2015年上海市高考英语试卷及答案完美解析

2014-2015学年上海市高考英语试卷

考生注意：

1.考试时间120分钟，试卷满分150分。

2.本考试设试卷和答题纸两部分。试卷分为第I卷（第1-12页）和第II卷（第13页）,

全卷共13页。所有答题必须涂（选择题）或写（非选择题）在答题纸上，做在试卷上

一律不得分。

3.答题前，务必在答题纸上填写准考证号和姓名，并将核对后的条形码贴在指定位置上,

在答题纸反面清楚地填写姓名。

第I卷供103分）

（.ListeningComprehension

SectionA

Directions:InSectionA,youwillheartenshortconversationsbetweentwospeakers.Atthe

endofeachconversation,aquestionwillbeaskedaboutwhatwassaid.Theconversationsa

ndthequestionswilIbespokenonlyonee.Afteryouhearaconversationandthequestion

aboutitzreadthefourpossibleanswersonyourpaper,anddecidewhichoneisthebest

answertothequestionyouhaveheard.

l.A.Impatient.B.Confused.C.Pieased.D.Regretful.

2.A.Atabusstop.B.Atalaundry.C.Atthedentists.D.Atthechemist's.

3.A.Anactor.B.Asalesman.C.Atranslater.D.Awriter.

4.A.Helosthisclassmate'shomework.B.Hecan'theIpthewornanwithhermath.

C.Hebrokethewoman'scalculator.D.Hedoesn'tknowwherethe〃on“buttonis.

5.A.Thewomanshouldgotoanothercounter.

B.Thewomangivesthemansomanychoices.

C.Themandislikesthesandwichesofferedthere.

D.Themanishavingtroubledecidingwhattoeat.

6.A.Shehasnoideawheretofindtheman'sexamresult.

B.Sheisn'tallowedtotellstudentstheirgrades.

C.Dr.Whitehasn'tfinishedgradingthepapers.

D.Dr.Whitedoesn'twanttobecontactedwhilehe'saway.

7.A.Movetoaneatdormitory.B.Findapersontosharetheirapartment.

C.Cleantheroomwiththeroommate.D.Writeanarticleabouttheirroommate.

8.A.Bobwon'ttakeheradvice.

B.Bobdoesn'twanttogoabroad.

C.Shedoesn'tthinkBobshouldstudyoverseas.

D.Shehasn'ttalkedtoBobsincehewentabroad.

9.A.Thesnackbarisn'tusuallysoempty.B.Dessertisservedinthesnackbar.

C.Thesnackbarisnearthelibrary.D.Snacksaren'tallowedinthelibrary.

10.A.Takeherbicycletotherepairshop.B.Leaveherbicycleoutside.

C.Cleanthegarageaftertherainstops.D.Cheekifthegarageisdry.

SectionB

Directions:lnSectionB,youwillheartwoshortpassages,andyouwillbeaskedthree

questionsoneachofthepassages.Thepassageswillbereadtwice,butthequestionswilI

bespokenonlyonee.Whenyouhearaquestion,readthefourpossibleanswersonyourpa

peranddecidewhichonewouldbethebestanswertothequestionyouhaveheard.

Questions11through13arebasedonthefollowingpassage.

11.A.Ithelpscareforcustomers'dogs.B.Youhavetobuyfoodfordogs.

C.Noneofthedogsarecaged.D.ThereisadognamedPrincess.

12.A.SheIikesthefoodthere.B.Sheenjoysthefunwithapet.

C.Shecanhavefreecoffee.D.Shedoesn'tliketobealone.

13.A.Anewkindofcafe.B.Anewbrandofcoffee.

C.Anewhomeforpets.D.Anewwaytoraisepets.

Questions14through16arebasedonthefollowingpassage.

14.A.Atrendthathighachieversaregivenalowersalary.

B.AviewthatIifequalityismoreimportantthanpay.

C.Adreamoftheyoungforfast-pacedjobs.

D.Anewtermereatedbyhighachievers.

15.A.10%B,12%C.6%D.7%

16.A.PeopieareIesssatisfiedwiththeirlives.B.Thefinancialinvestmentmayincrease.

C.Well-paidjobsarenoteasytofind.D.Unexpectedproblemsmayarise.

SectionC

Directions:lnSectionC,youwilIheartwolongerconversations.Theconversationswillber

eadtwice.Afteryouheareachconversation,youarerequiredtofillinthenumberedblanks

withtheinformationyouhaveheard.Writeyouranswersonyouranswersheet.

Blanks17through20arebasedonthefollowingconversation.

Completetheform.WriteONEWORDforeachanswer.

Blanks21through24arebasedonthefollowingconversation.

Completetheform.WriteNOMORETHANTHREEWORDSforeachanswer.

II.Grammarandvocabulary

SectionA

Directions:Afterreadingthepassagesbelow,fillintheblankstomakethepassagescoherent

andgrammaticallycorrect.Fortheblankswithagivenword,fillineachblankwiththeproper

formofthegivenword;fortheotherblanks,useonewordthatbestfitseachblank.

(A)

Giftfromastranger

MylocaIsupermarketisalwaysbusy.ThefirstparkingspaceIfoundwasconvenient,butI'd

noticedawomaninabluecarcirclingforawhile.(25)Iwasinagoodmoodjlether

haveit.OntheedgeofthecarparkIbackedintothenextavailablespot—itwasatightfit.

PrettysoonI'dmademywaythroughthesupermarketandwasbackinthefreshair.Fe

elinggood,I(26)(empty)mypursechangeintothehandsofahomelessmanand

helpedastrugglingwomanreversepark.

JustasIapproachedmycar,IsawthewomanI'dlethavemycarspotearlier.Shewas

givingme(27)oddlook—halfpuzzled,halfintentIsmiledandwishedhera

pleasantday.AsIsqueezedbackintomycar,Isawthesamelady(28)(Iook)inatme.

“Hello"shesaid,hesitantly."This(29)soundcrazybutIwasonmywaytodropsome

ofmymother'sthingsoffatthecharitybins.Youarejustsomuch(30)her.Youhelped

thosepeople,Inoticed,andyouseemedsohappy."SheIookedatmemeaningfullyandpa

ssedaboxinthroughthewindow."IthinkshewouIdlikeyoutohaveit."(31)(shock),

Itookitfromherautomatically.Shesmiledandwalkedaway.

A代erapause,!openedthebox.InsidewasabeautifuIgoldnecklacewithalargegrey

pearl.ltwas(32)(nice)giftI'deverreceived,anditwasfromacompletestranger.The

necklacewasaroundmyneck,awarmreminderofhumankindness.

(B)

AskHelpfulHannah

DearHelpfulHannah,

I'vegotaproblemwithmyhusband,Sam.Heboughtasmartphoneacoupleofmonths

ago,andhetookitonourrecentskivacationtoColorado.Itwasagreattripexceptforone

problem.Hehasaconstanturge(33)(check)fortextmessages;hecheckshisphone

everyfiveminutes!He'ssoaddictedtoitthathejustcan'tstandtheidea(34)there

maybeanimportanttext.Hecan'thelpcheekingevenatinappropriatetimeslikewhenwe

areeatinginarestaurantandIamtalkingtohim!Hebehaves(35)anysmallam

ountofboredomcanmakehimfeeltheneedtocheckhisphoneevenwhenheknowshe

shouldn't.Thetemptationtosee(36)iscontactinghimisjusttoogreat.WhenIask

himtopleaseputdownthephoneandstop(37)(ignore)me,hesays,“Inaminute,“

butstillcheckstoseeif(38)haspostedsomethingnewontheIntemet.Ourlife(39)

(interrupt).IfwegosomewhereandIaskhimtoleavethephoneathome,hesuffers

fromwithdrawalsymptoms.Maybethisdependencyonhissmartphonehasbecomemore

thananeverydayproblem.

Irecentlyreadanarticleabout"nomophobia,“(40)isarealillnesspeoplecan

sufferfrom:thefearofbeingwithoutyourphone!IamworriedthatSammaybesuffering

fromthisillnessbecausehefeelsanxiousifhedoesn/thavehisphonewithhim,evenforash

orttime.

Whowouldhavethoughtthatlittiedeviceslikethesecouldhavebroughtsomuch

trouble!

SickandTired

Sadie

SectionB

Directions:Completethefollowingpassagebyusingthewordsinthebox.Eachwordcan

onlybeusedonce.Notethatthereisonewordmorethanyouneed.

A.accessB.alternativesC.assignedD.confirmedE.conflictingF.elementsG.function

H.innovativeI.prospectiveJ.separateK.supporting

Consideringhowmuchtimepeoplespendinoffices,itisimportantthatworkspacesbe

welldesigned.Well-designedofficespaceshelpcreateacorporation'simage.Theymotivate

workers,andtheymakeanimpressiononpeoplewhovisitandmightbepotential,or41z

customers.Theymakebusinessesworkbetter,andtheyareapartofthecorporateculturewe

livein.

Aswemoveawayfromanindustrial-basedeconomytoaknowledge-basedone,office

designershavecomeupwith42tothetraditionalworkenvironmentsofthepast.Thedesign

industryhasmovedawayfromafixedofficesetupandcreatedmoreflexible"/strategic

managementenvironment/'These43_solutionsaremeanttosupportbetterorganizational

performance.

Asemployeehierarchies（等级制度）haveflattened,ordecreased,officedesigners/

responsetothischangehasbeentomoveopen-planareastomoredesirablelocationswithin

theofficeandcreatefewerformalprivateoffices.Theneedforincreasedflexibilityhasalso

been44bychangesinworkstationdesign.Officesandworkspacesoftenarenot45_toagiven

persononapermanentbasis.Becauseofchangestomethodsofworking,newdesignsallowfor

expansionormovementofdesks,storage,andequipmentwithintheworkstation.Another

importantdesigngoaliscommunication,whichdesignershaveimprovedbyloweringthewalls

that46workstations.Designershavealsocreatedinformalgatheringplaces,andupgraded

employees'4?toheavilytraffickedareassuchascopyandcoffeerooms.

Corporateandinstitutionalofficedesignersoftenstruggletoresolveanumberof

competingandoften48demands,includingbudgetarylimits,employeehierarchies,and

technologicalinnovation（especiallyinrelationtocomputerization）.Thesedemandsmust

alsobebalancedwiththeneedtocreate/nteriors（内饰）thatinsomewayenhance,establish,

orpromoteacompany'simageandwillenableemployeesto4_9attheirbest.

Allthese50ofofficedesignarerelated.Themostsuccessfulofficedesignsarelikeagood

marriage---thewell-designedofficeandtheemployeesthatoccupyitareseeminglymadefor

eachother.

III.ReadingComprehension

SectionA

Directions:ForeachblankinthefollowingpassagetherearefourwordsorphrasesmarkedA,B,

CandD.Fillineachblankwiththewordorphrasethatbestfitsthecontext.

Ifyoustudiedpicturesthatancientpeopleleftonrockwallsandyoutriedtodetermine

theirmeaning,youwouldnotdetectadeepinterestinromanceamongtheartists.51,you

wouldseeplentyofanimalswithpeoplerunningafterthem.Lifeforancientpeopleseemedto

centeronhuntingandgatheringwildfoodsformeals.

Inmoderntimes,whenfoodisavailableingrocerystores,findingloveismore52to

people'slives.The53isallaroundus.Itiseasytopreparealistofmodernstorieshavingtodo

withlove.Anendlessnumberofbooksandmoviesqualifyaslovestoriesinpopularculture.

Researchersarestudyingwhetherlove,ahighlyvaluedemotionalstate,canbe54.They

ask,whatislove?Toothpastecompanieswantustothinkattractionisallaboutcleanteeth,but

cleanteethgoonlysofar.Scientistswonderhowmuchthebraingetsinvolved.Youhave

probablyheardthatoppositesattractbutthat55attract,too.Onethingiscertain:Thetruth

aboutloveisnotyetsetinstone.

FirstImpression

Tohelpdeterminethe56ofattraction,researcherspaired164collegeclassmatesandhad

themtalkfor3,6or10minutessotheycouldgetasenseofeachother'sindividuality.Then

studentswereaskedto57whatkindofrelationshiptheywerelikelytobuildwiththeirpartners.

Afternineweeks,theyreportedwhathappened.

Asitturnedout,their58judgmentsoftenheldtrue.Studentsseemedto59atanearly

stagewhowouldbestfitintotheirlives.

The60Knows

Scientistshavealsoturnedtononhumanstoincreaseunderstandingofattraction.Many

animalsgiveoffpheromones—naturalchemicalsthatcanbedetectedby,andthencan

producearesponsein,otheranimalsofthesamespecies.Pheromonescansignalthatananimal

iseitherreadytofightorisfeeling61topartnerships.Incontrast,humansdonotseemtobe

as62asotheranimalsatdetectingsuchchemicals.Smell,however,doesseemtoplayapart

inhumanattraction.Althoughwemaynotbeawareofchemicalslikepheromonesconsciously,

wegiveandreceiveloadsofinformationthroughsmellineveryinteractionwithotherpeople.

FaceValue

Beingfondofsomeoneseemstohaveanumberoffactors,includingseeingsomethingwe

findattractive.Researchershadpeoplejudgefacesfor63.Theparticipantshad0.013seconds

tovieweachface,yetsomehowtheygenerallyconsideredtheimagesthesameaspeoplewho

hadmoretimetostudythesamefaces.Thewaywe64attractivenessseemstobesomewhat

automatic.

Whenshownanattractivefaceandthenwordswithgoodorbadassociations,people

respondedto65wordsfasterafterviewinganattractiveface.Seeingsomethingattractive

seemstocausehappythinking.

SectionB

Directions:Readthefollowingthreepassages.Eachpassageisfollowedbyseveralquestionsor

unfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Choose

theonethatfitsbestaccordingtotheinformationgiveninthepassageyouhavejustread.

(A)

Looktomanyofhistory'sculturalsymbols,andthereyou'llfindanancestorofFrosty,the

snowmaninthemovieFrozen.ltappearedonsomeofthefirstpostcards,starredinsomeof

theearliestsilentmovies,andwasthesubjectofacoupieoftheearliestphotos,datingallt

hewaybacktothe1800s.Idiscoveredevenmoreaboutoneofhumanity'searliestforms

offolkartduringseveralyearsofresearcharoundtheworld.

Forexample,snowmenwereaphenomenonintheMiddIeAges,builtwithgreatskilIand

thought.Atatimeoflimitedmeansofexpression,snowwaslikefreeartsuppliesdropped

fromthesky.ltwasapopularactivityforcouplestoleisurelywalkthroughtowntoviewthe

temporaryworksofchillyart.Somewerecreatedbyfamousartistsjncludinga19-year-old

Michelangelo,whoin1494wasappointedbytherulerofFlorencejtaly,tobuildasnowman

inhismansion'scourtyard.

TheMiracleof1511tookplaceduringsixfreezingweekscalledtheWinterofDeath.Thecity

ofBrusselswascoveredinsnowmen—animpressiveseenethattoldstoriesoneverystreet

corner.Somewerepoliticalinnature,criticizingthechurchandgovernment.Somewerea

reflectionofpeople'simagination.ForthepeopleofBrussels,thiswasadefiningmomentof

artisticfreedom.Atleastuntilspringarrived,bywhichtimetheyweredealingwithdama

gingfloods.

Ifyoufeartheheydayofthesnowmanhaspassed,don'tworry:I'velearnedthatsomeex

plosivesnowmanhistoryisstiIIbeingmadetoday.Everyyearsince1818,thepeopleofZu

rich,Switzerland,celebratethebeginningofspringbyblowingupasnowman.Onthethird

MondayofApril,theholidaySechselauteniskickedoffwhenacottonsnowmancailedthe

Booggisstuffedwithexplosiveandparadedthroughtownbybakersandothertradesmen

whothrowbreadtothecrowds.TheparadeendswiththeBooggbeingplacedona40-foot

pileoffirewood.AfterthebellsoftheChurchofSt.Peterhaverungsixtimes,representing

thepassingofwinter,thepileislit.Whenthesnowmanexplodes,winterisconsideredof

ficiallyover-thequickeritisburntdownztheIongersummerissaidtobe.

66.Accordingtothepassage,whydidsnowmenbecomeaphenomenonintheMiddleAges?

A.Peoplethoughtofsnowasholyartsapplies.

B.PeopleIongedtoseemasterpiecesofsnow.

C.Buildingsnowmenwasawayforpeopietoexpressthemselves.

D.Buildingsnowmenhelpedpeopledeveloptheirskillandthought.

67.“Theheydayofthesnowman,z(paragraph4)meansthetimewhen.

A.snowmenweremademainlybyartists

B.snowmenenjoyedgreatpopularity

C.snowmenwerepoliticallycriticized

D.snowmencauseddamagingfloods

68.InZurich,theblowingupoftheBooggsymbolizes.

A.thestartoftheparade

B.thecomingofalongersummer

C.thepassingofthewinter

D.thesuccessoftradesmen

69.Whatcanbeconcludedaboutsnowmenfromthepassage?

A.Theywereappreciatedinhistory

B.Theyhavelosttheirvalue

C.Theywererelatedtomovies

D.Theyvaryinshapeandsize

(B)

ScaryBunny

TheCurseoftheWere-Rabbit(2005)isthefirstfull-lengthfeaturefiImmadeby

directorsNickParkandSteveBoxwiththeiramaz\r\gplasticine(粘土)charactersWallaceand

Gromit.ltwonanOscarin2006,andifyouwatchit,you'llunderstandwhy.lfsanabsolutely

brilliantcartooncomedy.

Cheese-lovinginventorWallaceandhisbrainydogGromithavestartedacompanytopro

tectthetown'svegetablesfromhungryrabbits.However,justbeforetheannualGiant

VegetableCompetition,anenormousrabbitbeginsterrorisingthetown.Itisattack!ngall

thevegetablesanddestroyingeverythinginitspath.Thecompetitionorganizer,Lady

Tottington,hiresWallaceandGromittocatchthemonsteralive.ButtheywilIhavetofind

thewere-rabbitbeforegun-crazyhunterVictorQuartermainewhoisdesperatetokillit.

Thescreenplayiswittyandfullofamusingvisualjokes.Asusual,thevoiceofPeterSallisis

absolutelyperfectfortheroleofWallace,andGromitissobeautifullybroughttolife,hecan

expressahugerangeofemotionswithoutsayingaword.AndbothHelenaBonham-Carter,

whoplaysthepartofLadyTottington,andRaiphFiennesasVictorarerealIyfunny.

Tosumup,丁heCurseoftheWere-Rabbitisanamazingfilmwhichissuitableforbothchildr

enandaduIts.IfyoulikedWallaceandGromit'spreviousadventuresandyouappreciateth

eBritishsenseofhumour,youIIlovethisfilm.Don'tmissit!

70.Inthefilmreview,whatisparagraphAmainlyabout?

A.TheintroductiontotheIeadingrolesB.Thewriter'sopinionofacting

C.Thewriter'scommentsonthestoryD.Thebackgroundinformation

71.Accordingtothefilmreview/'themonster/^paragraphB)refersto.

A.agun-crazyhunterB.abrainydog

C.ascaryrabbitD.agiantvegetable

72.Whichofthefollowingisareasonwhythewriterrecommendsthefilm?

A.It'sfuIIofwitandhumour.

B.Itscharactersshowfeelingswithoutwords.

C.ltisanadventurefilmdirectedbyPeterSallis.

D.Itisabouttheharmonybetweenmanandanimals.

(C)

OneoftheexecutivesgatheredattheAspenInstituteforaday-iongleadership

workshopusingtheworksofShakespearewasdiscussingtheroleofBrutusinthedeathof

JuliusCaesar.rutuswasnotanhonorableman:hesaid.〃Hewasatraitor(叛徒).Andh

emurderedsomeoneincoldbiood.〃TheagreementwasthatBrutushadactedwithcruelty

whenotheroptionswereavailabletohim.Hemadeabaddecision,theysaid-atleastasit

waspresentedbyShakespeare—totaketheleadinmurderingJuliusCaesar.Andthough

oneoftheexecutivesacknowledgedthatBrutushadthegoodoftherepublicinmind,C

aesarwasneverthelesshissuperior.Z/Youhavetounderstandtheexecutivessaid,“ourp

olicyistoobeythechainofcommand.”

Duringthelastfewyears,businessexecutivesandbookwriterslookingforanewwaytoad

visecorporateAmericahavebeenexploitingShakespeare'swisdomforprofitableends.

NonemoresothanhusbandandwifeteamKennethandCarolAdelman,well-knownadvise

rstotheWhiteHouse,whostartedupatrainingcompanycalledMoversandShak

espearesJTheyareamateurShakespearescholarsandShakespearelovers,andtheyhave

combinedtheirpassionandtheirhighlevelcontactsintoamanagementtrainingbusiness.

Theyconductbetween30and40workshopsannually,focasingonhalfadozendifferent

plays,mostlyforcorporations,butaIsoforgovernmentagencies.

Theworkshopsalltakethesameform,focusingonasingleplayasakindofcasestudy,and

usingindividualscenesasspecificlessons.InJuliusCaesar,forexample,Cassius'ss/y

provocation（狡诈的挑唆）ofBrutustotakeuparmsagainstCaesarwasabasisforad

iscussionofmethodsofteambuildingandgrassrootsorganising.

AlthoughneitheroftheAdelmansisacademicallytrainedinliterature,theprogrammes

containplentyofShakespearetraditionandbackground.TheirworkshoponHenryV,fore

xample,ineludesahelpfulexplanationofHenry'swinningstrategyattheBattleofAgincourt.

Buttheydocometothetextwithafewb/oses（偏向）：theirreadingofHenryl/minimizeshis

misuseofpower.Instead,theyemphasizethestoryoftheyouthwhoseizesopportunity

andbecomesamasterfulIeader.AndattheworkshoponCaesar,Mr.Adelmanshadlittle

goodtosayaboutBrutus,saying“thenoblestRomanofthemall"couldn'tmakehismindu

paboutthings.

Manyoftheparticipantspointedtoveryspecificelementsintheplaythattheyfelttoberel

ated.Caesar'spride,whichIedtohismurder,andBrutus'smistakesinleadingthetraitors

afterthemurder,theysaid,raisevitaiquestionsforanyoneservinginabusiness:whenand

howdoyouresisttheboss?

73.Accordingtoparagraph1,whatdidalltheexecutivesthinkofBrutus?

A.CrueLB.Superior.C.Honorable.D.Rude

74.Accordingtothepassage,theAdelmanssetup“MoversandShakespeares"to.

A.helpexecutivestounderstandShakespeare'splaysbetter

B.giveadviceonleadershipbyanalyzingShakespeare'splays

C.providecasestudiesofShakespeare'splaysinliteratureworkshops

D.guidegovernmentagenciestofollowthecharactersinShakespeare'splays.

75.WhydotheAdelmansconductaworkshoponHenryV?

A.Tohighlighttheimportanceofcatchingopportunities.

B.Toencouragemasterfulleaderstoplanstrategiestowin.

C.Toillustratetheharmofprejudicesinmanagement.

D.Towarnexecutivesagainstpowermisuse.

76.11canbeinferredfromthepassagethat.

A.theAdelmans'programmeprovesbiasedastherolesofcharactersaremaximized.

B.executivesfeelboredwithtoomanyspecificelementsofShakespeare'splays.

C.theAdelmanswillmakemoreprofitsiftheyareprofessionalscholars.

D.Shakespearehasplayedanimportantroleinthemanagementfield.

77.Thebesttitleforthepassageis.

A.Shakespeare'splays:ExecutivesreconsidercorporatecuIture

B.Shakespeare'splays:AnessentiaIkeytobusinesssuccess

C.Shakespeare'splays:alessonforbusinessmotivation

D.Shakespeace'splays:Dramatictrainingbringsdramaticresults

SectionC

Directions:Readthepassagecarefully.Thenanswerthequestionsorcompletethesta

tementsinthefewestpossiblewords.

Youthsporthasthepotentialtoaccomplishthreeimportantobjectivesinchildren's

development.First,sportprogramsprovideyouthwithopportunitiestobephysicallyactive,

whichcanleadtoimprovedphysicalhealth.Second,youth-sportprogramshavelongbeen

consideredimportanttoyouth'spsychosocialdevelopment,providingopportunitiestoIeam

importantlifeskillssuchascooperation,discipline,Ieadership,andself-control.Third,youth

sportprogramsarecriticalfortheIearningofmotorskiIIs(运动技能);thesemotorskills

serveasafoundationforfuturenationaIsportstarsandrecreationaladultsportpartici

pants.Whencoachersdevelopactivitiesforyouthpracticesandwhensportorganizationsd

esignyouth-sportprograms,theymustconsidertheimplicationofdeliberateplayanddeli

beratepractice.

ResearchfromTelama(2006)statesthatregularparticipationindeliberateplayor

deliberatepracticeactivitiesduringchildhoodandyouth(agesninetoeighteen)increases

thelikelihoodofparticipationinsportsduringadulthoodbysixtimesforbothmalesand

females.Cote(2002)definesdeliberateplayactivitiesinsportasthosedesignedtom

aximizeenjoyment.Theseactivitiesareregulatedbyflexiblerulesadaptedfromstandard!

zedsportrulesandaresetupbythechildrenorbyaninvoIvedadult.Childrentypically

changerulestofindapointwheretheirgameissimilartotheactuaIsportbutstillallowsfor

playattheirlevel.Forexample,childrenmaychangesoccerandbasketballrulestosuittheir

needsandenvironment(e.g.,inthestreet,onaplayingfieldorinsomeone'sbackyard).

Wheninvolvedindeliberateplayactivities,childrenarelessconcernedwiththeoutcomeof

theirbehavior(whethertheywinorlose)thanwiththebehavior(havingfun).

Ontheotherhand,Ericsson(1993)suggeststhatthemosteffectivelearningoccursthrough

involvementinhighlystructuredactivitiesdefinedasdeliberatepractice.Deliberatepractice

activitiesrequireeffort,producenoimmediaterewards,andaremotivatedbythegoalof

improvingperformanceratherthanthegoalofenjoyment.Whenindividualsareinvolvedin

deliberateplay,theyexperimentwithnewordifferentcombinationsofbehaviors,butnot

necessarilyinthemosteffectivewaytoimproveperformance.Incontrast,whenindivi

dualsareinvolvedindeliberatepractice,theyexhibitbehaviorfocusedonimprovingperf

ormancebythemosteffectivemeansavailable.Forexample,thebackhandskillsintennis

couldbeIearnedandimprovedovertimebyplayingmatchesorbycreatingfunpracticesit

uations.However,playerscouldmoreeffectivelyimprovetheirbackhandperformaneeby

practicingdrillsthatmightbeconsideredlessenjoyable.Althoughthedrillsusedindelibe

ratepracticemightnotbethemostenjoyable,theymightbethemostrelevanttoimproving

p