山东大学外国语学院《817专业英语》历年考研真题及详解

目录

2015年山东大学817专业英语考研真题及详解

2016年山东大学817专业英语考研真题及详解

2017年山东大学817专业英语考研真题及详解

2018年山东大学817专业英语考研真题及详解

2015年山东大学817专业英语考研

真题及详解

PartOneLinguistics

Ⅰ.Makecommentsonthefollowingdefinitionsoflinguisticterms

（Thetermdefinedisunderlined）（20points）:

1.Linguisticsisoftendefinedasthescienceoflanguageorasthe

scientificstudyoflanguage.

【答案】Linguisticsisthescientificstudyofhumanlanguage.

Linguisticscanbebroadlybrokenintothreecategoriesorsubfields:thestudy

oflanguageform,thatoflanguagemeaning,andthatoflanguageinabroader

context.Thefirstsubfieldoflinguistics,thestudyoflanguagestructureor

grammar,focusesontheelaborateandformalsystemsofrulesthatare

followedbyfluentlanguagespeakers.Thissubfieldencompasses

morphology,syntaxandphonology.Thesecondsubfield,thatofmeaning,

focusesonhowlanguageusersmaketheinferencesrequiredtofully

understandanotherperson’sstatementandhowambiguitycanarise.This

subfieldencompassessemanticsandpragmatics.Manyothersub-disciplines

oflinguisticstacklelanguagewithinabroadercontext.Theseothersub-

disciplinesoflinguisticsinclude:evolutionarylinguistics,historical

linguistics;sociolinguistics;psycholinguistics;neurolinguistics;language

acquisition,anddiscourseanalysis.

2.Theminimalunitofmeaningistraditionallycalledmorpheme.

【答案】Morphemeisthesmallestunitoflanguageintermsofthe

relationshipbetweenexpressionandcontent,aunitthatcannotbedivided

intofurthersmallerunitswithoutdestroyingordrasticallyalteringthe

meaning,whetheritislexicalorgrammatical.Morphemesareusually

arbitrary.Thereisnonaturalconnectionbetweentheirsoundandtheir

meaning.

3.Thetechniquefrequentlyusedintheanalysisofthestructureof

sentenceswasimmediateconstituentanalysis（ICanalysis）,whichisa

methodofanalyzingsentencesintotheircomponentparts.

【答案】ICanalysisreferstotheanalysisofasentenceintermsofits

immediateconstituents—wordsgroups,whichareinturnanalyzedintothe

immediateconstituentsoftheirown,andtheprocessgoesonuntilthe

ultimateconstituentsarereached.Asanewapproachtosentencestudy,this

kindofpuresegmentationissimplydividingasentenceintoitsconstituent

elementswithoutevenknowingwhattheyreallyare.ICanalysisisnot

arbitrarysegmentation.Itmustbebasedonasetofprinciples,twoofwhich

arebasicones.Thefirstoneisthatdivisionsshouldconformtomeaningful

relations,i.e.divisionsdependonmeaningfulrelationsbetweenmorphemes.

Anotherprincipleisthatdivisionsshouldbecompatiblewithmorphological

rules,therulesthatdeterminehowmorphemesarecombinedtoformnew

words.

4.Presuppositionreferstothecontextfortheintendedmeaningofa

sentencetoberegardedasacceptable.

【答案】Apresuppositionisanimplicitassumptionabouttheworldor

backgroundbeliefrelatingtoanutterancewhosetruthistakenforgrantedin

discourse.Itissomethingthespeakerassumestobethecasepriortomaking

anutterance.Soitisthespeaker,notsentence,thathaspresuppositionsand

thespeakerassumesitisknownbylisteners.Apresuppositionmustbe

mutuallyknownorassumedbythespeakerandaddresseefortheutteranceto

beconsideredappropriateincontext.Itwillgenerallyremainanecessary

assumptionwhethertheutteranceisplacedintheformofanassertion,denial,

orquestion,andcanbeassociatedwithaspecificlexicalitemorgrammatical

feature（presuppositiontrigger）intheutterance.

5.Coherenceistherelationshipwhichlinksthemeaningofutterancesor

sentencesinadiscourse.

【答案】Coherenceiswhatmakesatextsemanticallymeaningful.Itisa

concepttodowithdiscourseortextratherthanwithsyntax,anditrefersto

relationsofmeaningthatexistwithinthetext,anddefinesitasatext.

Discoursal/textualcoherencecanberealizedbyemployingcariouscohesive

devices:conjunction,ellipsis,lexicalcollocation,lexicalrepetition,reference,

substitution,etc.

Ⅱ.Analyzethefollowing（15points）:

1.Althoughwordsarethesmallestofthelinguisticunitsinspeechand

writing,theyhaveaninternalstructure.Thatis,theyaresaidtobemadeup

ofmeaningfulunitsoftheirown,asexemplifiedinthefollowing.Analyze

thestructureofthesewords.

careful→care＋ful

sadness→sad＋ness

realize→real＋ize

【答案】

（1）careful→care＋ful

Theword“careful”canbeanalyzedintotwoparts:“care”and“-ful”,in

which“care”isafreeroot,abasepartofword“careful”.What’smore,itcan

alsobeusedwithoutbeingaddedtoanyothermorphemes.“-ful”isregarded

assuffix,asitisplacedattheendofthewordandmeanwhileitcanonlybe

usedtogetherwithothermorphemes.Fromtheaboveword,onecanworkout

arule:anewwordformofadjectivecanbecreatedbyadding“-ful”toa

noun,suchas“meaningful”or“helpful”.

（2）sadness→sad＋ness

Theword“sadness”canbeanalyzedintotwoparts:“sad”and“-ness”

where“sad”isafreeroot,abasepartofword“sadness”,anditcanalsobe

usedwithoutbeingaddedtoanyothermorphemes.“-ness”isregardedas

suffix,asitisplacedattheendofthewordandmeanwhileitcanonlybe

usedtogetherwithothermorphemes.Fromthisword,onecanworkouta

rule:anewwordformofnouncanbecreatedbyadding“-ness”toan

adjective,suchas“happiness”or“brightness”.

（3）realize→real＋ize

Theword“realize”canbeanalyzedintotwoparts:“real”and“-ize”

where“real”isafreeroot,abasepartofword“realize”,anditcanalsobe

usedwithoutbeingaddedtoanyothermorphemes.“-ize”isregardedas

suffix,asitisplacedattheendofthewordanditcanonlybeusedtogether

withothermorphemes.Accordingtothisword,onecanworkoutarule:a

newwordformofverbcanbecreatedbyadding“-ize”toanadjective,such

as“modernize”or“visualize”.

2.Ambiguityinvolvesexpressionswithmorethanonenormal

interpretation.Disambiguatethefollowingsentence.

“Flyingplanescanbedangerous.”

【答案】

（1）Theambiguitycomesfrom“flyingplanes”.Itcanbedecipheredas

“theplanesthatareflying”or“toflyplanes”.Thus,thegivensentencecanbe

interpretedas“Theplanesthatareflyingcanbedangerous.”or“Tofly

planescanbedangerous.”Asfortheabovetwomeanings,theyhavethe

samesurfacemeanings,buttheydifferindeepmeanings,whichcanbe

clearlyshownbytheirtreediagrams.

（2）Thetreediagramofthefirstmeaning:

（3）Thetreediagramofthesecondmeaning:

Ⅲ.Distinguishthefollowinglinguisticspairs（20points）:

1.denotationandconnotation

【答案】Denotationreferstotheliteralmeaningofaword,the

“dictionarydefinition.”Forexample,ifyoulookuptheword“snake”ina

dictionary,youwilldiscoverthatoneofitsdenotativemeaningsis“anyof

numerousscaly,legless,sometimesvenomousreptiles,havingalong,

taperingandcylindricalbodyandfoundinmosttropicalandtemperate

regions.”Connotation,ontheotherhand,referstotheassociationsthatare

connectedtoacertainwordortheemotionalsuggestionsrelatedtothatword.

Theconnotativemeaningsofawordexisttogetherwiththedenotative

meanings.Theconnotationsfortheword“snake”couldincludeevilor

danger.

2.syntheticlanguageandanalyticlanguage

【答案】Asyntheticlanguageisalanguagewithahighmorpheme-per-

wordratio,asopposedtoalowmorpheme-per-wordratioinwhatis

describedasanisolatinglanguage.Thislinguisticclassificationislargely

independentofmorpheme-usageclassifications（suchasfusional,

agglutinative,etc.）,althoughthereisacommontendencyforagglutinative

languagestoexhibitsyntheticproperties.Ananalyticlanguageisalanguage

thatconveysgrammaticalrelationshipswithoutusinginflectional

morphemes.Agrammaticalconstructioncansimilarlybecalledanalyticifit

usesunboundmorphemes,whichareseparatewords.

Ⅳ.Makecommentsonthefollowingstatement（s）andexplainhow

faryouagreeordisagreewithit（them）（15points）:

ChineseistypicallyanintonationlanguagewhileEnglishisatone

language.

【答案】

Intonationinvolvestheoccurrenceofrecurringfall-risepatterns,each

ofwhichisusedwithasetofrelativelyconsistentmeanings,eitheronsingle

wordsorongroupsofwordsofvaryinglength.Inatonelanguage,different

tones（likeinmusic,butnotasmany）willchangethemeaningofthe

words,evenifthepronunciationofthewordisthesameotherwise.

ItisimpropertosaythatChineseistypicallyanintonationlanguage

whileEnglishisatonelanguage.Onthecontrary,it’sbettertoconcludethat

ChineseistypicallyatonelanguagewhileEnglishisanintonationlanguage.

Inatonelanguage,asismentionedabove,tonechangesareusedina

differentway,affectingthemeaningsofindividualwords.InChinese

Putonghua,asyllablesuchas[pa]canhaveatleastfourmeaningsdepending

onthetoneonwhichitisspoken.Moremeaningsarefoundifweconsider

thedifferentcharacterswiththesamepronunciationandtoneform.So

language,likeChinese,isknownastonelanguage.However,inEnglish,

therearenotonesexistinginawordwhichcandistinguishmeaningsofthat

word.SoEnglishcannotberegardedasatonelanguage.

Asintonationinvolvestheoccurrenceofrecurringfall-risepatterns,in

English,forexample,thefall-risetonetypicallyinvolvesthemeaningofa

contrastwithinalimitedsetofitemsstatedexplicitlyorimplicitly.The

differenceintonechangesthemeaningofagroupofwordsand,whenthis

happens,itiscalledadifferenceinintonation.Therisingtoneattheendofan

utteranceisoftenusedforaskingyes-noquestionsandshowingpolitenessor

surprise,whereasthefallingtonesometimesleadstorudenessand

abruptness.Thus,it’sbettersayingthatEnglishisanintonationlanguage.

PartTwoBritishLiterature

Ⅰ.Identifytheauthorsofthefollowingliteraryworks（10points）:

1.RomeoandJuliet

【答案】WilliamShakespeare

2.OfStudies

【答案】FrancisBacon

3.CaptainSingleton

【答案】DanielDefoe

4.AModestproposal

【答案】JonathanSwift

5.ElegyWritteninaCountryChurchyard

【答案】ThomasGray

6.MyHeart’sintheHighlands

【答案】RobertBurns

7.DonJuan

【答案】GeorgeGordonByron

8.MansfieldPark

【答案】JaneAusten

9.WutheringHeights

【答案】EmilyBronte

10.TotheLighthouse

【答案】VirginiaWoolf

Ⅱ.Definethefollowingliteraryterms（6points）:

1.EnlightenmentMovement

【答案】TheEnlightenmentMovementwasaprogressivemovement,

whichflourishedinFranceandsweptthewholeWesternEuropeatthetime.

ItwasafurtheranceoftheRenaissancefromthe14thtothe17thcentury.Its

purposewastoenlightenthewholeworldwiththelightofmodern

philosophicalandartisticideas.Itcelebratedreasonsorrationality,equality

andscience.Theeighteenthcenturymarkedthebeginningofanintellectual

movementinEuropeknownastheEnlightenmentMovement.

2.Ode

【答案】Odeisatypeoflyricalstanza.Aclassicodeisstructuredin

threemajorparts:thestrophe,theantistrophe,andtheepode.Itisan

elaboratelystructuredpoempraisingorglorifyinganeventorindividual,

describingnatureintellectuallyaswellasemotionally.Therearethreetypical

formsofodes:thePindaric,Horatian,andirregular.Pindaricodesfollowthe

formandstyleofPindar.HoratianodesfollowconventionsofHorace;the

odesofHoracedeliberatelyimitatedtheGreeklyricistssuchasAlcaeusand

Anacreon.Irregularodesuserhyme,butnotthethree-partformofthe

Pindaricode,northetwo-orfour-linestanzaoftheHoratianode.

Ⅲ.IdentifyANDcommentonthefollowingliterarytext（9points）:

【答案】

（1）ThisisanexcerptofthemonologuebyHamletinHamletwritten

byWilliamShakespeare.Thismonologuereflectsakindofdilemma.It

evokesaquestion:isthereanymeaningofman’sexistenceafterdeath?

HamletreflectsShakespeare’shumanistspirit.Hamlet’spersonalityof

hesitationcauseshistragedy.

（2）ThisexcerptisasoliloquyofHamlet.Itgivesexpressionstoa

complicatedstateofmindfeelingofHamletandprovidesapointofviewon

theeventsoftheplay.Itseemsthatdeathisabetterchoicebecauseitcanput

anendtoallsorrowsandmisfortunes.Butonhissecondthought,hewas

wonderingaboutwhatwouldhappenafterdeath,becauseinhiseyes,deathis

amysteriouskingdom,whichmightbemoreterriblethanthisworld.From

thisexcerpt,itcanbeseenthatHamletisfullofangerandresentmentand

pointedouttheevilsandcorruptioninthecountry.Theworldwasfullof

“slingsandsorrows”,lifewasnothingbutaseaoftroubles:peoplearebound

tosufferfromthousandnaturalshocks,sotheyweregroaningandtoiling.

Ⅳ.Essayquestion（15points）:

PleasediscussthecausesforTess’stragedyinTessofthed’Urbervilles.

【答案】

（1）Theexternalfactorsinclude:theimpoverishmentanddecayof

smallfarmers,AlecandClare,Tess’signorantfatherandmotherand

Victorianhypocriticalmoralvalue.Thisnovelhasforitssettingthe

agriculturalregionofthesoutherncountriesofEngland.

①Thewritertruthfullydepictstheimpoverishmentanddecayofsmall

farmerswhobecomehiredfieldhandsandroamthecountryinsearchof

seasonaljob.Theselaborersaremercilesslyexploitedbytherichlandowners.

Inthisnovel,wecanseeclearlythatoneoftherealreasonsthatleadtoher

exterminationisherimpoverishment.

②Then,inthisnovel,HardydescribeshowTesswaskilledbythetimes

shelivedinclearly.Therearetwopersonswhoareverycloselyrelatedto

Tess’sfate.She,adaughterofpoorpeasantshadbeenreducedtoawage

laborer,soAlec—theviciouscapitalistpoweroftheVictorianTimesand

Clare—therepresentativeofliberalbourgeoisiekilledhercruellyandwithout

mercy.ItseemedthatAlecwastheprimeculpritofTess,butinfact,itwas

ClarewhokilledTessmorecruelly.

③Thirdly,theattitudesofherparentsdeterminedTess’stragedyendin

alagerproperty.Tess’sfatherisalazypeddler,andhehatedtoworkhard.

Hermotherwasawomanwithasimplerambitionthatshewantedher

daughtertoriseintheworldbymakingasuccessfulmarriage.Forthesetwo

facts,sheknewhergreatresponsibilitytoworkhardtosupportthewhole

family.IfTesswasnotborninthispoorfamilyorherfamilywasalsoa

nobleonethen,ifshewasnotsoresponsibleforherdutyandshewasnotso

kind,maybeherlifewoundnotendupinthisway.

④Thelastbutnottheleast,Victorianhypocriticalmoralvalueisalsoa

maincausetoTess’stragedy.InMid-Victoriansocietybeliefsabouttherole

ofwomenwerefirmlyfixed.Awomanwasconsideredtobemuchinferiorto

themaleandwaslookuponashisproperty.Inlawthechildrenofthefamily

werealsothepropertyofthehusband.Sointhisnovel,deeplyinfluencedby

thisvalue,asTess’sfatherdidn’tworkhardtosupporttheirfamily,Tesstook

theresponsibilityfirmly,thusleadinghertoawayoftragedy.

（2）Theinternalfactoristheweaknessofhercharacter.Besidesthose

externalreasons,itistheweaknessofhercharacterthatleadshertoasad

fate.Tesswasabletofightagainsttheunfairnessofthesociety.Shecould

facevariousdifficultiesinlifebravely,yetshecouldn’textricateherselffrom

traditionalmoralprinciples.Shewasawarethatshewasthevictimofsocial

violenceandmoralprinciples.Ontheotherhand,thoughshedaredtobeat

backtheunjustness,shecouldn’tbreakwithtraditionalmoralitycompletely.

PartThreeAmericanLiterature

Ⅰ.Identifytheauthorsofthefollowingliteraryworks（10points）:

1.TheManThatCorruptedHadleyburg

【答案】MarkTwain

2.Typee

【答案】HermanMelville

3.Israfel

【答案】EdgarAllanPoe

4.TheLastTycoon

【答案】F.ScottFitzgerald

5.Sartoris

【答案】WilliamFaulkner

6.TheGiftoftheMagi

【答案】O.Henry

7.MiniverCheevy

【答案】EdwinArlingtonRobinson

8.TheDeerslayer

【答案】JamesFenimoreCooper

9.TheSeaWolf

【答案】JackLondon

10.TheDivinitySchoolAddress

【答案】RalphWaldoEmerson

Ⅱ.Definethefollowingliteraryterms（6points）:

1.satire

【答案】Satireisagenreofliterature,andsometimesgraphicand

performingarts,inwhichvices,follies,abuses,andshortcomingsareheldup

toridicule,ideallywiththeintentofshamingindividuals,corporations,

governmentorsocietyitself,intoimprovement.Althoughsatireisusually

meanttobehumorous,itsgreaterpurposeisoftentoconstructsocial

criticism,usingwittodrawattentiontobothparticularandwiderissuesin

society.Afeatureofsatireisstrongironyorsarcasm,andparody,burlesque,

exaggeration,juxtaposition,comparison,analogy,anddoubleentendreareall

frequentlyusedinsatiricalspeechandwriting.

2.puritanism

【答案】Puritanism,inthe16thand17thcentury,amovementforreform

intheChurchofEnglandthathadaprofoundinfluenceonthesocial,

political,ethical,andtheologicalideasofEnglandandAmerica.Puritanismis

thepracticesandbeliefsofthePuritans.ThePuritanswereoriginally

membersofadivisionoftheProtestantChurch.Theywereagroupof

serious,religiouspeople,advocatinghighlyreligiousandmoralprinciples.

Theyacceptedthedoctrineofpredestination,originalsinandtotaldepravity,

andlimitedatonementthroughaspecialinfusionofgraceformGod.Asa

cultureheritage,Puritanismdidhaveaprofoundinfluenceontheearly

Americanmind.AmericanPuritanismalsohadanenduringinfluenceon

Americanliterature.

Ⅲ.IdentifyANDcommentonthefollowingliterarytext（9points）:

Shroudedinathindroopingveilofmist,ithoveredforamomentinthe

rainbowair;andthenfellswampingbackintothedeep.Crashedthirtyfeet

upwards,thewatersflashedforaninstantlikeheapsoffountains,then

brokenlysankinashowerofflakes,leavingtilecirclingsurfacecreamedlike

newmilkroundthemarbletrunkofthewhale.

【答案】

（1）ItisfromHermanMelville’sJohnMilton’sMobyDick.

（2）MobyDickisnatural,beautifulandelegant.Itisagentle

joyousness—amightymildnessofreposeinswiftness,investedthegliding

whale.NotthewhitebullJupiterswimmingawaywithravishedEurope

clingingtohisgracefulhorns;hislovely,leeringeyessidewaysintentupon

themaid;withsmoothbewitchingfleetness,ripplingstraightforthenuptial

bowerinCrete;notJove,notthatgreatmajestySupremedidsurpassthe

glorifiedWhiteWhaleasheswamsodivinely.

（3）Moby-DickembodiesthestarkforcesofNature;heisthesymbol

ofimaginativelife,oflifewhichsurpassesitselfandcontinuesbeyondinto

realmswherefewmendarefollow;andhisstrangewhitenessisboththesign

andveilofhismystery.CriticsalsopointsoutthatthewhitenessofMoby-

Dickaddshimsosurpassingabeauty,somalevolentacunning.Itsufficesto

statethatthewhitenessofMoby-Dickmakeseveryoneinsaneandfearful

becauseMelvillesaysinessence“whitenessisnotsomuchacolorasthe

visibleabsenceofcolor”.Andatthesametimetheconcreteofallcolors.

Ⅳ.Essayquestion（15points）:

DiscussthethematicconcernsandartisticfeaturesofTheWasteLand.

【答案】

（1）TheWasteLandisa434-linemodernistpoembyEliotpublished

in1922.Ithasbeencalled“oneofthemostimportantpoemsofthe20th

century.”Despitethepoem’sobscurity—itsshiftsbetweensatireand

prophecy,itsabruptandunannouncedchangesofspeaker,locationandtime,

itselegiacbutintimidatingsummoningupofavastanddissonantrangeof

culturesandliteratures—thepoemhasbecomeafamiliartouchstoneof

modernliterature.

（2）ThestyleoftheworkinpartgrowsoutofEliot’sinterestin

exploringthepossibilitiesofdramaticmonologue.TheWasteLandisnota

singlemonologue.Instead,itismadeupofawidevarietyofvoices

（sometimesinmonologue,dialogue,orwithmorethantwocharacters

speaking）.

（3）Thestyleofthepoemoverallismarkedbythehundredsof

allusionsandquotationsfromothertexts（classicandobscure;high-brow

andlow-brow）thatEliotpepperedthroughoutthepoem.Inadditiontothe

many“high-brow”referencesandquotesfrompoetslikeBaudelaire,

Shakespeare,Eliotalsoincludedacoupleofreferencesto“low-brow”genres.

AgoodexampleofthisisEliot’squotefromthe1912popularsong“the

ShakespearianRag”bylyricistsHermanRubyandGeneBuck.Therewere

alsoanumberoflow-browreferencesintheopeningsectionofEliot’s

originalmanuscript,buttheywereremovedfromthefinaldraftafterEliotcut

thisoriginalopeningsection.Inaddition,TheWasteLandisnotableforits

seeminglydisjointedstructure,indicativeofthemoderniststyleofJames

Joyce’sUlysses.Inthemoderniststyle,Eliotjumpsfromonevoiceorimage

toanotherwithoutclearlydelineatingtheseshiftsforthereader.Healso

includesphrasesfrommultipleforeignlanguages.

（4）Asforthetheme,TheWasteLandisprimarilyregardedasapoem

thatepitomizesthechaoticlifeofbothindividualsandsocietyinthe20th

century.Thematically,itreflectsthedisillusionmentanddespairofthepost-

WorldWaronegeneration.TheWorldthatEliotportraysinhispoemisone

inwhichfaithindivinelyorderedeventsandarationallyorganizeduniverse

hasbeentotallylost.Thereissterilityandwasteeverywherethathasreplaced

traditionalorderandfertility.Thepoemisnotjustareflectionofindividual

hopelessnessanddespair,butapanoramicviewofthetotalspiritual

exhaustionthathasovertakenthemodernworld.Thesterile,modern-day

humansocietywaitsindiredistressforarevivalorregenerationthatmay

nevercome.BoththevegetationmythsandtheGrailRomancesthatare

frequentlyreferredtointhepoemservestounderscoreEliot’smaintheme—

thequestforspiritualsalvationormoralregeneration.

2016年山东大学817专业英语考研

真题及详解

PartOneLinguistics

Ⅰ.Makecommentsonthefollowingdefinitionsoflinguisticterms

（Thetermdefinedisunderlined）（20points）:

1.Theminimalunitofmeaningistraditionallycalledmorpheme.

【答案】Morphemeisthesmallestunitoflanguageintermsofthe

relationshipbetweenexpressionandcontent,aunitthatcannotbedivided

intofurthersmallerunitswithoutdestroyingordrasticallyalteringthe

meaning,whetheritislexicalorgrammatical.Morphemesareusually

arbitrary.Thereisnonaturalconnectionbetweentheirsoundandtheir

meaning.

2.Syntaxisthestudyofhowwordscombinetoformsentences.

【答案】Inlinguistics,syntaxreferstothestudyoftherulesgoverning

thewaywordsarecombinedtoformsentencesinalanguage,orthestudyof

theinterrelationshipsbetweenelementsinsentencestructures,orsimply,the

studyoftheformationofsentences.Therefore,it’strue.

3.Predicationanalysisisanimportantapproachtotheanalysisof

sententialmeaning.

【答案】PredicationanalysiswasproposedbytheBritishlinguistG.

Leech,whichappliestoallformsofasentence,includingstatements,

imperativeandinterrogativeforms.It’sawaytoanalyzethemeaningof

sentences.

4.AccordingtothePolitenessPrinciple（PPforshort）,oneneedsto

minimize（otherthingsbeingequal）theexpressionofimpolitebeliefs.

【答案】PolitenessPrincipleshowsthatonenotonlyneedstominimize

theexpressionofimpolitebeliefsbutalsotomaximizetheexpressionof

politeones.Thus,thedefinitiongivenisnottotallycorrect.

5.Languageisthesystematic,conventionaluseofsounds,signs,or

writtensymbolsinahumansocietyforcommunicationandself-expression.

（DavidCrystal）

【答案】Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedfor

humancommunication.Andlanguageisvocalbecausetheprimarymedium

foralllanguagesissound.Thus,thedefinitiongivenisnottotallycorrect.

Ⅱ.Analyzethefollowing（15points）:

1.Commentonthewordformationprocessasillustratedinthe

followingtable.

【答案】

Allthewordsformedinthetablebelongtothecompositionaltypeofthe

wordformation.Thatmeanstheyusuallyconsistofmorethanonelexical

morphemeorjusttwoseparatewordstoproduceasingleform.

Accordingtothetable,thecompoundscanbeformedwithdifferent

classes.Forexample,nouncompoundscanbeN＋N,V＋N,Adj＋N,V＋N;

verbcompoundscanbeN＋V,adjectivecompoundscanbeN＋Adj,Adj＋

Adj.

【答题思路】本题考查英语构词法的相关知识。表格中的单词都可

视为复合词，即由一个以上词汇语素构成的词，或者由两个独立的词连

接起来构成新的形式。

2.Whatarethesenserelationsinthefollowingpairsofwords?Explain.

【答案】

（1）“big”and“small”aregradableantonymy

Firstly,themembersofapairdifferintermsofdegreeandusuallythey

canbemodifiedby“very”.Secondly,antonymsofthiskindaregraded

againstdifferentnorms.Lastly,onememberofapair,usuallythetermforthe

higherdegree,servesasthecovertermwhichisusuallyunmarked.

（2）“single”and“married”arecomplementaryantonymy

Themembersofapairinthistypearecomplementarytoeachother.

Thatis,theydivideupthewholeofasemanticfieldcompletely.Notonlythe

assertionofonemeansthedenialoftheother,thedenialofonealsomeans

theassertionoftheother.Thatmeans,“notsingle”equals“married”andit’s

alsorighttheotherwayaround.

（3）“parent”and“child”areconverseantonymy

Themembersofthispairshowthereversalofarelationshipbetween

twoentities.That’stosay,XistheparentofYmeansthesameasYisthe

childofX.Itisthesamerelationshipseenfromtwodifferentangles.

【答题思路】本题考查“反义关系”。反义关系可分成等级反义关

系、互补反义关系及反向反义关系。

Ⅲ.Distinguishthefollowinglinguisticspairs（20points）:

1.voicelessandvoicedsounds

【答案】

（1）SpeechsoundswhichareproducedwiththevocalCORDS

vibratingarecalled“voiced”.Suchvibrationcanbefeltwhentouchingthe

neckintheregionoftheLARYNX.Forexample,vowelsareusuallyvoiced,

and,inEnglish:①the/d/in/den/denisavoicedstop;②the/z/in/ziŋk/

zincisavoicedfricative.

（2）Speechsoundswhichareproducedwithoutvibrationofthevocal

cordsarecalled“voiceless”.Forexample,inEnglish:①the/t/in/tin/tinisa

voicelessstop;②the/s/in/sæd/sadi