内容课件1mechanisationmek naizei四精读

ThethirdindustrialThedigitisationofmanufacturingwilltransformthewaygoodsaremade—andchangethepoliticsofjobstoo.Apr21st2012|fromtheprintedition1THEfirstindustrialrevolutionbeganinBritaininthelate18thcentury,withthemechanisation1ofthetextile2industry.Taskspreviouslydonelaboriously3byhandinhundredsofweavers’4cottages5werebroughttogetherinasinglecottonmill,andthefactorywasThethirdindustrialThedigitisationofmanufacturingwilltransformthewaygoodsaremade—andchangethepoliticsofjobstoo.Apr21st2012|fromtheprintedition1THEfirstindustrialrevolutionbeganinBritaininthelate18thcentury,withthemechanisation1ofthetextile2industry.Taskspreviouslydonelaboriously3byhandinhundredsofweavers’4cottages5werebroughttogetherinasinglecottonmill,andthefactorywasborn.Thesecondindustrialrevolutioncameintheearly20thcentury,whenHenryFordmasteredthemovingassemblyline6andusheredin7theageofmassproduction8.Thefirsttwoindustrialrevolutionsmadericherandmoreurban9.Nowathirdrevolutionisunderway10.Manufacturingisgoingdigital.Asthisweek’sreport11argues,thiscouldchangenotjustbusiness,butmuchelse2Anumberofremarkable12technologiesareconverging13:cleversoftware,novel14materials,moredexterous15robots,newprocesses16(notablythree‐dimensionalprinting)andawholerangeofweb‐based17services.Thefactoryofthepastwasbasedoncrankingout18zillions19ofidentical20products:Fordfamouslysaidthatcar‐buyerscouldhaveanycolourtheyliked,aslongasitwasblack.Butthecostofproducingmuchsmallerbatches21ofawidervariety,witheach preciselytoeachcustomer’swhims23,isfalling.ThefactoryofthefuturewillfocusonTowardsathird3Theoldwayofmakingthingsinvolvedtakinglotsofpartsandscrewing26orwelding27themtogether.Nowacanbedesignedonacomputerand“printed”ona3Dprinter,whichcreatesasolidobjectbybuildinguplayers29ofmaterial.Thedigitaldesigncanbetweaked30withafewmouseclicks.The3Dprintercanrununattended31,canmakemanythingswhicharetoocomplexforatraditionalfactorytohandle.Intime,theseamazingmachinesmayabletomakealmostanything,anywhere—fromyourgaragetoanAfrican1mechanisationmekənai'zeiʃənni'zn..weaver['wiːvə]n.织工；织布者cottage['kɒtɪdʒ]n.小屋；村舍usherin=introduce引入massproductionurbanɜːb(ə)n]adj.2345678910isunderwayremarkable[rɪ'mɑːkəb(ə)l]adj.卓越的；非凡的；值得注意的convergekən'vɜːdʒ]vi.vt.会聚；使聚集；novel['nɒv(ə)l]adj.新奇的；异常的dexterousdekst(ə)rəs]adj.newprocesses新加工工艺web‐based基于网络的crankout制成；粗制滥造zillionzɪljən]n.庞大的数字；无法计算的大数字identical[aɪ'dentɪk(ə)l]adj.同一的；完全相同的batch[bætʃ]n.一批；一炉；一次所制之量tailor['teɪlə]n.裁缝vt.剪裁；使合适whimwɪm]n.customisationkʌstəmɪ'zeʃən]masscostomizationscrewingn.weldingweldiŋn.successivesək'sesɪv]adj.layerleɪə]n.tweaktwiːkvt.unattendedʌnə'tendɪd]adj.4Theapplicationsof3Dprintingareespeciallymind‐boggling32.Already,hearingaidsandhigh‐techpartsofmilitaryjetsarebeingprintedincustomised33shapes.Thegeographyofsupplychainswillchange.Anengineerworkinginthemiddleofadesertwhofindshelacksacertain4Theapplicationsof3Dprintingareespeciallymind‐boggling32.Already,hearingaidsandhigh‐techpartsofmilitaryjetsarebeingprintedincustomised33shapes.Thegeographyofsupplychainswillchange.Anengineerworkinginthemiddleofadesertwhofindshelacksacertaintoolnolongerhastohaveitdeliveredfromthenearestcity.Hecansimplydownloadthedesignandprintit.Thedayswhenprojectsgroundtoahalt34forwantofapieceofkit,orwhencomplainedthattheycouldnolongerfindsparepartsforthingstheyhadbought,willonedayseem5Otherchangesarenearlyasmomentous36.Newmaterialsarelighter,strongerandmoredurable37thantheoldones.Carbonfibreisreplacingsteelandaluminium38inproductsrangingfromaeroplanestomountainbikes.Newtechniquesletengineersshapeobjectsatatinyscale.Nanotechnologyisgivingproductsenhancedfeatures,suchasbandagesthathelphealcuts,enginesthatrunmoreefficientlyandcrockery39thatcleansmoreeasily.Geneticallyengineeredviruses40arebeingdevelopedtomakeitemssuchasbatteries.Andwiththeinternetallowingevermoredesignerstocollaborate41onnewproducts,thebarrierstoentryarefalling.Fordneededheapsofcapitaltobuildhiscolossal42RiverRougefactory;hismodernequivalent43canstartwithlittlebesidesalaptopandahungerto6Likeallrevolutions,thisonewillbedisruptive44.Digitaltechnologyhasalreadyrockedthemediaandindustries45,justascottonmillscrushedhandloomsandtheModelTputfarriers46outofwork.Manypeoplewilllookthefactoriesofthefutureandshudder47.Theywillnotbefullofgrimy48machinesmannedbymeninoilyoveralls.Manywillbesqueaky49clean—andalmostdeserted.Somecarmakersalreadyproducetwiceasmanyvehiclesperemployeeastheydidonlyadecadeorsoago.Mostjobswillnotbeonthefactoryfloorbutintheofficesnearby,whichwillbefullofdesigners,engineers,ITspecialists,logistics50experts,marketingstaffandotherprofessionals.Themanufacturingjobsofthefuturewillrequiremoreskills.Manydull,repetitivetaskswillbecomeobsolete51:younolongerneedriveters52whenaproducthasno7Therevolutionwillaffectnotonlyhowthingsaremade,butwhere.Factoriesusedtomovetolow‐wagecountriescurb53labourcosts.Butlabourcostsaregrowinglessandlessimportant:a$499first‐generationiPadincludedonly$33ofmanufacturinglabour,ofwhichthefinalassemblyinChinaaccountedforjust$8.Offshoreproduction54isincreasinglymovingbacktorichcountriesnotbecauseChinesewagesarerising,butbecausecompaniesnowwanttobeclosertocustomerssothattheycanrespondmorequicklytochangesindemand.Andsomeproductsaresohelpstohavethepeoplewhodesignthemandthepeoplewhomaketheminthesameplace.thatmind‐bogglingmaind,bɔɡliŋ]adj.customise['kʌstəmaizvt.groundtoahaltquaint[kweɪnt]adj.奇怪的；离奇有趣的momentousmə(ʊ)'mentəsadj.重要的；重大的durable['djʊərəb(ə)l]adj.耐用的，持久的aluminium[æl(j)ʊ'mɪnɪəm]n.铝virus['vaɪrəs]n.[病毒]病毒collaboratekə'læbəreɪtvi合作colossal[kə'lɒs(ə)l]adj.巨大的[retailingindustries.shuddervi.squeakyskwikiadj.吱吱响的；squeakycleanlogisticslə'dʒɪstɪks]n.obsoleteɒbsəliːt]adj.riveterrivitə]n.铆钉枪；铆工curb[kɜːb]vt.控制；勒住offshoreproduction境外生产.BostonConsultingGroupreckonsthatinareassuchastransport,computers,fabricatedmetals56andmachinery57,BostonConsultingGroupreckonsthatinareassuchastransport,computers,fabricatedmetals56andmachinery57,10‐30%ofthegoodsthatAmericanowimportsfromChinacouldbemadeathomeby2020,boosting58Americanoutputby$20billion‐55billionaTheshockofthe8Consumerswillhavelittledifficultyadaptingtothenewageofbetterproducts,swiftlydelivered.Governments,however,mayfinditharder.Theirinstinctistoprotectindustriesandcompaniesthatalreadyexist,nottheupstartsthatwoulddestroythem.Theyshoweroldfactorieswithsubsidiesandbully59bosseswhowanttomoveproductionabroad.Theyspendbillionsbackingthenewtechnologieswhichthey,intheirwisdom,thinkwillprevail.Andtheyclingtoaromanticbeliefthatmanufacturingissuperiortoservices,letalone9Noneofthismakessense.Thelinesbetweenmanufacturingandservicesareblurring.Rolls‐Roycenolongersellsengines;itsellsthehoursthateachengineisactuallythrusting60anaeroplanethroughthesky.Governmentshavealwaysbeenlousyatpickingwinners,andtheyarelikelytobecomemoreso,aslegions61ofentrepreneurs62andtinkerers63designsonline,turnthemintoproductsathomeandmarketthemgloballyfromagarage.Astherevolutiongovernmentsshouldsticktothebasics:betterschoolsforaskilledworkforce,clearrulesandalevelplayingfieldenterprises65ofallkinds.LeavetheresttotheDescribethefirsttwoindustrialrevolutionsinhumanWhatishappeningtomanufacturinginthethirdindustrialrevolutionwhichisunderwayWhatdoesmasscustomisationmean?Whycan'tpeopledoitHowwillproductsbeproducedwith3DprintingHowwillthegeographyofsupplychainsWhatotherchangesmayjointhedigitaltechnologytorevolutionizethelandscapeofourlifeintheHowwilldigitaltechnologychangethelookofaHowwillthethirdindustrialrevolutionaffectthedistributionofjobopportunitiesaroundtheWhatdoesatraditionalgovernmentusuallydotointerferewit