羊年说羊2015课件

羊年说羊2015各种羊,howtosay?山羊:goat绵羊:sheep羚羊:antelope羊羔:lamb公羊:ram母羊:ewe羊皮:sheepskin,lambskin,orgoatskin羊肉:mutton羊毛:woolorfleece羊毛衫:aknittedwoolensweater羊脂:suetormuttonfat羊脂玉:whitejade中华篇祥，吉祥安泰SheepandgoatshavelongbeensymbolsofauspiciousnessinChineseculture.Inancienttimes,afamilywhichownedmoresheepwasconsideredmoreprosperousandlucky.“吉羊”orgoodsheep,aretwodecorationcharacterscommonlyfoundengravedonbronzewaresdatingbacktotheHanDynasty(206BC-220AD).Sheepmeansblessing,accordingto“Shuowenjiezi”,anancientChinesedictionary.That’swhyinoldentimesasheep’sheadwouldbehungoveradoorattheNewYear,andthesheepweregivenasgiftstofriendsandusedaspartsofbetrothalpresents.在中华文明中，羊被视为吉祥的的象征渊源极早。远古时期，一个部族的羊越多，就越富有，越吉祥。汉铜器上常见有“吉羊”文字装饰。《说文解字》曰“羊，祥也。”古人年初在门上悬羊头、交往中送羊、以羊作聘礼，都是取吉祥之意。Sheepalsosymbolizespeace.Theoldexpression“sanyangkaitai”,meaningwiththeebbofwinterandtheadventofspringbeginnewlivesandprosperity,isusedattheNewYeartowishapeacefulandgoodyeartocome.Asthecharacterfor“goat”isahomophone(同音同形异义词)for“sun”inthisexpression,bothpronouncedas“yang”,theexpressionconjuresupanimageofthreegoats,whichlaterbecameawell-knownmotiftoexpressgoodfortuneandprosperity.羊还象征安泰。古语有“三阳开泰”之说，含义冬去春来，阴消阳长，万物新生之始，常用作新年之始的祝愿之辞。而“羊”与“阳”同音，久之便讹为“三羊开泰”。后人附会出“三只大脚羊聚立于一处”之特定造型，成为妇孺皆知的吉亨之象。ThecityofGuangzhoutakesthegoatasitssymbol.Legendssaidthatfivegoatsdescendedfromheavenridinggoatsintothecity,andleftsixearsofmilletforlocalpeople,wishingtomaketheplaceimmunefromfamine.Thegodsflewaway,butthegoatsturnedintostonesculptures.Guangzhouiscalledthe“CityofGoats”eventoday.广州更是将羊奉为城市象征。传说有五位仙人，乘五羊从天而降，将一茎六穗的稻穗赠与当地人，祝福这里永无饥荒。祝罢仙人飞升而去，五只仙羊化为石雕。广州至今被称为“羊城”。养，传统膳食Chinesepeoplebegandomesticatinganimalsandraisingthemforfoodinancienttimes.Amongthe6majorlivestockpeoplekeptbackthen,sheep,pigs,dogs,cattle,horsesandchicken,sheepwereconsideredthemostimportant.That’sbecausesheepareeasiertodomesticatecomparedwiththebiggeranimalssuchascattleandhorses,whileprovidingbetterandgreaterquantityoffoodthansmalleronessuchasdogsandchicken.中国人在原始时代便有了家畜的喂养和食用。当时，豢养的家畜主要有羊、豕

（shǐ猪）、犬、牛、马、鸡六畜，羊居首位。羊的宜养性为牛马等大型家畜所不及，而其提供的膳食品质和数量又是犬和鸡等小型家畜家禽无法比拟的。TheyaresoimportantthatmanyChineseCharactersrelatedtofoodorprovidingfood,suchas“羞”and“养”,arederivedfromthecharactersforsheep“羊”.Anothercharacter“鲜”，whichcombinesthecharacterforfish“鱼”andsheep“羊”,meansfreshanddelicious.正因如此，许多与实物相关的汉字都以“羊”为字根，如意指膳食的“羞”字和意为供养的“养”字。“鲜”字由“鱼”“羊”构成，鱼羊合烹，味道鲜美。Muttonhaslongbeenapopularfood,andithasbeenadoptedintodifferentregionalflavors.Tonamejustafew,roastedmuttonkebabsinXinjiangUygurautonomousregion,bakedbunandmuttonsouppotinChengdu,andCangshumuttoninSuzhou.羊肉历来受到人们的欢迎。新疆的烤羊肉串、西安的羊肉泡馍，内蒙古的烤全羊、北京的涮羊肉，成都的羊肉汤锅，苏州的藏书羊肉……各类极具地方风味的羊肉美食不胜枚举。美，审美取向Chinesetraditionalperceptionsofbeautyarecloselylinkedwithsheepandgoats.Thecharacter“美”,whichmeansbeauty,isacombinationof“羊”(sheep)and“大”(big).Literally,abigsheepisconsideredsomethingbeautiful.中国传统审美取向的形成与羊密切相关。“羊”“大”为“美”，“美”起源于羊。Ourancestors’appreciationforsheepdatesbacktoprehistorictimes,assheeparepresentincavepaintingsandancientpotterypatterns.Thedocileanimalbroughtjoyandaestheticpleasuretogenerationsofpeopleinvariousartforms,suchastheFour-sheepSquareStatueandThree-sheepBronzeVesselintheShangDynasty(16thCentury—11thCenturyBC),theSheep-shapedBronzeOilLampintheHanDynasty,sheeppotterywithtricoloredglazeintheTangDynasty(618-907),andnowadaysNewYearpictures,paper-cutandotherfolkcraftsfeaturingsheep.我们祖先对羊的欣赏可追溯到史前时期，岩画中和陶器图案里，已经可以看到羊的身影；从商代的四羊方尊，三羊铜罍[léi]，到汉代的“羊型铜灯”、唐代的三彩陶羊，直到当今的年画、剪纸等各种民间工艺品，羊的各种形象随处可见，给世世代代的人们带来了莫大的审美享受。善，人性标准Sheeparetheveryincarnationofgoodvirtue,notonlybecausetheyareagreatsourceoffood,butalsobecausemanyoftheirattributesfindechoesinhumanheart.Peoplevaluethedocileandbenevolentnatureofsheep,andevenregarditasarolemodel,asshowninmanyancientliterature.ScholarDongZhongshuinHanDynastywroteinhisbook“ChunQiuFanLu”:羊被视为善的化身，不仅在于它是人类优秀的食物来源，更在于它的品格被人类认同。羊性情温顺、宽厚仁义、其美德让人敬仰。据文献反应，人们很早就已经把羊视为人的道德榜样。汉代董仲舒所著《春秋繁露》云：”羔有角而不任，设备而不用，类好仁者；执之不鸣，杀之不谛，类死义者；羔食于其母，必跪而受之，类知礼者“Sheepneverattackpeople,thoughtheyhavehorns;theyneverwhinewhentheyarebeenslaughtered;andlambsadoptakneelingposturewhilesuckling.Theyarethusasscociatedwithvirtuesofkindness,righteousness,courtesyandfilialgratitude,whichmakesthemperfectexamplesformenstrivingforhighmoralcharacter.羊有角而不触人，杀之而不悲鸣，跪享母乳，知仁、知义、知礼、知孝，集美德于一身，所以是仁人君子学习的榜样。義，正义法则SheepalsosymbolizedjusticeinancientChina,andthetraditionalcharacterfor“righteousness”(義)containsthecharacterfor“sheep”withinit.羊在古人的心中还是正义的象征。繁体”義“字中便有一”羊“字。Legendhasitthatatypeofdivinesheepwithonehorn,calledxiezhi,wasabletodistinguishbetweenrightandwrong,andbetweenvirtueandevil.Uponseeingaquarrelorfight,itwouldreachoutitshorntotouchthewrongparty.Consequently,lawsuperintendents,wardersandotherlawenforcementofficialsintheancientstateofChuandQinintheperiodofWarringStates(475-221BC)woreanimageofXiezhiontheirhatsasasymbolofsolemnityandimpartiality.UntiltheendofQingDynasty(1644-1911),patternsofthedivinebeastsereembroideredonthecourtattireofjudges.传说中有一种独角神羊，名为獬豸[xièzhì]，能辨曲直善恶，见人争斗即以角触不直者。至战国时，秦楚等国御史、狱吏等执法者皆着带有独角神羊图案之冠服，以示庄严公正。”獬豸“作为秉公执法的象征，其形象一直用作历代执法者官服图案，直至清末。儀，祭祀礼仪Chinaisalandofcourtesy,thetraditionalChinesecharacterfor“courtesy”,“etiquette”and“ceremony”(儀)alsohasa“sheep”(羊)embeddedinit.InancientChina,sheepalsoservedasasacrificialanimal.中国是礼仪之邦，而礼仪之仪嵌入了羊字。在古代，羊不仅是供膳的，还是祭祀的祭品。Sheepwerealsopresentedasgiftsandprizesinancientceremoniousactivities.thegiftswhicharistocratsinZhouDynasty(c.11thcentury-256BC)gaveeachotherwhensocializingusuallyinvolvedsheep.AftertheHanDynasty,sheepbecametypicaltokensofcongratulationandbetrothalpresents.Buzkashi,orgoatgrabbing,isatraditionalsportinethnicgroupssuchastheUygur,Tajik,andKazak,inwhichhorse-mountedplayersattempttodragagoatcarcasstowardagoal.AsheepisalsosetasaprizeinlocalwrestlinggamesinnorthernShanxi.羊在礼仪活动中常被作为礼品、奖品等。周代的贵族相见时或赠羊羔。汉代以后，羊也作为贺喜的礼物和订婚的礼物。维吾尔、塔吉克、哈萨克等民族也有传统的叼羊比赛，骑手们激烈争夺，夺得羊至终点者获胜。山西北部民间摔跤有时也用一只羊作为奖品。异国篇羊与西方神话希腊TheGreekgodswerenourishedongoatmilk.希腊神话诸神由羊奶喂养。OnefamousgoatAmalthea,reportedlysuckledbabyZeus,thechiefdeityoftheGreekPantheon,inacaveonCrete.著名的山羊阿玛耳忒亚，据称曾在克里特岛的一个山洞里，给婴儿时期的宙斯哺乳。宙斯是希腊神话诸神之首。Pan,theGreekdeityofnature,waspossessedofgoathornsandfeet,aswerethesatyrsofclassicGreekdramaandart.希腊牧神潘恩，有着和山羊角和山羊蹄，与希腊古典戏剧和艺术里的半人半兽一样。埃及OneoftheearliestEgyptiandeitiesKhnumwasthedeityofthesourceofNileandthesupposedcreatorofotherdeities.埃及最早的神之一库努姆有着羊的头。库努姆是尼罗河的源头之神，被认为是其他诸神的造物主。EvenHeryshaf,afertilitygod,wasrepresentedbytheheadofaramonahumanbody.就连生育之神赫里沙夫也是羊头人身。意大利ThegoatwasusedasadraftanimalatPompeii,Italy,withDionysusreclininginacartdrivenbyCupidanddrawnbygoats.Theshe-goatwassacrificedtoArtemislater.在意大利庞贝，山羊被用作役畜，酒神狄俄尼索斯的靠背车就是爱神丘比特驱使的山羊拖车。这只母山羊后来祭献给阿尔特弥斯（月亮与狩猎女神）。GreekhistorianHerodotussaysthatgoatskinwaswornbythestatueofAthenainsomesacrificesandrites.希腊历史学家希罗多德称，在一些献祭和仪式中，雅典娜雕塑会身穿羊皮衣。羊与西方宗教羊与圣经Goatsarementioned247timesintheBible.Thereare2kindsofgoatsinthecountrieswheretheBiblewaswritten,oneverymuchlikethosethatwesometimessee;theotherdifferingfromitinseveralrespects,especiallyinthegreaterlengthofitsears.Theearofthiskindofgoatsometimesmeasuresmorethanafoot.山羊在《圣经》中被提及247次，撰写《圣经》的国家有两种山羊，一种酷似我们常见的羊，另一种很多方面都不一样，特别是耳朵更长。这种羊的耳朵有时候会超过一英尺。TheOldTestamentoftheBibletellusthatGodisveryGluttonousandtrieseverymeanstoaskhisfollowerstosacrificeforhim.Exceptforgrainoffering,flocksandherdsaresacrificedinburntoffering,fellowshipoffering,sinoffering,guiltoffering,thankofferingandordinationoffering.TheGodseemstolikelambmore.Agoatisalsoconsidereda“clean”animalbyJewishdietarylawsandwasslaughteredforanhonoredguest.《圣经旧约》告诉我们，”上帝“非常贪吃，相当设法要信徒给他献祭。除素祭以外，燔fán祭，平安祭，赎罪祭，赎愆qiān祭，感恩祭，任圣职祭都要给他奉献牛羊。上帝似乎更喜欢小羊。此外，山羊在犹太教的饮食中被认为是干净的动物，会屠宰给贵宾食用。ExceptforthesacrificetotheGod,sheepassumeanothertasktakingtheblameforhumans.OntheDayofAtonement,IsraelProphetAaronpresentedhishandonagoathead,declaringthatitassumedallthesinsoftheIsraelichildren.HethensentthegoattoAzazel,demonofthedesert.除用作献给上帝的祭品外，羊还承担了另一项任务，就是给人类替罪。在赎罪日那天，以色列先知亚伦把手按在一只羊的头上，宣称由他来承担以色列孩子的全部罪过，然后把那只羊放逐到沙漠的恶魔亚撒色那里。羊指邪恶？ThegoathashadaconnectionwithSatanismandpaganreligions,eveninmoderntimes.Theinvertedpentagram,asymbolusedinSatanism,issaidtobeshapedlikeagoat’shead.羊与撒旦教和异教有关，即使在现代。撒旦教的符号倒五角星据称形似山羊头。OneoftheChristiandevilsBaphometisaSatanicgoat-likefigurefrom19th-centuryoccultism.基督教恶魔之一巴弗灭指19世纪神秘主义中像山羊的邪恶人物。羊的象征意义敏捷Thegoatisasure-footedanimalthatsiascomfortableinmountainslopesandmountaintops