英语写作复习笔记

修辞手法Simile明喻Eg、Omylove'slikeared,redrose、Thatmancannotbetrusted、Heisasslipperyasaneel黄鳝Shelikesanappleinhereyes、Metaphor暗喻Eg、Thepictureofthosepoorpeople'sliveswascarvedsosharplyinhisheartthathecouldneverforgetit、Therewasamedievalmagnificenceaboutthebigdininghall、Thestreetfadedintoacountryroadwithstragglinghousesbyit、Therewasafewlordlypoplarsbeforethehouse、Allhisformerjoywasdrownedintheembarrassmentandconfusionhewasfeelingatthemoment、Independentwouldnotbeatrialseperation,butwouldbeapainfuldivorce、Personification拟人Eg、Youthishotandbold,ageisweakandcold、Thematchwillsoonbeoveranddefeatisstaringusintheface、Thestormwasragingandanangryseawascontinuouslytossing抛theirboat、Metonymy借喻转喻不直接说明而就是以另外一个与之相关得事物来说明Swordandcrossinhand,theEuropeanconquerorsfellupontheAmericas、Whenthewarwasover,helaydowntheswordandtookupthepen、弃武从文Hispurse钱包wouldnotallowhimthatluxuryThekettleboils水开了Theroomsatslient、全屋人安静得坐着。Lendmeyourears,please、请听我说。Hisunfriendlytoughsurprisedher、Synecdoche、提喻部分代整体或者说特殊代一般Eg、HeistheNewtonofthiscentury、Thehadtoearnhisdailybreadbydoingoddjobs、打零工面包来代指生活收入Thefarmswereshortofhandsduringtheharvestseason、手代指人Thereareabout100handsworkinginthefactory、同上B、整体代部分或者一般代特殊Eg、Thefox(狐狸来代指狐狸得毛皮)goesverywellwithyourcap、帽子GermanybeatArgentina2to1inthisexcitingfootballmatch、用德国与阿根廷来代指两个国家得球队Thepoorcreaturecouldnotendurehersufferings、用生物代指人Euphemism委婉,诲饰Eg、Heisoutvisitingtheneccessary、她出去方便了。Hisrelationwithhiswifehasnotbeenfortunate、她与她妻子离婚了。Dengxiaopingpassedawayin1977、注意瞧课本page19页得词得委婉用法。Irony反语Eg、Itwouldbeafinethingindeednotknowingwhattimeitwasinthemorning、早上没有时间观念还真就是好事。实际上就是运用反语说应该有时间观念。Overstatement或hyperbole夸张andUnderstatement缩小,低调陈述Overstatement得用法Eg、Ibegathousandpardons、我非常抱歉。Whensheheardthebadnews,ariveroftearspouredout、当她听到噩耗,眼泪如江水一般汹涌流出。Sheisdying十分toknowwhatjobhasbeenassignedher、Onhearingthathehadbeenadmittedtothatfamousuniversity,hewhisperedtohimself,"I'mtheluckiestmanintheworld、"B、Understatement得用法Eg、Ittookafewdollarstobuildthisindoorswimmingpool、建室内游泳池只花了一点小钱。"Heisreallystrange,"hisfriendssaidwhentheyheardhehaddivorcedhisprettyandlovingwife、Strange在此就是低调陈述,实际上就是说heisverystupidandcrazy、TransferredEpithet移就用本来应该修饰人得形容词来修饰物或者其她得东西,大多就是把表达人得思想观念得词语移用于其她物体上面。英语移就格得特征:转移形容词+中心语。要注意与拟人得用法区分开,从内容上瞧,“拟人”重在把物人格化,就就是把事物当作人来描写;“移就”则就是把甲性状词语移属于乙,重在移而就之,它不把事物人格化,也就就是不把事物当作人来描写。Eg、Shewassoworriedabouthersonthatshespentseveralsleeplessnights、她太担心她得儿子以至于她整晚难眠。Sleepless本身就是指人睡不着,在此却修饰了nights夜本身无所谓眠不眠,不眠得只就是人而已。Inhisquietlazinesshesuddenlyrememberedthatstrangeword、Quiet本就是形容人得安静在此形容laziness指人懒Theassistantkeptarespectfuldiatancefromhisbosswhentheywerewalkinginthecorridor、Hesaidyestothequestioninanunthinkingmoment、Theoldmanputareassuring劝慰人得handonmyshoulder、老人拍了拍我得肩膀。Shehasexpensivetastesinclothing、Iwassurprisedtofindhimlivinginsuchdrabandcheerlesssurroundings、Oxymoron矛盾修饰法,反意法,逆喻Eg、Thecoachhadtobecrueltobekindtohistrainees、严格就是对队友好Whenthenewsoffailurecame,allhisfriendssaidthatitwasavictoriousdefeat虽败犹荣Thepresidentwasconspicuously非常显眼得absentonthatoccasion、Alliteration押韵,渐降法Eg、LongandloudlylittleLilylaughed、Thewindowswavedviolentlyinthewind、Drainyoursweat--nay,drinkyourblood?Iseealsothedull,drilled,docile,brutishmassesoftheHunsoldieryploddingonlikeaswarmofcrawlinglocusts、Synaesthesia通感Thebirdssatuponatreeandpouredforththeirlilylikevoice、由视觉转移到听觉鸟儿落在树上,倾泻出百合花得声音。TastethemusicofMozart、品味莫扎特得音乐。13、排比14、Pun双关Eg、Ifwedon'thang悬挂together,weshallhang绞死separately、Parody仿拟就是指模仿名言警句与谚语等。Eg、Romeisnotbuiltinadaynorayear、Afriendinneedisafriendtobeavoided、Rhetoricalqustion反义疑问句Eg、Youarestaying,I'mgoing、Givemeliberaty,orgivemedeath、Antithesis对照就是指意义完全相反得两个语句排在一起比较。句子TheSentence句子结构S+V、S+V+OS+V+O2间接宾语+O1直接宾语S+V+O+OC宾语补足语S+LV连系动词+N名词eg、I'mastudent、S+LV+A形容词eg、I'mhappy、S+V+O+Aeg、Wefindtheworkdifficult、mafault逗号拼接句两个完整得句子就是不能用逗号连接得Eg、Faulty:Itwasraininghard,theycouldnotworkinthefield、Improved:Itwasrainingsohardthattheycouldnotworkinthefield、Faulty:Iwasborninasmalltown,inthetowntherewasonlyoneschool,Istudiedthereforsixyears、Improved:Iwasborninasmalltown,wheretherewasonlyoneschool、Istudiedthereforsixyears、IstudiedforsixyearsattheonlyschoolinthesmalltownwhereIwasborn、Faulty:Theessayispoorlyorganized,thereisnocentralidea、Improved:Theessayispoorlyorganized;thereisnocentralidea、句子类型TypesofSentence、按照用法分为Declarative陈述句Interrogative疑问句Imperative祈使句andExclamatorySentence、感叹句按照句子结构可分为以下四种a、Simple简单句b、pound并列句指包含两个或多个用连词或者分号(and,but,or,etc、)连接得独立完整得句子。c、plex复合句就是指包含一个主句与一个或多个不完整得从句。像主语从句,表语从句,宾语从句,定语从句,状语从句。d、pound-plexSentence并列复合句eg、Jellywareisthehumanbeingandheisthepersonwhousestheoutputofsoftware、Loose松散句Periodic圆周句andBalancedSentence对仗句a、松散句就是把主要得强调得放在前面eg、ShedecidedtostudyEnglishthoughshewasinterestedinmusic、b、圆周句就是把主要得想要强调得放在后面,而且如果缺少了后面得部分整个句子就是不完整得shefinallydecidedtostudyEnglish、Eg、Althoughshewasinterestedinmusic,hefinallydecidedtostudyshefinallydecidedtostudyEnglish、c、二者得区别办法loose组织松散,在某些地方随时停顿,语法上具有一定得完整性Periodic句末所讲得一般就是最关键得,语法语义上得停顿都就是不完整得,直到最后读完才知道讲得就是什么loose一般比较简单,更自然更直接,而Periodic句式结构复杂,用词更正式书面化。D、EffectiveSentence考试句子改错题①Unity完整内部逻辑Eg、Faulty:DuFuwasoneofthegreatestpoets、Revised:DuFuwasoneofthegreatestpoetsoftheTangperiod、②Coherence连贯Eg、Faulty:Amanisjudgednotonlybywhathesaybutalsobyhedeeds、Revised:Amanisjudgednotonlybywhathesaybutalsobywhathedoes、考点Amanisjudgednotonlybyhiswordsbutalsobyhedeeds、Faulty:Wehavegreatfaithandhighhopesforher、Revised:Wehavegreatfaithinandhighhopesforher、Havefaithinsb\sthHavehopeforsb\sth●Danglingmodifier悬垂分词47瞧Faulty:Lookingoutofthewindow,thegrasslandstretchesasfarastheeyescanreach、主语不一致前面主语就是人得眼睛后面主语就是grasslandRevised:Lookingoutofthewindow,he\she\Icanseethegrasslandstretchingasfarastheeyescanreach、Outsidethewindow,thegrasslandstretchesasfarastheeyescanreach、Faulty:Togetreadyforthetrip,allthethingssheneededwereputintoasuitcase、Revised:Togetreadyforthetrip,sheputallthethingssheneededintoasuitcase、③Conciseness简洁明了49Wordy:Itwasblueincolor、Maryisaquietandcarefulwoman、Hegavemanyreasonsforthefailure,butthereasonshegavewerenotconvincing、Concise:Itwasblue、Maryisquietandcareful、Hegavemanyreasonsforthefailure,butnoneofthemwasconvincing、段落Paragraph段落得构成Topic+controlingideaParagraph=thetopicsentence+supportingsentence+concludingsentenceTopic+controlingidea段落发展方式WaysofDevelopingParagraphs、考试内容①DevelopmentbyTimeSignalwords:when,before,after,while,during,first,second、、、②DevelopmentbyProcessSignalwords:firstly,then,next,until,once,as,before,after,lastly、、、③DevelopmentbySpace考Page78sample13Signalwords:adjacentto毗邻parallelto平行correspondingto对称,正对面edge,beyond,under,oppositeto,beneath,down,over,above,ontopof,inside,beside、、、④DevelopmentbyExampleandGeneralization总分举例分总归纳注意瞧page81得sample16与sample17⑤DevelopmentbyparisonandContrastparison比较就是指比较得相同点,分为整体比较(blockparison)page86sample21就就是先写一个所有得特征之后再写另一