第6讲.完形填空-词汇填空(教案教学设计)

第六讲完形填空词汇填空篇【考点说明】完形填空除了传统四选一的形式之外，也可能会出现一些变化，如将空缺所需答案放在一起，并给出多余几个选择，共同组成一个词库，而考生则根据文章意思以及空缺上下文语境进行选择填词，并根据需要进行词形的变换，英文名称为BankCloze，类似于大学英语四级考试中的15选10题型。北约联盟2011年和2012年自招考试英语皆出现了15选10题型。除此之外，2011北约自招英语考试还出现了首字母完形填空题型。尽管完形填空考察形式多样，但万变不离其宗，只要掌握了完形填空考查的重点和答题技巧，一切问题皆可迎刃而解。【题型特点分析】15选10：方框给出供选择的15个词，语篇中留出10个空格，选词补全语篇。所提供的词汇词性主要是名词、动词、形容词和副词四种词性。解这类题涉及到句子成分、上下文语境、词汇的词性和词义。首字母填空：语篇中留出一定数量的空格，大多为10个空格，每个空格提供了首字母。解这类题涉及到句子成分、上下文语境、词汇的词性和词义。【解题技巧】通读全文，抓住中心（首段，首句原则）阅读选项，词性分类（注意分析动词时态）全盘考虑，灵活选择（根据所需词性缩小范围）复读全文，核查答案（快速复读，用语感判断是否通顺准确）答题技巧一：确定空白处词性注意：1.遇到动词进行二次分类：确定时态，确定是第三人称单数还是非第三人称单数；但应注意动词+ed型的有两种可能性，动词或形容词；遇到名词要确定单数还是复数。2．不认识的单词，看后缀。构词法中，前缀表明意思，后缀表明词性。所以看一个词的后缀，往往能大致分出词性。3．词性一时无法确定的，暂时搁置，不必纠缠，影响全局。4．作出相应的标记。可直接用自己最清楚的符号清楚标在每个词前后，不清楚的都标问号。以下情况，空白处为动词：n./pron.vt.n./pron.前有名词后有名词，中间谓语动词n./pron.vi.前有名词后无名词，谓语动词不及物n./pron.vi.adv./prep.前有名词后有介词副词，谓语动词不及物n./pron.linkv./beadj.前有名词后有形容词，be动词或系动词tov.前有不定式to，后动词原形注意：确定空白处为动词，还需根据上下文确定正确形式以下情况，空白处为分词：过去分词：has/have/hadp.p（完成时态）bep.p（被动语态）p.pn.或n.p.p（过去分词做形容词，表示被动或已发生）现在分词：be-ing（进行时态）-ingn.或n.-ing（现在分词做形容词，表示主动或正在进行）prep.–ing（介词宾语）以下情况，空白处为名词：（名词通常作主语或动词/介词的宾语）a/then.前有冠词n.v.空白后为谓语动词prep.n.空白前为介词，则空白处为名词或动名词（注意：根据空白处前的冠词和上下文判断所填名词的单复数；根据空白处后的谓语动词的形式判断所填名词的单复数）形容词：adj.n.n.adj.空白前后是名词adv.adj.空白前是副词linkv.／beadj.be动词或系动词后接形容词做表语副词：adv.v.或v.adv.副词修饰动词，表示程度状态adv.adj.副词可修饰形容词adv.从句，有些副词做句子的状语，表示转折因果等逻辑关系答题技巧二：确定考点需要积极意义还是消极意义，继而缩小选择范围。Sample:Theclassroomoffersopportunitiesforchildrentoreplaceangry,violentbehaviorswith,peacefulones.【解析】根据语法判断此处为形容词，与peaceful一样具有积极意义，与前文的angry,violent词义色彩相反，那么comprehensive,cooperative,entire应选择cooperative。答题技巧三：介词后一定是名词或动名词做宾语．注意：to（介词&动词不定式）to的短语接动名词:abandononeselfto（沉溺于）,adhereto（坚持）,stickto（坚持，信守）,clingto（坚持，忠于）,admitto（承认）,confessto（承认）,contributeto（做贡献）,feelupto（感觉能胜任）,getdownto（开始着手做）,giveone’smindto（专心）,givewayto（让步）,yieldto（屈服）,leadto（导致）,lookforwardto（渴望）,objectto（反对）,taketo（开始从事，喜欢）,turnto（求助）,succumbto（屈服）,seeto（照顾，料理）,getusedto,beaccustomedto,beaddictedto,becommittedto,bededicatedto,bedevotedto,beopposedto,bereducedto,besubjectto（受支配的，常遭受）,submitto（顺从，屈服）答题技巧四：利用不定冠词(a/an)判断考点是否为元音开头，缩小选择范围Sample:Husbandandchildrennowdosomeofthesejobs,a____thathaschangedthetargetmarketformanyproducts.(scale,potential,gap,extreme,purchase,situation)【解析】作someofthesejobs的同位语，以辅音开头的名词。这里的situation意思是：（正〉职业,职位,工作。例：InAugusthewasappointedtothesituationofsecretary.在八月份,他被指定担任秘书。答题技巧五：充分利用词库中的近义词或反义词（注意：若词库中出现一对近义或反义词，其中一个必定是干扰项。反义词考查学生对文章语境色彩的辨析，只需要辨析考点单词是积极还是消极意义，就不难排除。近义词考查考生对词汇搭配用法的掌握，需要学生牢记近义词的各种用法及搭配。）Sample:A)gravelyB)respectC)limitedD)specializeE)seriouslyF)promotingG)involvesH)relievedI)significantJ)magnificentK)rangeL)issuesM)resultN)determiningO)complicatedTimeshavechanged.Today,wetakepain48.Indeed,painisnowconsideredthefifthvitalsign,asimportantasbloodpressure,temperature,breathingrateandpulsein49aperson’swell-being.【解析】此处应用副词作状语，考查近义词辨析。takesth.seriously为固定搭配）答题技巧六：注意一词多性：词库中的词有的既是名词又是动词，有些分词也可以充当形容词，确定空白处所需单词词性后要全面考虑词库中的单词词性，不能遗漏．Sample:respect：n./v.尊敬，尊重result：n.结果；v.结果，导致，产生range：n.范围，幅度，山脉；v.归类于，延伸典例精讲1A)estimate；B)strength；C)deliberately；D)notify；E)tropical；F)phenomenon；G)stable；H)attraction；I)completely；J)destructive；K)starvation；L)bringing；M)exhaustion；N)worth；O)strikeEINinoisthenamegiventothemysteriousandoftenunpredictablechangeintheclimateoftheworld.Thisstrange47happenseveryfivetoeightyears.ItstartsinthepacificOceanandisthoughttobecausedbyafailureinthetradewinds(信风),whichaffectstheoceancurrentsdrivenbythesewinds.Asthetradewindslessenin48,theoceantemperaturesrise,causingthePerucurrentflowinginfromtheeasttowarmupbyasmuchas5℃（degreescentigrade）.Thewarningoftheoceanhasfar-reachingeffects.Thehot,humidairovertheoceancausessevere49thunderstorms.TherainfallisincreasedacrossSouthAmerica,50floodstoPeru.IntheWestPacific,therearedroughtsaffectingAustraliaandIndonesia.Sowhilesomepartsoftheworldprepareforheavyrainsandfloods,otherpartsfacedrought,poorcropsand51.EINinousuallylastsforabout18months.The1982-83EINinobroughtthemost52weatherinmodernhistory.Itseffectwasworldwideanditleftmorethan2,000peopledeadandcausedovereightbillionpounds53ofdamage.The1990EINinolasteduntilJune1995.Scientists54thistobethelongestEINinofor2,000years.Nowadays,weatherexpertsareabletoforecastwhenanEINinowill55,buttheyarestillnot56surewhatleadstoitorwhataffectshowstrongitwillbe.【解析】辨析词性把十五个选项按词性分别归入名词、动词、形容词、副词等类别。名词：B,F,H,K,M（B的后缀th,H、K、M的tion都是名词后缀）谓语动词：A,D,O（A的-ate极可能是动词，D的-fy为动词后缀）非谓语动词：L（-ing结尾）形容词：E,G,J（E的-cal,G的able,J的tive是形容词后缀）副词：C和I（ly加在形容词后为副词后缀）注意：即使从没见过，也想办法看能否判断其词性，词性有时比词义还重要。词性并不总是固定的，有些不认识的或无法确定的，如N)worth(adj./n.)，可先搁置，不要过度纠缠。综合解题将选项分类之后，就得从文章中来寻找对应的线索了。选项与文章匹配的因素有两个，第一是词性，第二是词义。所以在读文章时，要通过各种手段来确定空格的词性与意义。（一）确定词性，确定选项的选择范围1）关于动词的判断前后都是名词短语，中间是动词。根据一句（包括从句）有且只有一个谓语动词的原则，其它地方如无谓语动词，则需要谓语动词；反之则不需要谓语动词。Nowadays,weatherexpertsareabletoforecastwhenanElNinowill55,but..(will后面必然是原形动词，一起构成谓语)55.OstrikeScientists54thistobethelongestElNinofor2,000years.（此句后只有一个tobe，是非谓语动词，故空格必为谓语动词；且空格前后均为名词性，也基本确定它是动词。）54.Aestimate一个完整的句子之后再跟逗号，后面一般是非谓语动词短语。TherainfallisincreasedacrossSouthAmerica,50floodstoPeru.（前面是一个完整的句子，逗号后跟的，一般是非谓语动词短语。此题选项中非谓语动词只有一个。）50.Lbringing2）其它词的判断形容词或名词修饰名词，限定词（the,this,that,a,my之类）后必有名词Thisstrange47happenseveryfivetoeightyears.（这个/种奇怪的？，需要一个名词）47.FphenomenonThehot,humidairovertheoceancausessevere49thunderstorms.（严重的？风暴，可能是形容词，也可能是名词）49.EtropicalElNinousuallylastsforabout18months.The1981-83ElNinobroughtthemost52weatherinmodernhistory.（前面是最高级的修饰语，自然是形容词。）52.Jdestructive副词修饰形容词或动词…,buttheyarestillnot56surewhatleadstoitorwhataffectshowstrongitwillbe.（修饰形容词sure,当为副词）56.Icompletely谓语动词前有名词主语Thisstrange47happenseveryfivetoeightyears.（happens是谓语动词，也可知前面为名词短语，缺一个核心名词。）47.Fphenomenon介词后面必有名词Asthetradewindslessenin48,theoceantemperaturesrise,causingthePerucurrentflowinginfromtheeasttowarmupbyasmuchas5°C.（在介词in的后面，当为名词无疑，此处整个短语来修饰lessen减少，当为在某个方面减少。）48.Bstrength（二）句里句外，猜测词义一看搭配：主谓宾、主系表与修饰词直接的搭配关系决定着词的意义。所以先看它被什么修饰，与什么形成主谓宾关系。看一种关系不行就看另一个，灵活处之。Thisstrange47happenseveryfivetoeightyears.（strange修饰47，也许看不出来是什么，再看47与happen形成主谓关系，能够发生的是什么？最好的当然是现象。）47.Fphenomenon二看逻辑：1．句内(状语从句，解释，并列等)Asthetradewindslessenin48,theoceantemperaturesrise,causingthePerucurrentflowinginfromtheeasttowarmupbyasmuchas5°C.（此句有一个状语从句，as表示的时间或因果关系，是重要的解题线索。风的什么减少，温度就上升，当然是风的速度或风力。）48.BstrengthSowhilesomepartsoftheworldprepareforheavyrainsandfloods,otherpartsfacedrought,poorcropsand51.（空格与前面两个名词并列，意味着意思相近。与干旱、收成不好一致的，很容易选出starvation饥荒。）51.Kstarvation前文（指代等、句间连词）Thisstrange47happenseveryfivetoeightyears.（This告诉我们，此处是重提前面讲到过的某个事物。前面讲到过的核心概念就是ElNino,无疑是一种天气“现象”。）47.Fphenomenon表示可从前文找相应线索的有两类。与this一大类的还有：this/these/such;thesame/similar;worse/better/more/less等。还有就是表示逻辑关系的句间连词，或者叫连接副词。主要的如下：递进：Moreover/furthermore/what’smore/besides/inaddition/even/also转折：however/but/rather/instead因果：therefore/consequently/accordingly/thus/hence3．后文ElNinousuallylastsforabout18months.The1981-83ElNinobroughtthemost52weatherinmodernhistory.Itseffectwasworldwideanditleftmorethan2,000peopledeadandcausedovereightbillionpounds53ofdamage.段落开始部分，提出一个总的概括性的说法。往往在下文有分述。ElNino究竟带来的是什么样的天气，后面一句就交代得十分清楚。52.Jdestructive(dead,damage)三看习惯用法：固定搭配Itseffectwasworldwideanditleftmorethan2,000peopledeadandcausedovereightbillionpounds53ofdamage.（此处考的是worth这个词的特殊用法。它本是一个形容词，但可用…worthofsth.,来表明价值某物的某东西。）53.Nworthe.g.Thefirecausedthousandsofpounds'worthofdamage.三、带项检查带入已选答案，重新通读文章以核对其是否逻辑语意正确。2invest,justify,activity,basically,run,inside,opportunity,interest,generally,offer,design,urban,translate,theme,lead,focus,conduct,build,entertainment,baseTheExpo2010-ShanghaiChinaisessentiallyaWorld'sfair.Atthisfair,189countries1structures,called：."pavilions",toshowcasethearchitecture,styleand2ofthepavilions,aswellaspresentdisplays,presentations,andavarietyofprogramming3thepavilions.TherearealsomanyorganizationsandcorporationsthatparticipateintheExpobybuildingpavilionsrelatedtotheirownspecial4.ThemainpurposeoftheExpoistoshowcasewhateveritisthateachcountryhasto5withhopesthatpeopleorcorporationsfromothercountrieswillbeimpressedanddecideto6business.inthatcountry.Thearchitecture,thethemes,andthedisplaysinsideofthepavilionsareall7topromotethebenefitsofthevariouscountries.8，thecountriesaretryingto"brand"or"sell"themselvestotherestoftheworldwithhopesthatitwill9intomoreopportunitiesfortheircountries.Althoughtheamazingarchitectureofthepavilionsalonewould10avisittoExpo2010，peoplecanalsoseeKungFushows,parades,musicalperformances,andplentyofadditional11ThelocationofExpo2010coversmorethan2squaremilesandislocatedontheshoresoftheHuangpuRiverinShanghai.TheExpo12fromMay1，2010throughOctober31，2010.ThethemeoftheExpois"BetterCity,BetterLife",andmanyofthethemesare13onsustainability,betterqualityoflife,andotherpositive14growthmessages.Expo2010reallypresentsagood15tolearnfromothercountries,toseewhattheyfocuson,whattheythinkisimportant,andhowtheydealwithvariousissues.(南京大学2008，改编)【答案】build【解析】在2010年上海世博会上，有189个国家建造展馆……【答案】theme【解析】每个展馆都有自己的建筑特点、风格和主题。【答案】inside【解析】显然此空应该选择一个介词，表示“在世博馆里面”的意思。【答案】interests【解析】建造者根据自己特别的兴趣建造世博馆，因此每个世博馆都各有特色，风格迥异。【答案】offer【解析】举办世博会的主要目的就是真实地展示每个国家提供的任何东西。【答案】conduct【解析】conductbusiness属于固定搭配，表示“经营业务”。【答案】designed【解析】bedesignedto表示“为某目的或用途而制造或者计划”。【答案】Basically【解析】此空应选择副词，为了强调接下来的命题，basically表示“本质上、实际上”的意思。【答案】translate【解析】如果AtranslatesintoB，那么B的发生是由A引起的。【答案】justify【解析】justifyavisit表示“很值得去参观”。【答案】entertainment【解析】此空与前面的show,parades,performance等词对应，是这些词的概括。【答案】runs【解析】run表示“持续不中断多长时间”。【答案】focused【解析】世博会的主题聚焦于持续发展、更美好的生活和其他积极的城市发展的讯息。【答案】urban【解析】2力1◦年世博会的主题是“城市，让生活更美好”，因此这里应该是urban。【答案】opportunity【解析】-presentopportunity表示“提供机会”的意思。3encourage,approach,meaningful,put,feedback,outlook,process,lack,powerful,purpose,useful,access,mean,stimulate,have,overcoming,conscious,information,intention,positiveTounderstandwhatapersonaldevelopmentcoachdoes,youmustfirstunderstandwhatpersonaldevelopment1Personaldevelopmentisapathtowardswellbeingthroughbehaviormodificationandself-improvementtechniques.Simply2，itisbeingabletoenjoyyourlifeina3waybyimprovingyourselfandcircumstances.Itcanbeimprovingyourselfinoneareaoracompleteoverhaul(彻底检查）ofyourlife.Typically,personalgrowthisaconsistent4donepurposelydaily.Formanypeople,self-improvementisacontinualnecessary5Byimprovingourselves,wedramaticallyimproveouroutcomesandopportunities.Butformanywishingtochange,they6theknowledgeortoolstodoso.Thisiswherepersonaldevelopmentcoachescameaboard.Personaldevelopmentcoachingwascreatedespeciallytoeducateand7individualswhodesireda8visionfortheirlife.Called"LifeCoaches”，theseteachersembrace9strategiesforself-managementandpersonalgrowth.Therearedifferentcategoriesoflifecoaches.Eachlifecoachhashisspecialtyareaandunique10.Someteachhowtochangehabits,whilesomeembracemorespiritualdesignplatforms.Personaldevelopmentcoachingcanincludeanythingfromhowtoimproveyourrelationshipsto11publicspeaking.Whateverweakareasexistinyourlife,alifecoachcanbecalledintostrengthenandencourage.Alifecoachcanhelpyouredefineyour12forliving.Theyhavetheskillandresourcesneededtore-directyourlifeintoamore13existence.Everybodyneedsastrongsupportsystemandreinforcingpositive14.Itisthefoodnecessaryforgoodmentalhealth,andforpersonalgrowth.Noteverybodyhas15toaqualitysupportsystem.Justasapersonalbodytrainerwhipsapersonintophysicalshape,alifecoachwhipsaperson'slifeintoshape.(南京大学2008，改编）【答案】means【解析】此空的下一句给出了personaldevelopment(个人发展）的定义，显然这里应该选择means(意思是）。【答案】put【解析】simplyput属于固定搭配，常单独使用，表示“简单地说”。【答案】conscious【解析】前面提到的behaviormodification(行为的改善）和self-improvementtechniques（自身提高的技术），这些都是人们有意识的行为方式。【答案】intention【解析】此空需要一个名词，并且和后面的purposefully在意思上接近，因此选择intention,表示“意图，目的”。【答案】process【解析】自我提升不是一蹴而就的事情，有一个持续的必要的过程。【答案】lack【解析】此空前面的介词短语前出现了but，可以判断出此处表示他们（那些希望发生变化的人)缺乏相关知识。【答案】encourage【解析】此空和前面的educate呈现并列关系，因此在意思上应该较为接近。【答案】positive【解析】既然想提高自身，自然对生活有着积极的想象。【答案】powerful【解析】既然能成为教练，当然有一套行之有效的教学策略。【答案】approach【解析】从后面的句子来看，此空应该选择approach(教学方法）。【答案】overcoming【解析】overcomepublicspeaking表示“克服在公共场所讲话的焦虑或者恐惧”。【答案】purpose【解析】生活教练的最大作用就是帮助你找到活着的方向和目标。【答案】meaningful【解析】经过生活教练的训练，找到生活目的的人会发现自己的存在更有意义。【答案】feedback【解析】reinforcepositivefeedback表示“加强积极的反馈”。【答案】access【解析】haveaccessto属于固定搭配，表示“接触，获得”。【真题模拟题训练】AA.happensB.professionsC.senseD.neverthelessE.fashionedF.distanceG.immediateH.usuallyI.occupationsJ.preservedK.imitateL.provideM.thereforeNreserved0.contributeLookingbackonyearsoflivinginaworking-classhomeintheNorthofEngland,Ishouldsaythatagoodlivingroommust11threeprincipalthings:homeliness,warmthandplentyofgoodfood.Theliving-roomisthewarmheartofthefamilyand12oftenslightlystuffytoamiddle-classvisitor.Itisnotasocialcentrebutafamilycenter;littleentertaininggoesonthereorinthefrontroom,ifthere13tobeone;youdonotentertaininanythingapproachingthemiddle-class14Thewife'ssociallifeoutsideher15familyisfoundoverthewashing-line,atthelittleshoponthecorner,visitingrelativesatamoderate16occasionally,andperhapsnowandagainavisitwithherhusbandtohispuborclub.Apartfromthesetwoplaces,hehasjusthisworkandhisfootballmatches.Theywillhave,eachofthem,friendsatalltheseplaces,whomaywellnotknowwhattheinsideoftheirhouseislike,havingnever"steppedacrossthethreshold,"astheold17phrasehasit.Thefamilyhearthis18forthefamilyitself,andthosewhoare"somethingtous"(anotherfavoriteformula)andwholookinforatalkorjusttosit.Muchofthefreetimeofamanandhiswifewill19bepassedatthathearth.Juststayinginisstilloneofthemostcommonleisure-time20.Keys:11.L12.M13.A14.C15.G16.F17.E18.N19.H20.IBA.signsB.sufficientlyC.locatingD.affectE.merelyF.magicG.hintsH.carefullyI.findingJ.messageK.flightL.probableM.revealingN.basedO.informationFlyingoveradesertareainanairplane,twoscientistslookeddownwithtrainedeyesattreesandbushes.Afteranhour's11oneofthescientistswroteinhisbook,"Lookherefor12metal."Scientistsinanotherairplane,flyingoveramountainregion,senta13tootherscientistsontheground,"Goldpossible."Walkingacrosshillyground,fourscientistsreported,"Thisgroundshouldbesearchedformetals."Fromanairplaneoverahillywastelandascientistsentbackbyradiooneword,"Uranium."NoneofthescientistshadX-rayeyes:theyhadno14powersforlookingdownbelowtheearth'ssurface.Theywere15puttingtouseoneofthenewestmethodsof16mineralsintheground—usingtreesandplantsas17thatcertainmineralsmayliebeneaththegroundonwhichthetreesandplantsaregrowing.Thisnewestmethodofsearchingformineralsis18onthefactthatmineralsdeepintheearthmay19thekindofbushesandtreesthatgrowonthesurface.AtWatsonBarCreek,abrooksixthousandfeethighinthemountainsofBritishColumbia,Canada,amineralsearchgroupgatheredbagsoftreeseeds.Boxeswerefilledwithsmallbranchesfromthetrees.Rootsweredugandputintoboxes.Eachbagandboxwas20marked.Inascientificlaboratorythepartsoftheforesttreeswereburnedtoashesandtested.Eachsmallpartwasexaminedtolearnwhetherthereweremineralsinit.Keys:11.K12.L13.J14.F15.E16.C17.A18.N19.D20.HCA.everB.escapeC.intenseD.responseE.avoidsF.evenG.expressH.realizationI.severeJ.lessenK.denseL.periodM.harmN.lackO.normalWhenapersonfeelslow,blue,ordownintheclumps,itusuallymeanshehasbeenhurt,disappointed,orsaddenedbysomethingthatcausesaconfusedandlistlessfeeling.Thereis11atypeofmusiccalled"theblue",alow,mournful,sadsoundto12theseuniversalhumanfeelings.Depressionisanothernameforthismood.Feelingdepressedisanormalandnatural13toexperiencesofloss,failure,andundeservedbadluck.Indeed,ithasbeenpointedoutthatwithoutdepression,wewould14muchoftheworld'sgreattragicliterature,music,andart.Insomecases,however,depressionbecomessomethingmorethanjust15feelingsofbluesorletdown.Alargenumberofpeoplesufferfromwhatpsychiatristscall"depressiveillness."Depressiveillnessismore16andlastslongerthancommonlistlessfeelings.Sometimesaserious17ofdepressioncanbeginwiththelossofalovedoneorachangeofjob.Manytimes,invery18cases,theredoesn'tseemtobeanycircumstanceseriousenoughtohavecausedthedepression.Somepsychiatristssuggestthatthekeyfeatureindepressionischange.Thepersonbecomesdifferentfromthewaybeforethe