知识点百日百篇第48天2月3日北美考试机经阅读翻译苏美尔文明_第1页
知识点百日百篇第48天2月3日北美考试机经阅读翻译苏美尔文明_第2页
知识点百日百篇第48天2月3日北美考试机经阅读翻译苏美尔文明_第3页
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第48天2012年2月3日北美考试机经阅读翻译SumerianCivilization①ThewordMesopotamiameansliterally“betweentherivers”,butitisgenerallyusedtodenotethewholeplainbetweenandoneithersideoftheTigrisandEuphratesrivers.Theplainwasborderedtothenorthandeastbymountainranges,inwhosefoothillsagriculturewasfirstpracticed.Eachyearthetwogreatriverswereswollenwiththewintersnowsofthenorthernmountains,andeachyearatfloodstagetheyspreadathicklayerofimmenselyfertilesiltacrossthefloodplainwheretheyapproachedthePersianGulf.Itwasinthisdelta,alandofswamprichinfish,wildlife,anddatepalms,thatagriculturalsettlerscreatedtherichcity-statesofSumerbetween3500and3000B.C.Thedeltacouldonlybemadehabitablebylarge-scaleirrigationandfloodcontrol,whichwasmanagedfirstbyapriestlyclassandthenbygodlikekings.②LittleisknownabouttheoriginsoftheSumerianpeople,whospokealanguagetotallydistinctfromthatoftheSemiticinhabitantsofthevalleystothenorth.TheSumeriansprobablymoveddownintotheswampsofthedeltaunderpressureofover-populationofthefoothillsafter3900B.C.Althoughatfirsttheyformedsmallagriculturalvillages,theysoonfoundnotonlythattherichnessofthealluviallandpermittedgreaterdensityofsettlementbutalsothatthevastengineeringworksincanalsanddikesnecessarytoharnesstheannualfloodsrequiredworkforcesofhundredsofmen.Moreover,thelayoutandclearingofthecanalsrequiredexpertplanning,whilethedivisionoftheirrigatedland,thewater,andthecropsdemandedpoliticalcontrol.By3000B.C.theSumerianshadsolvedthisproblembyforming“temple-communities”.③AllSumeriancitiesrecognizedanumberofgodsincommon.Eachcitymoreoverhaditsowngod,whowasconsideredliterallytoinhabitthetempleandwhowasintheorytheownerofallpropertywithinthecity.Hencethepriestswhointerpretedthewillofthegodandcontrolledthedistributionoftheeconomicproduceofthecitywereveneratedfortheirsupernaturalandmaterialfunctionsalike.Whenthegrowingwarfareamongthecitiesmademilitaryleadershipvitalafter3000B.C.,theheadofthearmywhobecamekingassumedanintermediatepositionbetweenthegodsandthepriestlyclass.Thus,kingandpriestsrepresentedtheupperclassinahierarchicalsociety.Belowthemwerethescribes,thesecularattendantsofthetemple,whosupervisedeveryaspectofthecity’seconomiclifeandwhodevelopedaroughjudicialsystem.④ThepriestsandscribesofthetemplesmustbecreditedwiththegreatadvancesmadebytheSumeriansinbothartsandscience.Inordertokeeptheaccountsofthetemplefoodstorehouses,theyengravedpicturesonclaytabletsinaformofwritingknownascuneiform(wedge-shaped),theoldestknownwritingsystem.Arichepicliteratureandsculpturewerealsocreatedtoservetheneedsofthetemplesandthenofthekings.Evenmoredemandinginartistictechniquewerethesmallcylindersealsusedtorollone’ssignatureintothewetclayofatabletrecordingacommercialtransaction.Thousandsofthesetabletshavebeenfoundinthetemplecompounds,provingthatthebureaucratsofSumerhaddevelopedacomplexcommercialsystem.Moreover,theplanningofthevastpublicworksundertheircontrolledtheprieststodevelopausefulmathematicalnotation,includingbothadecimalnotationandasystembasedupon60.Besides,bothforreligiousandagriculturalpurposes,Sumeriansalsostudiedtheheavensandcreatedalunarcalendarwithadayof24hoursandaweekofsevendays.⑤Atthattime,mud,clay,andreedsweretheonlymaterialstheSumerianshadinabundance,tradewasthereforenecessarytosupplythecityworkerswithmaterials.MerchantswentoutinoverlandcaravansorinshipstoexchangetheproductsofSumerianindustryforwood,stone,andmetals.ThereareindicationsthatSumeriansailingvesselsevenreachedthevalleyoftheIndusRiverinIndia.TheincreaseintradebetweenSumeriancitiesandbetweenSumeriaandothermoredistantregionsnotonlyledtothegrowthofamerchantclassbutspreadmanyofitsachievementstootherareas.——2012年2月3日北美考试机经Whichofthesentencebelowbestexpresstheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentenceinthepassage?Incorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.A.Theartistictechniquethenwasdifficultbecausetheyhavetorolltheirsignatureintothewetclayofatablettorecordacommercialtransaction.B.Oneartistictechniquewastousesmallcylindersealstorecordacommercialtransaction.C.Theyusedsmallcylindersealstorolltheirsignaturesintoatablettorecordacommercialtransaction,whichwasaverydifficulttechniquethen.D.Itrequiredhighdegreeofskilltomakesmallcylindersealsbecauseitwasdifficulttorollone’ssignatureintothewetclayofatablet.答案:C苏美尔文明美索不达米亚这个词字面上的意思是“河流之间”,但它通常用来表示位于底格里斯河和幼发拉底河之间和两侧的整个平原。平原与北部和东部的山脉相连,在那里第一次出现了丘陵农业。每年两大河流被北部山区的积雪注满,每年的汛期这两大河流在靠近波斯湾的冲积平原上会留下一层厚厚的非常肥沃的淤泥。这个三角洲是一片鱼类、野生动物、枣椰树丰富的沼泽地,正是在这个地方,农业移民在公元前3,500年到公元前3,000年建立了繁荣的苏美尔城邦。三角洲只有通过大规模的灌溉和防洪措施才能适合人居住,而这些措施首先是由一个祭司阶层管理的,后来由庄严的国王接手。很少有人知道苏美尔人的起源,他们说的语言与北部山谷闪族语系的居民完全不同。公元前3,900年以后,苏美尔人可能迫于丘陵地带人口过剩的压力搬到了三角洲的沼泽地区。尽管起初他们形成了小的农业村庄,不过他们很快发现不仅肥沃的冲击地能容得下更大密度的移民,而且每年治理洪水所必需的浩大的运河和堤坝工程也需要成百上千的男劳力。此外,运河的布局和清算需要专家的规划,同时灌溉地、水和农作物的划分也需要政治控制。到公元前3,000年,苏美尔人已经通过“庙社区”的形成解决了这一问题。所有的苏美尔城市对一些神有共同的认知。而且每个城市都有自己的神灵,它被认为实际上住在寺庙里,理论上是城市中一切财产的所有者。于是解释神灵旨意和控制城市中经济产品分配的祭司因其超自然和

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