建筑项目招投标外文翻译文献

建筑项目招投标外文翻译文献建筑项目招投标外文翻译文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)BuildingengineeringbiddingYangCaoa,*,ShuhuaWangb,HengLiaaDepartmentofBuildingandRealEstate,HongKongPolytechnicUniversity,HongKong,ChinabStateKeyLaboratoryofNovelSoftwareTechnology,NanjingUniversity,Nanjing210093,ChinaAbstractNowadaysintheengineeringconstructionindustry,themarketwhichischaracteristicforprojectbidding,hasformed.Theconstructioncompanies,whichwanttocreategoodbenefits,havetocontroltheircostandimprovemanagementtoenhancethecapacityofadaptingandcompetinginthismarket.Thisarticlefocusesonhowtodecreasecostandincreaseincomesoastocontroltheconstructioncosteffectively.biddingdocumentsshouldbewellformulated,whichistheimprotmenttoasuccessfulbiddinganddirectinfluencethesuccessorfailureofthebiddingwork.Becasuethesuccessorfailureofthebiddingforthesurvivalanddevelopmentofenterprisehasadirectimpact,sowehaveahighquality,improvethebiddocumentsoftheunit,preventinvalidandsuccessfulpassmarkappear,becomearesearchtopic.[key]:biddingdrawbacksofunfaircompetitioncountermeasuresBiddingisaformofprojecttransactions,projectbiddingprocessistodeterminethesuccessfulbidderandthecostoftheprocessandthepriceoftheproject,projectbiddingworkofaveryimportantlink,doagoodjobbiddingtodeterminetheprice,wecaneffectivelycontrolconstructioncosts,andcreateafairandequitablemarketenvironment,createorderlycompetitionmechanism.Biddinginconstructionactivities,constructionenterprisesinordertotenderinvincibleworkstobesuccessful,Andfromthecontractedprojectsprofitable,itneedstointegratevarioussubjectiveandobjectiveconditions,thetenderresearchstrategydeterminetender.Tenderbiddingstrategy,includingpricingstrategiesandskills.Allofthestrategiesandskillsfromthenumerouscontractorsbiddingontheaccumulatedexperienceandobjectiveunderstandingofthelawandoftheactualsituationunderstanding,butalsowiththecontractor'sdecision-makingabilityandcouragearecloselyrelated.Biddingdocumentsisthegeneralprogrammeandplaybookofthebiddingactivitythroughtheprocessofbidding.ThebiddingdocumentswillspecifythatHowtoconducteachbiddingwork,howtodispatchbiddingdocuments,therequirementsfortenderer,howtorateanddecidebiddingandtheproceduresofbidding.Therefore,thepersonnelwhoisresponsibleforpreparebiddingdocumentsshouldfirsthaveageneralviewofthebiddingwork,includealltherequirementsandarrangementsintothebiddingdocuments.Ifmeetproblemsthathavenotbeenconsideredpreviously,thenresolvethemonebyoneduringthepreparation.Thecourseofbiddingdocumentspreparationisalsothecourseofmakingbiddingscheme.Inanotherrespect,biddingdocumentsisalsothelegalinstuments.Besidesrelevantlawandrules,thebiddingdocumentsarethecommongamerulesthatbidder,biddingagentandtenderershouldsubjecttothroughthebidding.Biddingdocumentsarethelegalinstumentsthatallthethreebiddingrelatedpartiesshouldsubjectto,havelegalforce,therefore,thebiddingdocuments-makingpersonnelrequiredtohavetheawarenessandqualityofleagalinordertoreflectthefair,justandlegalrequirementinthebiddingdocuments.InbuildingengineeringbiddinglawenforcementandthepracticeofprojectconstructionsupervisionsystemonstandardizingChina'sconstructionmarket,improvetheconstructionqualityandplayedanactiverole.Butintheprocessofimplementingexistsomedisadvantages,needstoperfect,enrichandimprove.ThisprojectbiddingdocumentsinaccordancewiththebiddinglawofthePeople'sRepublicofChinaforbidders,biddingregulation,enterprisestrictly,putforwardtobiddersprofessionalrequirementsofprojectprofilewasillustrated.Nowadaysintheengineeringconstructionindustry,themarketwhichischaracteristicforprojectbidding,hasformed.Theconstructioncompanies,whichwanttocreategoodbenefits,havetocontroltheircostandimprovemanagementtoenhancethecapacityofadaptingandcompetinginthismarket.Thisarticlefocusesonhowtodecreasecostandincreaseincomesoastocontroltheconstructioncosteffectively.InbuildingengineeringbiddinglawenforcementandthepracticeofprojectconstructionsupervisionsystemonstandardizingChina'sconstructionmarket,improvetheconstructionqualityandplayedanactiverole.Butintheprocessofimplementingexistsomedisadvantages,needstoperfect,enrichandimprove.ThisprojectbiddingdocumentsinaccordancewiththebiddinglawofthePeople'sRepublicofChinaforbidders,biddingregulation,enterprisestrictly,putforwardtobiddersprofessionalrequirementsofprojectprofilewasillustrated.Thepracticeofprojectbiddingpurposeistomarketcompetitionofopenness,fairnessandjustice.However,duetotheconstructionmarketdevelopmentisnotstandard,managementsystemandtheexperienceofinadequate,architecturalengineeringbiddinginconcreteoperationexistinACTSofunfaircompetition,andsomedrawbacks.Thisobviouslyviolatethebidding,thebiddingprocess,andwillloseitssignificanceforotherbidderfailstobidisunjust,disturbedthebidding(projectcontractingmarketeconomicorder,foractivities),thiskindofbehaviormustbeprohibited,onlyinthiswaycanwemakeconstructionengineeringcompetitivetradingactivitylawfullyhealthy.ThissubjectwillIlearnedandsocialpractice,presentsituationandconstructionprojectbiddingsystemisexpounded,andthedisadvantagesofbiddingforconstructionprojectwithACTSofunfaircompetitionphenomenonandanalysisofcauses,andfinallymakecorrespondingpreventivecountermeasures.Constructioncostmanagementsystem,boththeoreticaldiscussion,butalsoneedtopracticeinnovation.Undertheconditionsofmarketeconomy,projectcostmanagement,competitiveandorderlymarketforconstructionmanagementservicesplatformstructures.Insuchapremise,theoriginalscaleandmethodofvaluationisinappropriate,andthisneedstobereformedandimproved.Thespiritof"thegovernment'smacroregulationandcontrol,enterpriseautonomyoffer,themarketwillprice"principle,toimplementtheimplementationspecificationbillofquantity.InventoryValuationbiddingactivitiesarebasedonmarketeconomymechanism,basedonlegal,scientific,fair,openandreasonablewaytodeterminethewinningbidderofaneconomicactivity.Biddingisbiddingactivitiesconstitutetwobasicaspects.ThebiddingactivityismerelythatbybiddingtochoosetheonewiththeworkConstructionprocesscapability,moderatecost,qualityisexcellent,shortdurationofconstructionenterprises,andthisistheultimategoaltender.Ihaveparticipatedininternshipsoverthecourseoftheprojectbidding,andcompletedoverpartofthecalculationofquantities,combinedwithgraduateexperienceinthedesignprocess,abriefanalysisofthemodeQuantitiesCallforTenderThemeaningofriskandriskcharacteristicsofthegeneralconstruction,thelowestpricesealedbiddingconstructionmethodproducesseveralrisksandincentives,accordingtotheircharacteristicsdiscussedthefeasibilityofriskcontrolandprevention.Comparisonofengineeringandengineeringsecurityriskmanagement,insurance,similaritiesanddifferencesbetweenthetwoprojectsandbenefits;constructionprojectbiddingandtenderingprocesscharacteristicsofhumanbehaviorisanalyzedtorevealthebidder'sriskappetiteandbehavioralcharacteristicswithchangesintheexternalenvironmentchange,whenthedefaultpunishmentislight,thebidderpreferenceappetiteforriskanddefaultpenalties,withtheincreaseexceedsacertainvalue,theriskofbidderstoshowpreferenceforbehaviorchangetoavoidtheriskofpenalties,thegreaterthebidderbiasedinfavorofamorerisk-aversebehavior,theresultsofthecontrolandpreventionofriskbehaviorofbiddershasanimportantandpracticalsignificanceConstructionCostManagementfromthe"quantity-oneprice"planmodelto"priceofseparationvolume"modelofthemarket,andgraduallyestablishamarketprice-basedpriceformationmechanism,thepriceofthedecisioninthehandsofthepartiesinvolvedinthemarket,andultimatelytheallocationofresourcesthroughthemarketinordertorealizethroughthemarketmechanismtodecideonprojectcost.Thiswillstandardizetheconstructionmarket-competitivebehaviorandthepromotionofprojectbiddingmechanismsplayanimportantroleininnovation.Itcanbesaidthattheimplementationoftheprojectbillofquantitiesisaprojectcostmanagementsysteminourcountryabigstepforward,butalsoinChina'saccessiontotheWTO,theglobalconstructionindustryapowerfultoolforpeercompetition.Withtheconstructionofin-depthdevelopmentofthemarket,thetraditionalfixedpricingmodelnolongersuitedtomarket-orientedeconomicdevelopmentneeds.Inordertoadapttothecurrentprojectbiddingbythemarketneedsofaprojectcost,wemustworkontheexistingvaluationmethodsandpricingmodelforreform,theimplementationofprojectsbillpricing.Engineeringisalistofpricingmodelandadapttothemarketeconomy,allowingindependentcontractorpricingthroughmarketcompetitiondetermineprices,withtheinternationalpracticeofpricingmodel.Withthebillpricingmodelprojectstopromote,inaccordancewithinternationalbiddingpracticesisimperative.Therefore,"thelowestreasonablepriceofthesuccessfulbidder"Myfutureisthemostimportantevaluationmethods.AtthisstageduetotheimplementationofprojectsbillpricingmodelandtheproblemsmainlyagainstChinaatthisstage"intheminimumreasonablepriceoftheprinciplesofthesuccessfulbidder,mostcontractorshavenotyetsetuptheirownenterprisesofscale,companiesunabletodeterminethereasonableCost.Thisarticleisascientificandfastset"reasonablecost"tostudythekey.First,fromtheprojectcostofthebasicconcept,oftheengineeringbillpricingmodelunderthecoststructure,toaccuratelypredictcostsoftheprojectprovidedthebasis,consideringtheaveragecostofthesocialcosttoindividualenterprisesandthetenderstageofthecostestimates.Followedthroughonfuzzymathandtechnologyforsmoothin-depthanalysis,through"close-degree,"theconceptofreasonablefuzzymathandexponentialsmoothingtechnologies,constructionoftheprojectcostvaguepredictionmodel,andinaccordancewiththerelevantinformationandstatisticsInformationandexperiencetoestablisha"frameworkstructure,"thecomparisonworksConstructionCostManagementfromthe"quantity-oneprice"planmodelto"priceofseparationvolume"modelofthemarket,andgraduallyestablishamarketprice-basedpriceformationmechanism,thepriceofthedecisioninthehandsofthepartiesinvolvedinthemarket,andultimatelytheallocationofresourcesthroughthemarketinordertorealizethroughthemarketmechanismtodecideonprojectcost.Thiswillstandardizetheconstructionmarket-competitivebehaviorandthepromotionofprojectbiddingmechanismsplayanimportantroleininnovation.Itcanbesaidthattheimplementationoftheprojectbillofquantitiesisaprojectcostmanagementsysteminourcountryabigstepforward,butalsoinChina'saccessiontotheWTO,theglobalconstructionindustryapowerfultoolforpeercompetition.Ahealthybiddingsystemshouldbeinaccordancewiththe"open,fairandjustice"andtheprincipleofgoodfaith,andestablishaunified,open,competitiveandorderlyconstructionmarket.Inviewofthecurrentproblemsexistinginthebiddingprocess,adoptregulations,andformulateandperfecttheinstitution,strengtheningprocesssupervisionmeasures,theycanbetterregulateconstructionmarketorder,preventcorruptionfromitssource,purifyconstructionmarket,promotetheconstructionmarketorderprogressivelytowardstandardization,institutionalized,andconstantlyimprovethequalityandlevelofthebiddingwork.References[1]R.G.Casey,D.R.Ferguson,Intelligentformsprocessing,IBMSystemJournal29(3)(1990)435–450.[2]T.Watanabe,Q.Luo,N.Sugie,Layoutrecognitionofmultikindsoftable-formdocuments,IEEETransactionsonPatternAnalysisandMachineIntelligence17(4)(1995)422–445.[3]J.L.Chen,H.J.Lee,AnefficientalgorithmforformstructureExtrctionusingstripprojection,PatternRecognition31(9)Fig.9.Tablewithnoobviousseparatingsymbolbetweenrecords.(1998)1353–1368.Y.Caoetal./AutomationinConstruction11(2002)573–584583[4]L.Y.Tseng,R.C.Chen,Recognitionanddataextractionofformdocumentsbasedonthreetypesoflinesegments,PatternRecognition31(10)(1998)1525–1540.[5]K.C.Fan,J.M.Lu,G.D.Chen,Afeaturepointclusteringapproachtotherecognitionofformdocuments,PatternRecognition31(9)(1998)1205–1220.[6]S.Chandran,R.Kasturi,Structurerecognitionoftabulateddata,Proceedingsof2ndInternationalConferenceonDocumentAnalysisandRecognition,TsukubaScienceCity,Jap20–22,1993,pp.516–519.[7]K.Itonori,Tablestructurerecognitionbasedontextblockarrangementandruledlineposition,Proceedingsof2ndInternationalConferenceonDocumentAnalysisandRecognition,TsukubaScienceCity,Japan,Oct.20–22,1993,pp.765–768.[8]J.H.Shamilian,H.S.Baird,T.L.Wood,Aretargetabletablereader,Proceedingsof4thInternationalConferenceonDocumentAnalysisandRecognition,Ulm,Germany,Aug.18–20,1997,pp.158–163.[9]J.Y.Chiang,S.C.Tue,Y.C.Leu,Anewalgorithmforlineimagevectorization,PatternRecognition31(10)(1998)1541–1549.建筑项目招投标杨曹*,王建民,b,李亨a建筑部门和房地产、香港理工大学、香港、中国b国家重点实验室的小说软件技术、南京大学、南京210093,中国摘要目前在工程建设项目行业中，以工程招投标为特征的建筑市场已经形成，施工企业为创造良好经济效益，必须严格控制成本，加强成本控制管理，才能提高市场适应能力和竞争力。本文从降低成本、增加收入两方面阐述对施工成本的有效控制。投标文件的编制是投标工作的一个重要环节，直接影响投标工作的成败，投标的成败对企业的生存和发展有着直接的影响，因此要编制出高质量的投标文件，提高单位的中标率，防止无效标及废标出现。【关键词】：招投标不正当竞争防范对策招标投标是一种工程交易形式，工程招投标的过程就是确定中标人和工程价格的过程，而工程价格的确定，是工程招投标工作中非常重要的一个环节，搞好招投标工程的价格确定工作，可以有效地控制工程造价，创造公平、公正的市场环境，营造有序竞争的机制。在建筑工程招标投标活动中，建筑施工企业要想在投标中立于不败之地，中标得到工程，然后又要从承包工程中赢利，就需要综合考虑各种主观条件与客观因素、研究投标策略，确定投标方法。投标策略包括投标策略和作价技巧。所有的策略和技巧来自承包商的无数次投标的经验积累以及对客观规律的认识和对实际情况的了解，同时也与承包商的决策能力和魄力息息相关。从招标进程上讲，招标文件是招标活动的总纲和剧本。每项招标工作如何开始，如何发出招标文件，对投标人有什么要求，如何评标，如何决标，招标程序是什么，都在招标文件中做出规定，所以编制招标文件的人员首先要对本次招标工作有一个全局性的认识，把本次招标的要求和安排反映到招标文件当中，在编制当中也会遇到事先没有想到的问题，那就在编制当中逐一解决，编制招标文件的过程也是制定招标方案的过程。从另一个意义上来讲，招标文件也是法律文件，除了相关的法律法规外，在招标的全过程中招标人，投标人，招标代理机构共同遵循的游戏规则就是招标文件，这是参加招标工作三方人士必须遵循的法律文件，具有法律效力，所以编制招标文件的人员须有法律意识和素质，在招标文件中体现出公平、公正、合法的要求。我国建筑工程招投标法实施以及工程施工监理制度的实践，对规范我国建筑市场、提高建筑工程施工质量，起到了积极的作用。但是在实施过程中存在不少缺陷，需要完善、充实和提高。本工程招标文件根据《中华人民共和国招投标法》规定，对投标人，投标企业进行严格把关，对竞标者提出了专业性的要求，对工程的概况进行了说明。目前在工程建设项目行业中，以工程招投标为特征的建筑市场已经形成，施工企业为创造良好经济效益，必须严格控制成本，加强成本控制管理，才能提高市场适应能力和竞争力。本文从降低成本、增加收入两方面阐述对施工成本的有效控制。我国建筑工程招投标法实施以及工程施工监理制度的实践，对规范我国建筑市场、提高建筑工程施工质量，起到了积极的作用。但是在实施过程中存在不少缺陷，需要完善、充实和提高。本工程招标文件根据《中华人民共和国招投标法》规定，对投标人，投标企业进行严格把关，对竞标者提出了专业性的要求，对工程的概况进行了说明。实行工程招投标的目的是为了市场竞争的公开、公平、公正。但是，由于建筑市场发育尚不规范，管理体制的束缚以及经验不足等原因，建筑工程招标投标在具体操作中还存在不正当竞争行为和一些弊端。这显然违背了招投标的目的，整个招标投标过程也就失去了意义，对其他未中标的投标人来讲也是不公正的，扰乱了招投标（工程承发包市场）经济活动秩序，对于这类行为必须予以禁止，只有这样，才能使建设工程竞争性交易活动依法健康运行。因此本课题将结合本人所学及社会实践，对目前的建设工程招投标制度及现状进行阐述，并针对建设工程招投标存在的弊端与不正当竞争行为现象及产生原因进行分析，最后做出相应的防范对策研究。造价管理体系的建设，既包括理论上的探讨，又需要实践中的创新。市场经济条件下的工程造价管理，要为建筑市场有序竞争搭建管理服务平台。在这样一个大前提下，原有的定额和计价方法是不适应的，这就需要改革和完善。本着“政府宏观调控、企业自主报价、市场形成价格”的原则，来推行实施工程量清单计价规范。清单计价模式下招投标活动是建立在市场经济运行机制下，依据法律程序，以科学、公正、公开合理的方法确定中标人的一种经济活动。招投标是构成招标投标活动中两个最基本的环节。而招投标活动，无非是想通过招标，选择一家具有工工程施工能力、造价适中、质量较优、工期较短的施工企业，这也是进行招标的最终