者都需要概念技能，但对高层管理者尤为重要3.

One

of

the

most

important

goals

that

organizations

and

their

members

try

to

achieve

is

to

provide

some

kind

of

good

or

service

that

customers

desire.组织及其成员努力实现的最重要的目标之一是提供客户所期望的某种商品或服务4.

The

outcome

of

leadership

is

highly

motivated

and

committed

organizational

members.领导的结果是高度激励和忠诚的组织成员5.

The

controlling

function

allows

managers

to

evaluate

how

well

they

themselves

are

performing

the

other

three

functions

of

management

and

to

take

corrective

action.控制功能允许管理人员评估他们自己执行管理的其他三个功能的情况，并采取纠正措施6.

In

reality,

being

a

manager

often

involves

acting

emotionally

and

relying

on

gut

feelings.在现实中，作为一名经理常常需要感情用事，依靠直觉7.

Organizations

increase

their

efficiency

when

they

reduce

the

quantity

of

resources

they

use

to

produce

goods

or

services.当组织减少用于生产产品或服务的资源数量时，它们就提高了效率8.

Today,

companies

can

win

or

lose

the

competitive

race

depending

on

their

speed-how

fast

they

can

bring

new

products

to

market-or

their

flexibility-how

easily

they

can

change

the

way

they

perform

their

activities

to

respond

to

the

actions

of

their

competitors.今天，公司在竞争中的成败取决于他们的速度——他们将新产品推向市场的速度有多快——或者他们的灵活性——他们改变自己活动的方式以应对竞争对手的行动有多容易9.

Managers

use

conceptual,

human,

and

technical

skills

to

perform

the

four

managementfunctionsofplanning,organizing,leading,andcontrollinginallorganizations.管理人员使用概念、人力和技术技能来执行所有组织规划、组织、领导和控制的四个管理职能10.Quick,immediatereactionstosituationsratherthandeliberatethoughtandreflectionareanimportantaspectofmanagerialaction迅速、立即对局势作出反应而不是蓄意的思考和反思是管理行动的一个重要方面三、Organizationperformanceisameasureofhowefficientlyandeffectivelymanagersuseresourcestosatisfycustomersandachieveorganizationalgoals.Organizationalperformanceincreasesindirectproportiontoincreasesinefficiencyandeffectiveness.Efficiencyisameasureofhowwellorhowproductivelyresourcesareusedtoachieveagoal.Effectivenessisameasureoftheappropriatenessofthegoalsthatmanagershaveselectedfortheorganizationtopursue,andofthedegreetowhichtheorganizationachievesthosegoals.组织绩效是衡量管理者如何高效、有效地利用资源满足客户和实现组织目标的指标。组织绩效直接增加提高效率和效力。效率是衡量如何有效地或如何有效地利用资源来实现一个目标。有效性是衡量适当性的尺度。管理人员为组织选择了哪些目标，以及组织在多大程度上实现了这些目标。Unit2一、（借出的）贷款，借出loan偿还，报答repay里程碑,重要事件,转折点Milestone专利权,执照衡量标准,基准benchmark保证,保证书,担保,抵押品guarantee估价,评价,计算.valuation投资investment因素,要素factor股东stakeholderinvestment

return投资回报decision-making

tool决策工具equity

financing资本筹措，股本融资，发行股票筹资elevator

pitch电梯推销，电梯游说strategic

partner战略伙伴二、1.

With

a

low-cost

strategy,

managers

try

to

drive

the

organization's

costs

down

below

the

costs

of

its

rivals通过低成本战略，管理者试图将组织的成本降低到低于竞争对手的成本2.

Formulating

strategies

is

the

job

of

managers

at

the

corporate,

business,

and

functional

levels.制定战略是公司、业务和职能层经理的工作3.

Although

goals

should

be

challenging,

they

should

be

realistic虽然目标应该是具有挑战性的，但它们应该是现实的4.

In

the

fast-changing

market

where

customers'

needs

change

and

evolve,

companies

must

learn

to

define

and

redefine

their

businesses

to

satisfy

those

needs.在快速变化的市场中，客户的需求不断变化和演变，公司必须学会定义和重新定义他们的业务，以满足这些需求5.

A

plan

helps

coordinate

managers

of

the

different

functions

and

divisions

of

an

organization

to

ensure

that

they

all

pull

in

the

same

direction计划有助于协调组织中不同职能和部门的经理，以确保他们都朝着同一个方向努力6.

Organizations

that

successfully

pursue

a

differentiation

strategy

may

be

able

to

charge

a

premium

price

for

their

products.成功地追求差异化战略的组织可以为他们的产品收取溢价7.Both

the

differentiating

strategy

and

the

low-cost

strategy

are

aimed

at

serving

many

or

most

segments

of

a

particular

market.差异化战略和低成本战略的目标都是服务于特定市场的许多或大部分细分市场8.

Makes

SWOT

analysis

is

an

integral

part

of

the

planning

process使SWOT分析成为规划过程中不可或缺的一部分9.

Each

organizational

function

has

an

important

role

to

play

in

the

process

of

lowering

costs

or

adding

value

to

a

product.每个组织功能在降低成本或增加产品价值的过程中都扮演着重要的角色。10.

If

customers

see

more

value

in

one

organization's

products

than

in

the

products

of

its

competitors,

they

may

be

willing

to

pay

premium

prices.如果顾客看到一个组织的产品比其竞争对手的产品更有价值，他们可能愿意支付溢价三、In

today's

competitive

environment,

there

is

an

increasing

recognition

of

the

need

for

more

dynamic

approaches

to

formulating

as

well

as

implementing

strategies.

Strategy

is

not

a

static,

analytical

process;

it

requires

vision,

intuition,

andemployeeparticipation.

Many

organizationsare

abandoning

central

planning

departments,

and

strategy

is

becoming

an

everyday

part

of

the

job

for

workers

at

all

level在当今竞争激烈的环境下，人们越来越认识到制定和实施战略需要更动态的方法，战略不是一个静态的分析过程，它需要远见、直觉和员工的参与。许多组织正在放弃中央计划部门，战略正成为各级工人日常工作的一部分Unit3一、1.havingcapacityorability:efficientandable有能力的:有效率的，能干的（capable)2.toseparateintopartsorbasicprinciplessoastodeterminethenatureofthewhole把…分解成部分或基本原理，以确定整体的性质(analyze)3.aquality,anability,oranaccomplishmentthatmakesapersonsuitableforaparticularpositionortask使某人适合某一职位或任务的品质、能力或成就(employment)4.of,characterizedby,basedon,orconstitutingasystem系统的，以系统为特征的，以系统为基础的或构成系统的(systematic)5.tostateexplicitlyorindetail详细地或明确地陈述(specify)6.toincreaseormakeasgreataspossible使尽可能地增大或使尽可能地大(maximize)7.asumofmoneyortheequivalentgiventoanemployeeinadditiontotheemployee'susualcompensation在雇员通常的报酬之外给予雇员的一笔钱或等价物(bonus)8.toserveastheofficialandauthorizeddelegateoragentfor,standfor作为官方和授权代表或代理人，代表(represent)9.todistributetheadministrativefunctionsorpowersof(acentralauthority)amongseverallocalauthorities把(中央机关)的行政职权分配给几个地方当局(decentralize)10.toinvestwithpower,especiallylegalpowerorofficialauthority赋予权力，尤指法定权力或官方权力(empower)二、1.Onthebasisofperformanceappraisals,managersdistributepaytoemployees.根据绩效考核，经理们把工资分配给员工2.Managersareresponsibleforacquiring,developing,protecting,andutilizingtheresources.管理者负责获取、开发、保护和利用资源。3.Recruitmentiswhatmanagersdotodevelopapoolofqualifiedcandidatesfoeopenpositions.招聘是经理们为空缺职位培养合格候选人所做的事情4.Traineesshouldbeencouragedandexpectedtousetheirnew-foundexpertiseonthejob.应该鼓励和期望学员在工作中运用他们新发现的专业知识5.Beforerecruitingandselectingemployees,managersmustengageinhumanresourceplanningandjobanalysis.在招聘和选择员工之前，管理者必须进行人力资源规划和职业分析培训6.Trainingfocusesonteachingorganizationalmembershowtoperformeffectivelyintheircurrentjobs.培训的重点是教组织成员如何在当前的工作中有效地执行。7.Organizationsarelegallyrequiredtoprovidecertainbenefitstotheiremployees,suchasocialsecurityandunemploymentinsurance.法律要求组织为其雇员提供某些福利，如社会保障和失业保险8.Indeterminingpaylevels,managersshouldtakeintoaccounttheirorganization'sstrategy.在决定薪酬水平时，管理者应该考虑组织的战略9.Formalperformanceappraisalssupplybothmanagersandsubordinateswithvaluableinformation.正式的绩效评估为经理和下属提供了有价值的信息10.Managersoftendislikeprovidingperformancefeedback,especiallywhenthefeedbackjnegative,butdoingsoisanimportantmanagerialactivity.管理者通常不喜欢提供绩效反馈，尤其是当反馈是负面的时候，但这样做是一项重要的管理活动三、Managersareresponsibleforacquiring,developing,protecting,andutilizingtheresourcesthatanorganizationneedstobeefficientandeffective.Oneofthemostimportantresourcesinallorganizationsishumanresources-thepeopleinvolvedintheproductionanddistributionofgoodsandservices.Effectivemanagersrealizehowvaluablehumanresourcesareandtakeactivestepstomakesurethattheirorganizationsbuildandfullyutilizetheirhumanresourcestogainacompetitiveadvantage.管理者负责获取、开发、保护和利用组织所需的有效资源。所有组织中最重要的资源之一是人力资源——参与产品和服务的生产和分配的人员。有效的管理者意识到人力资源的价值，并采取积极的步骤来确保他们的组织建立和充分利用他们的人力资源来获得竞争优势Unit4一、1.theexchangeofgoodsorservicesforanamountofmoneyoritsequivalent;theactofselling以一定数量的货币或等值物交换货物或劳务;销售行为(sale)2.apersonalpreferenceorliking个人偏好或爱好(taste)3.toadmittheexistence,reality,ortruthof承认…的存在、事实或真理(acknowledge)4.tobeadistinctivetraitormarkof;distinguish作为…的显著特征或标志;区分(characterize)5.torealizeinactionormakereal实现在行动中实现或实现(actualize)6.acceptedbyorprevalentamongthepeopleingeneral普遍被人们接受或普遍存在的(popular)7.tobepartialto;indulgealikingfor偏袒;偏爱;沉溺于(preference)8.varietyormultiformity;Thefactorqualityofbeingdiverse;difference品种或多形;多样化的事实或性质;区别(diversity)9.tomakeintenseormoreintense使紧张使紧张或更紧张(coercion)10.agreatorplentifulamount大量大量的或大量的(excessive)二、1.Marketingisasocialandmanagerialprocessbywhichindividualsandgroupsobtainwhattheyneedandwant.营销是一个社会和管理的过程，通过个人和团体获得他们需要和想要的2.Peoplesatisfytheirneedsandwantswithproductsandservices.人们用产品和服务来满足他们的需求3.Manufacturersgetintoalotoftroublebypayingmoreattentiontotheirproductsthantotheservicesproducedbytheseproducts.制造商陷入了很多麻烦，因为他们更关注自己的产品而不是这些产品所提供的服务4.Exchangemustbeseenasaprocessthanasanevent.交换必须被视为一个过程，而不是一个事件5.Tomakesuccessfulexchange,themarketeranalyzeswhateachpartyexpectstogiveandget.为了使交易成功，市场营销人员分析每一方期望给予和得到什么6.Economistsusethetermmarkettorefertoacollectionofbuyersandsellerswhotransactoveraparticularproductorproductclass.经济学家使用“市场”一词来指买卖双方在某一特定产品或产品类别上进行交易的集合7.Marketingmustbewellcoordinatedwiththeotherdepartmentsinthecompany市场营销必须与公司其他部门协调一致8.Marketingdepartmentonlyworkswhenallemployeesappreciatehowtheyimpactoncustomersatisfaction只有当所有员工都意识到他们对客户满意度的影响时，营销部门才会发挥作用9.Marketingemergeswhenpeopledecidetosatisfyneedsandwantsthroughexchange当人们决定通过交换来满足需求时，市场营销就出现了10.Asatisfiedcustomertellsthreepeopleaboutagoodproductexperience,whileadissatisfiedcustomergripestoelevenpeople.一个满意的顾客会告诉三个人一个好的产品体验，而一个不满意的顾客会向十一人抱怨。三、In

the

past,

marketers

faced

a

number

of

tough

decisions.

They

had

to

determine

productfeatures

and

quality,

establish

accompanying

services,

set

the

price,

determine

the

distribution

channels,

decide

how

mush

to

spend

on

marketing.

Today's

marketers,

of

course,

face

the

same

tough

decisions.

But

today's

marketplace

is

enormously

more

complex.

Domestic

markets,

at

one

time

safe

from

foreign

invaders,

are

now

the

happy

hunting

grounds

of

giant

global

corporations.在过去，市场营销人员面临着许多艰难的决定。他们必须确定产品的特性和质量，建立配套服务，确定价格，确定销售渠道，决定如何进行营销。当然，今天的营销人员面临着同样的艰难决定。但是今天的市场要复杂得多。曾经远离外国侵略者的国内市场，现在成了大型跨国公司的快乐猎场Major

strides

in

technology

have

considerably

shortened

time

and

distance:

New

products

are

launched

at

an

astonishing

pace

and

are

available

worldwide

in

a

short

time.

Communication

media

are

proliferating.

New

distribution

channels

and

formats

keep

appearing.

Competitors

are

everywhere

and

hungry技术上的重大进步大大缩短了时间和距离:新产品以惊人的速度推出，并在短时间内在全世界上市。传播媒介正在激增。新的销售渠道和形式层出不穷。到处都是竞争对手，他们饥肠辘辘Unit5一、1.tovarywithinspecifiedlimits在规定的范围内变化(range)2.tomakeorbecomebroadorbroader使变宽使或变得更宽或更广(broaden)3.of,relatingto,orusingtactics战术的属于、关于或使用战术的(tactical)4.todirecttheeffortsorattentionof(oneself);Todealwith引导(自己)的努力或注意;对付，处理(constraint)5.anestablishedrighttoprecedence优先的既定权利(priority)6.thefunctionsandactivitiesinvolvedinthesellingofcommoditiesdirectlytoconsumers直接向消费者销售商品所涉及的职能和活动(retailing)7.theelectronicsystemsusedintransmittingmessages,asbytelegraph,cable,telephone,radio,ortelevision用于传送信息的电子系统，如电报、电缆、电话、收音机或电视(telecommunication)8.anoccurrencecausingwidespreaddestructionanddistress;acatastrophe造成广泛破坏和痛苦的事件;一场灾难(disaster)9.theactoraninstanceoftransforming转变的行为或实例(convert)10.havingnospecificpattern,purpose,orobjective没有特定的模式、目的或目的的(random)二、1.Operationsmanagementdealswiththeproductionofgoodsandservicesthatpeoplebuyanduseeveryday.运营管理涉及人们每天购买和使用的商品和服务的生产2.Operationsmanagersareresponsibleforensuringthatanorganizationhassufficientsuppliesofhigh-quality,low-costinput.运营经理负责确保组织有足够的高质量、低成本的投入3.Becausesatisfyingcustomersissoimportant,managerstrytodesignproductionsystemsthatcanproducetheoutputsthathavetheattributescustomersdesire.因为满足顾客是如此重要，经理们试图设计生产系统来生产顾客所期望的产品4.Customersusuallypreferahigher-qualityproducttoalower-qualityproduct.顾客通常更喜欢高质量的产品，而不是低质量的产品5.Achievinghighproductqualitylowersoperatingcostsbecauseoftheeffectofqualityonemployeeproductivity.由于质量对员工生产力的影响，实现高产品质量降低了运营成本6.Onewaythatbusinessesattempttobecomemoreproductiveistoexaminecriticallywhethertheoperationsperformedbytheirworkersaddvalue.企业试图提高生产率的一种方法是，严格审查员工所从事的业务是否增加了价值7.Thewayinwhichmachinesandworkersareorganizedorgroupedtogetherintoworkstationsaffectstheefficiencyoftheproductionsystem.机器和工人组成工作站的方式会影响生产系统的效率8.Oneofthecentraltasksofoperationsmanagementistodevelopnewandimprovedproductionsystemsthatenhancetheabilityoftheorganization.运营管理的中心任务之一是开发新的和改进的生产系统，以提高组织的能力9.Theabilityofanorganizationtosatisfythedemandsofitscustomersforlowerprices.acceptablequality,betterfeatures,andsoon,dependscriticallyonthenatureoftheorganization'sproductionsystem一个组织满足顾客对较低价格的需求的能力。可接受的质量、更好的特性等等，在很大程度上取决于组织的生产系统的性质10.Thecompanythatcustomizeseveryproducttotheuniquedemandsofindividualcustomersislikelytoseeitscoststructurebecomeveryhigh根据个别客户的独特需求定制每一种产品的公司可能会发现其成本结构变得非常高三、Theimportanceofoperationsmanagement,bothfororganizationsandsociety,shouldbefairlyobvious:theconsumptionofgoodsandservicesisanintegralpartofoursocietyOperationsmanagementisresponsibleforcreatingthosegoodsandservices.Organizationsexistprimarilytoprovideservicesorcreategoods.Hence,operationsmanagementisthecorefunctionofanorganization.Withoutthiscore,therewouldbenoneedforanyoftheotherfunctions.运营管理对组织和社会的重要性应该是相当明显的:商品和服务的消费是我们社会的一个组成部分，运营管理负责创造这些商品和服务。组织的存在主要是为了提供服务或创造商品。因此，运营管理是组织的核心职能。没有这个核心，就不需要任何其他功能Unit6一、1.supply,procurement,distribution,andreplacementofmaterielandpersonnel,物资和人员的供应、采购、分配和替换(logistic)2.theactofassorting;separationintoclasses分类的行为；分门别类(assortment)3.fitforuse;convenienttouse适合使用；使用方便(availability)4.Personwhosellsgoods,especiallyinlargequantities,toshopkeepers,Iforresaletothepublic向店主出售商品，特别是大量商品的人，我向公众转售(wholesaler)5,Prudentandthriftyinmanagement;ThenotwastefulorextravagantIadetailedandexact谨慎、勤勉的管理；不浪费或奢华的，详细准确的(economical)6.statementofparticulars,especiallyastatementprescribingmaterials,dimensions,andqualityofworkforsomethingtobebuilt,installed,ormanufactured.详细说明，特别是规定材料、尺寸和工作质量的声明。

或要建造、安装或制造的东西(specification)7.Tobetheelementsorpartsof,composeof成为…的元素或部分(constitute)8.Tocombinesoastoformanew,complexproduct结合，形成一个新的、复杂的产品(synthesize)9.Lackingconsistency,regularity,oruniformity,havingnofixedorregularcourse缺乏一致性、规律性或一致性，没有固定或规则的课程(uncertainty)10.Tolieorextendoverandcoverpartof,tohaveanareaorarangeincommonwith.位于或延伸过并覆盖部分，以具有与之共同的区域或范围(overlap)二、1.Thelogisticalprimarilyconcernedwithsupportoftheproductionandmarketingsystems.物流主要涉及生产和销售系统的支持2.Logisticcosthaveadirectrelationshiptoafirm’sselectedservicepolicy物流成本与企业所选择的服务策略有直接关系3.physicaldistributionisessentialtomarketingbecausetimelyandeconomicalproductdeliveryisnecessarytoaccomplishprofitabletransactions.物流对市场营销至关重要，因为及时和经济的产品交付是完成有利可图的交易的必要条件4.Thebasicdesignofthematerialmanagementoperatingsystemisbaseduponfulfillmentofthematerialplan物料管理操作系统的基本设计是以物料计划的实现为基础的5.ItisafundamentalresponsibilityofmaterialmanagementtoselectthesourcesthatmostConsistentlymeetqualityspecifications材料管理的基本责任是选择最符合质量规范的源6.Thespeedofinformationflowisdirectlyrelatedtotheintegrationoffixedfacilities.Transportationcapability,aninventory,信息流动的速度直接关系到固定设施的整合。运输能力，库存7.Thegoaloflogisticsistosupportprocurement,manufacturingandmarketdistributionoperationalrequirements物流的目标是支持采购、制造和市场分销的运作需求8.Logisticsshouldbemanagedasanintegratedefforttoachievecustomersatisfactionat,thelowesttotalcost.物流管理应作为一个整体的努力，以实现客户满意度，在最低的总成本9.Whilemanyaspectsofinformationarecriticaltologisticsoperations,theprocessingoforderisofprimaryimportance虽然信息加工的很多方面都需要操作，但订单的处理是最重要的10.Forecastingandcommunicationofcustomerrequirementsarethetwoareasoflogisticalworkdrivenbyinformation客户需求的预测和沟通是由信息驱动的物流工作的两个领域三、Thepotentialforlogisticalservicestofavorablyimpactcustomersisdirectlyrelatedtooperatingsystemdesign.Themanydifferentfacetsoflogisticalperformancerequirementsmakeoperationaldesignacomplextaskasanoperatingstructuremustofferabalanceofperformance,cost,andflexibility.Whenoneconsidersthevarietyoflogisticalsystemsusedthroughouttheworldtoservicewidelydiversemarkets,itisastonishingthatanystructuralsimilarityexits物流服务对客户产生良好影响的潜力与操作系统设计直接相关。后勤性能需求的许多不同方面使得操作设计成为一项复杂的任务，作为一个操作结构必须提供性能、成本和灵活性之间的平衡。当我们考虑到世界各地广泛使用的各种各样的物流系统服务于各种各样的市场时，令人惊讶的是，任何结构上的相似性都不存在Unit7一、1.toconcentrateattentionorenergy集中注意力或精力(focus)2.astoneatthecornerofabuildingunitingtwointersectingwalls;Anindispensableandfundamentalbasis建筑物的角部处的石头，使两个相交的墙联合起来；不可缺少和根本的基础(cornerstone)3.topassbeyondthelimitsof超越…的界限(transcend)4.capableofsuccessorcontinuingeffectiveness;practicable能够成功或持续有效；切实可行(prevalent)5.relatingtoorcharacteristicofanopponent与对手有关或有其特点的(adversarial)6.toexaminecarefullyandcritically,especiallyforflaws仔细和严格地检查，尤指缺陷(inspect)7.toexamineorgoovercarefullyforneededrepairs仔细检查或检查是否需要修理(overhaul)8.designagain再设计(redesign)9.togetridof,remove摆脱，移除(eliminate)10.insight,intuition,orknowledgegainedbyperceiving通过感知获得的洞察力、直觉或知识(detect)二、1.Foralongtime,theresponsibilityforqualityinanorganizationrestedwithitsqualitycontroldepartment

长期以来，一个组织的质量责任在于它的质量控制部门2.Modernqualitymanagementisnowevolvingtowardemphasisonpreventingmistakesratherthanonfindingandcorrectingthem.现代质量管理正朝着强调预防错误而不是发现和纠正错误的方向发展3.Qualityisnolongertheexclusivedomainofthequalitycontroldepartment,buthasbecometheresponsibilityofeverybodyintheorganization.质量不再是质量控制部门的专属领域，而是组织中每个人的责任4.Poordesignsordefectiveproductsorservicescanresultinlossofbusiness糟糕的设计或有缺陷的产品或服务会导致业务的损失5.Qualityreferstotheabilityofaproductorservicetoconsistentlymeetorexceedcustomerexpectation.质量是指产品或服务始终满足或超过顾客期望的能力6.Foravarietyofreasons,productsdonotalwaysperformasexpected,andservicesdonoalwaysyieldthedesiredresults由于各种各样的原因，产品并不总是如预期的那样运行，服务也并不总是产生预期的结果7.Qualityofdesignreferstotheintentionofdesignerstoincludeorexcludecertainfeaturesinaproductorservice.设计质量是指设计者在产品或服务中包含或排除某些特性的意图8.Poorqualitycanadverselyaffectproductivityduringthemanufacturingprocess在制造过程中，质量差会对生产率产生不利影响9.Designdecisionsmusttakeintoaccountcustomerwants,productionorservicecapabilities.cost,andothersimilarconsiderations计决策必须考虑客户的需求、生产或服务能力。成本和其他类似的考虑。

10.Thedeterminationofqualitydoesnotstoponcetheproductorservicehasbeensoldordelivered.产品或服务一经售出或交付，对其质量的测定就不会停止。三、Theentireorganizationmustbesubjecttothesearchforimprovedwaysofperformingnothingshouldberegardedassacredoruntouchable.Asometimeshelpfulviewistoconsidertheinternalcustomersandstrivetosatisfythem;thatis,everyactivityinanorganizationhasoneormore"customers"whoreceiveitsoutput.Bythinkingintermsofwhatisneededtosatisfythesecustomers,itisoftenpossibletoimprovethesystemand,indoingso,increasethesatisfactionofthefinalcustomer.整个组织必须服从于对改进的执行方式的探索，没有什么应该被视为神圣不可侵犯的。有时一个有用的观点是考虑内部客户并努力满足他们;也就是说，组织中的每个活动都有一个或多个接收其输出的“客户”。通过考虑需要什么来满足这些客户，通常可以改进系统，从而提高最终客户的满意度。Unit8一、1.anoccupationrequiringconsiderabletrainingandspecializedstudy需要大量培训和专门研究的职业(profession)2.toceasetofunctionasanorganization;disperse停止作为组织的职能；分散(disband)3.riskoflossorinjury;perilordanger损失或伤害的风险；危险或危险(jeopardy)4.tomakeoverinstructureorstyle;reconstruct在结构或风格上进行改造；改造(remodel)5.thecomingorarrival,especiallyofsomethingextremelyimportant到来或到达，尤指极其重要的事物(advent)6.apenaltyimposedforwrongdoing因不当行为而被判处的刑罚(punishment)7.tocausetoriseandfallorvaryirregularly导致不规则的上升和下降或变化(fluctuate)8.theactofappointingordesignatingforanofficeorposition.任命或指定职位或职位的行为(appointment)9.aid;help帮助；帮助(assistance)10.toarrangeordealwithinorderofimportance按重要性排列或处理(prioritize)二、1.Thedesign,development,andintroductionofanewproductorserviceareviewedasaoneof-kindtypeactivitythatisoftenreferredtoasaproject.新产品或服务的设计、开发和引入被视为一种类型的活动，通常被称为项目2.Projectmanagementcanbedefinedasplanning,directing,andcontrollingresourcestomeetthetechnical,cost,andtimeconstraintsoftheproject.项目管理可以定义为计划、指导和控制资源，以满足项目的技术、成本和时间约束3.Aworkingknowledgeofgeneralmanagementandfamiliaritywiththespecialknowledgedomainrelatedtotheprojectareindispensable.必须具备一般管理的工作知识，并熟悉与项目相关的专门知识领域4.Therearesomedistinctdifferencesbetweenmanagingongoingprocessandmanagingprojects.管理正在进行的过程和管理项目之间有一些明显的区别5.Becauseprojectteamsareoftennewlyformedgroup,itcantaketimeforthesegroupstobeeffective.因为项目团队通常是新成立的团队，所以这些团队需要一定的时间才能有效工作6.Sinceprojectsarebydefinitionnotrepetitive,flexibilityisanimportantelementinsuccessfulprojectmanagement由于项目的定义是不重复的，所以灵活性是项目管理成功的一个重要因素.7.Effectiveprojectmanagementrequirescontinuousmonitoring,updating,andreplanningthroughoutthelifeoftheproject.有效的项目管理需要在项目的整个生命周期中进行持续的监视、更新和重新规划8.Projectmanagerstypicallyhaveauniquerolewithinthetraditionalorganizationstructure.项目经理通常在传统的组织结构中扮演独特的角色9.Typicalleadershipcharacteristicsincludetheabilitytoorganizeanddirecttasks,facilitategroupdecision-making,andassistinconflictandproblemresolutions.典型的领导特征包括组织和指导任务的能力，促进群体决策。并协助解决冲突和问题10.Ahigh-performingprojectteamnotonlyfocusesontask-relatedskillsforproducingtechnicalresultsontimeandwithinbudget,butalsoonteammembersandleadershipqualities.一个高绩效的项目团队不仅关注与任务相关的技术，在时间和预算内产生技术结果，而且关注团队成员和领导素质三、Generally,projectmanagementisdistinguishedfromthegeneralmanagementofcorporationsbythemission-orientednatureofaproject.Aprojectorganizationwillgenerallybeterminatedwhenthemissionisaccomplished.AccordingtotheProjectManagementInstitute.thedisciplineofprojectmanagementcanbedefinedasfollows:Projectmanagementistheartofdirectingandcoordinatinghumanandmaterialresourcesthroughoutthelifeofaprojectbyusingmodernmanagementtechniquestoachievepredeterminedobjectivesofscope,cost,time,andqualityandparticipationsatisfaction.一般来说，项目管理与公司的一般管理的区别在于项目的任务导向性质。项目组织一般在任务完成时终止。根据项目管理协会。项目管理的学科可以定义如下:项目管理是一门艺术，通过使用现代管理技术来指导和协调整个项目生命周期内的人力和物力资源，以达到预定的范围、成本、时间、质量和参与满意度的目标Unit9一、1.aname,symbol,orotherdeviceidentifyingaproduct,officiallyregisteredandlegallyrestrictedtotheuseoftheownerormanufacturer标识产品的名称、符号或其他装置，正式注册，并在法律上仅限于所有者或制造商使用(trademark)2.somethingforwhichoneisliable;anobligation,aresponsibility,oradebt负有责任的事物；义务、责任或债务(liability)3.tobevested,asapowerorright;toliveinaplacepermanentlyorforanextendedperiod被赋予权力或权利；永久地或长期地生活在一个地方(reside)4.personwhoputsmoneyin把钱放进去的人(investor)5.ashareofprofitsreceivedbyastockholderorbyapolicyholderinamutualinsurancesociety股东或相互保险协会投保人所获利润的份额(dividend)6.adocumentindicatingownershiporcreditorship;astockcertificateorbond指示所有权或信用的文件；股票证书或债券(security)7.incapableofbeingperceivedbythesenses不能被感官感知(intangible)8.ademandforsomethingasrightfulordue对某事物的要求是合法的或正当的(claim)9.agrantmadebyagovernmentthatconfersuponthecreatorofaninventionthesolerighttomake,use,andsellthatinventionforasetperiodoftime由政府作出的授予赋予本发明的创建者的授予、使用和销售本发明的唯一权利,用于设定的时间段(patent)10.togathertogether;collect聚在一起；收集(raise)二、1.Efficientfinancialmanagementrequirestheexistenceofsomeobjectivesorgoal.

有效的财务管理需要一定的目标或目的的存在2.Shareholderswhoaredissatisfiedwithmanagementperformancemayselltheirsharesandinvestinanothercompany对管理业绩不满意的股东可以出售股份，投资于其他公司3.Althoughvariousobjectivesarepossible,thefundamentalgoalofafirmistomaximizethewealthofthefirm'spresentowners.虽然各种各样的目标是可能的，一个公司的基本目标是最大化公司现有所有者的财富4.Maximizingshareholderwealthdoesnotimplythatmanagementshouldignoresocialresponsibilitysuchasprotectingtheconsumer.股东财富最大化并不意味着管理层应该忽视保护消费者等社会责任5.Somepeoplesuggestthattheprimarymonitoringofmanagerscomesnotfromtheownersbutfromthemanageriallabormarket.一些人认为，对管理者的主要监督不是来自所有者，而是来自管理劳动力市场6.Amajorfacetoffinancialmanagementinvolvesprovidingthefinancingnecessarytosupportassets.财务管理的一个主要方面是提供必要的资金来支持资产7.Ifyoubecomeafinancialmanger,yourabilitytoadapttochange,raisefunds,investinassets,andmanagewiselywillaffectthesuccessofyourfirm.如果你成为一名财务经理，你适应变化、筹集资金、投资资产和明智管理的能力将影响你公司的成功8.Decisionsregardingthemanagementofassetsmustbemadeinaccordancewiththeunderlyingobjectivesofthefirm.有关资产管理的决定必须根据财务的基本目标作出9.Acompanywillbemoreorlessriskydependingupontheamountofdebtinrelationtoequityinitscapitalstructure.一个公司的风险大小取决于其资本结构中债务与股权的比例。10.Financialmanagersaresupposedtomakefinancialdecisionsthatserveshareholdersinterests.财务经理应该做出有利于股东利益的财务决策三、Asmartandeffectivefinancialmanagermakesdecisionswhichincreasethecurrentvalueof