医学英语课文翻译

第一单元

AHistoryofTCMTextAAHistoryofTCMThehistoryoftraditionalChinesemedicinecanbetracedthrougharchaeologicalexcavationsextendingbackmillionsofyears.Primitivepeoplespentmostoftheirtimeonbasicsurvival:hunting,locatingandpreparingplantsforfood,buildingshelters,anddefendingthemselves.It'seasytoimaginethatovertime,they'dhavesampledmostofthelocalplantsintheirsearchforfood.Intime,anoralrecordevolvedthatidentifiedthoseplantsthatmadegoodfood,thosethatwereusefulforbuilding,thosethathadaneffectonillness,andthosethatwerepoisonous.Throughtrialanderror,aprimitiveformofherbalmedicineanddietarytherapywastakingshapein

China.Firealsoplayedacentralroleintheirlivesasasourceofwarmth,fuel,and

light.Astheyhuddledaroundfires,itwasonlynaturalthatourancestorswoulddiscoverthehealingpowersofheat.Thosepowerswouldhavebeenespeciallyevidentforcold,dampailmentssuchas

arthritis,forwhichheatprovidesimmediaterelief.Thiswastheoriginoftheartofmoxibustion,thetherapeuticapplicationofheattotreatawidevarietyofconditions.Theseancientpeoplemusthaveexperiencedavarietyofinjuriesduringtheirruggedlives.Anaturalreactionto

pain

istoruborpressontheaffectedarea.Thishands-ontherapygraduallyevolvedintoasystemoftherapeuticmanipulation.Peoplediscoveredthatpressingoncertainpointsonthebodyhadwide-rangingeffects.Theybegantousepiecesofsharpenedboneorstonetoenhancethesensation,andacupuncturewasborn.WrittenHistoryofTraditionalChineseMedicineThewrittenhistoryoftraditionalChinesemedicinehasevolvedmostlyoverthelast3,000years.ArchaeologicaldigsfromtheShangDynasty(1,000b.c.)haverevealedmedicalwritingsinscribedondivinationbones:earlyshamans,mostly

women,usedscapulabonestoperformdivinationrites;latertheseboneswerealsousedforwriting.Thediscoveryin1973of11medicaltextswrittenonsilkhasshedsomelightonthesophisticatedpracticesofthatearlyperiodofChinesehistory.Datedto168B.C.,thetextsdiscuss

diet,

exercise,moxibustion,andherbaltherapy.Liberallymixedwithshamanisticmagic,anextensivetext,PrescriptionsforFifty-twoAilments,describesthepharmacologicaleffectsofherbsandfoods.AlsodatingfromaboutthistimeisthelegendofShenNong,theEmperorofAgriculture,whotasted100herbsdailytoassesstheirqualities.(Heissaidtohavebeenpoisonedmanytimesinthecourseofhisinvestigations.)ByA.D.400,thebasicfoundationsoftraditionalChinesemedicinehadbeenputintowrittenform.Bythistime,mostofthemagicalaspectsofmedicinehadbeenleftbehind;therewasanincreasingbeliefinthepowersofnaturetohealdisease.Themostimportantbookcompiledbetween300B.C.andA.D.400is

HuangDiNeiJing(Huangdi’sCanonofMedicine).Theworkisdividedintotwobooks:

SimpleQuestions

and

SpiritualAxis.Thefirstbookdealswithgeneraltheoreticalprinciples,whilethesecondmorespecificallydescribestheprinciplesofacupunctureandthetreatmentofdisease.Remarkably,thisancientworkisstillvalid;itformsthefoundationforthecontemporarypracticeoftraditionalChinesemedicine.Forexample,the

NeiJingstatesthatcolddiseasesshouldbetreatedwithhotherbs,andhotdiseasesshouldbetreatedwithcoldherbs.Thisprincipleisstillfollowedtodayinclinicalpractice.Hot,inflammatoryinfectionsaretreatedwithcoldherbssuchashoneysuckleflowersor

Coptis

root;cold,debilitatingconditionssuchas

chronicfatigue

aretreatedwithwarm,stimulatingherbssuchasginsengorAstragalus

roots.Modernresearchhasconfirmedthattheseplantscontainconstituentswithstrongpharmacologicaleffectsonthesespecificconditions.BythesecondcenturyA.D.,physiciansalloverChinawerecompilingwritingsofthelatestdiscoveriesinacupunctureandherbalmedicine.ItwasduringthistimethatthefamousphysicianHuaTuowroteaboutherbalanesthesia.Althoughhisformulafortheanesthetichasbeenlost,hisuniquesystemof

acupuncture

pointsisstillinuse.Hewasalsoapioneerinrecommendingexerciseasamethodofmaintainingwellness.Heisquotedassaying"arunningstreamnevergoesbad,"meaningexercisemoves

qi

andpreventsthestagnationthatleadstodisease.AnotherpioneerofthetimewasZhangZhongjing,whowrote

TreatiseonFebrileandMiscellaneousDiseases

afterwitnessinganepidemicthatravagedhiscityandkilledmostofhisrelatives.Thishighlyregardedphysiciandevelopedasystemofdiagnosissosophisticatedthatitisusedbypractitionersinmodernhospitals1,700yearsafterhisdeath.ProgressofMedicineinChinaTheprogressofmedicinein

Chinarunsparalleltothenation'spoliticalhistory.BetweenthesecondandfifthcenturiesA.D.,Chinaexperiencedaperiodmarkedbywar

andpoliticalturmoil.Oneoftheironiesofwaristhatithasatendencytoleadtoadvancesinmedicine.TheperiodictimesofunrestinChinesehistory,suchasthis,werenoexception,astheincreasedneedforpractical,convenient,effectiveremediesledtofurtherdevelopmentsinmedicaltreatment.Duringthistime,GeHongwrote

PrescriptionsforEmergencies

inordertospreadtheknowledgeofacupuncture

andmoxibustiontothemasses.AroundA.D.650,SunSimiaocompiled

PrescriptionsWorthAThousandGold,whichintegratedtheclinicalexperiencesofthedifferentschoolsofacupunctureatthattime.DuringtheTangDynasty(618-907A.D.),China'sImperialMedicalBureauestablisheddepartmentsofAcupuncture,Pharmacology,andMedicalSpecialties.Numerousadditionaltreatisesandcompilationsofmedicalknowledgeandexperiencewereprepared.续到今天。在中国许多受过西方教育的医生和科学家开始研究针灸、艾灸、草药，并开始逐步集成两个系统。1945年，在中国一个针灸诊所首次开在西医医院。自那时以来,中医和西医一直并存在中国的医院，一个医生有时会同时学习西医和中医。例如，一个癌症病人可能接受放疗来治疗癌症然后被送到中药部门以中药处方加强其免疫系统并使血细胞正常化。自1970年代以来，中国的医院在传统医学原则方面已经培养了来自100多个国家的学生。在美国，对中医的兴趣是由1970年代初当《纽约时报》记者詹姆斯·赖斯顿在中国经历了急性阑尾炎发作引起的。他的报道收录了针刺减轻了他术后的腹痛，使公众认识这种医疗体系。从那时起，针灸和草药已经逐渐在北美生根。超过10000的从业者和越来越多的中医学校,这个古老的医疗体系已在西方世界有了一席之地。第二单元YinandYangTextAYinandYangChineseMedicaltheory,thoughscientificinitsownright,isbuiltonafoundationofancientphilosophicalthought.ManyoftheseideasarebasedonobservationsofnaturalphenomenaandarethereasonwhyTraditionalChineseMedicine(TCM)hasremainedatrulyholisticapproachtohealthandwellbeing.TheTheoryofYinandYangisonesuchphilosophy.Itissaidtodatebacknearly6,000yearstothethirdorfourthmillenniumB.C.andisattributedtoanenlightenedphilosophernamedFuShi(alsocreditedwithcreatingtheI-ChingorBookofChanges).Thebasicpremiseofyinandyangisthenotionthattheonlyconstantfactorinnaturalphenomenaisuniversalchange.Inotherwords,nothingremainsthesame;nodisease,nocondition,noemotion,notreatmentordiagnosis,absolutelyeverythingisinaconstantstateoffluxand,therefore,subjecttothelawsofchange.YinandYangaremetaphoricalimagesusedtoexpresstheseconstantlytransforminginteractions.Theyhavenofixed,precisedefinition.Rather,theydescribetwobroadcategoriesofcomplementaryconceptswhichincludetherelationshipsofpositiveandnegative,dynamicandinert,creativeanddestructive,grossandsubtle,andkineticandpotential.ThisisquitesimilartothenotionofdialecticsasexpressedinWesternphilosophy.Withindialecticsthewholeisthesumofitspartsandinturnpartofthesumofagreaterwhole.Asthesevariouscomponentsinteract,thingsbecometheiropposites;i.e.,variablesbecomeconstants,causesbecomeeffects,andtheprocessofcreationleadstodestruction.Furthermore,thisideaisdemonstratedinmodernphysicswheresub-atomicinteractionsaretheresultofevershiftingpolaritiesandconstantlyvacillatingmagneticattractionsandrepulsions.Theentireuniversemaybeviewedastheinterplayandalternationofyinandyang.OriginallytheChinesecharactersforyinrepresentedthemoonandyangrepresentedthesun.Graduallythesetermswerebroadenedtoincludeyinasnightandyangasday,yinaswinterandyangassummer,andyinasfemaleandyangasmale.Infact,thereisnothingwhichcannotbeviewedfromthestandpointofyinandyang.Yinisthatwhichmaintainsandendures,itisnourishingandsupportsgrowthanddevelopmentaswellasbeingsomethingcontractingandmovinginward.Italsoincludesthefollowing:EarthAutumnCold,coldnessMoistureYangisthatwhichiscreativeandgenerating,itdevelopsandexpands;itisdynamicandfullofmovement.Italsoincludesthefollowing:HeavenSpring,summerHeat,warmthDrynessItisimportanttorememberthatyinandyangarenotstaticconceptsandthattheyareconstantlyinfluencinganddeterminingoneanother.Thereisalwayssomemeasureofyinwithinyangandviceversa.Tousetheanalogyofahillside;duringthedaythesunlitsideofthehillisyangwithinyang,whiletheshadedsideisyinwithinyang.Conversely,atnightthemoonlitsideofthehillisyangwithinyinwhilethedarksideofthehillisyinwithinyin.Inthisfluidmodelitmustbeunderstoodthatneitheryinnoryangcaneverexistwithouttheother.Infact,extremeyinwillengenderyang,anexampleofthiscanbeenseeninthepopularexpression"thedarkesthourisrightbeforethedawn".Naturally,theoppositeisalsotrue.Thesetypesofrelationshipsbecomesignificantwhentheyimpactthebody'sanatomyandphysiologyanditispreciselythesedesignationsthatareusedinthediagnosisofimbalancesinTCM.ForaTCMpractitioner,thenameofthediseaseisofsecondaryimportance.Theprimarykeytotheproperdiagnosisofsyndromesistheidentificationoftheconditionintermsofyinoryang.Inordertounderstandwhatthismeansletusexaminetheseconceptsinthecontextofhumanlife.Beginningatconceptionthesperm,whichisyang,uniteswiththeyinovumandanewlifeisformed.Asthatlifedevelopsandprogressestheenergeticstagesofyouthareyang;whereasthelateryearsareyinaslifeslowsandbecomesmoredeliberate.Eachstageisalsorelativetotheothersandcontainsameasureofbothyinandyang,justastheaforementionedhillsideisanexpressionofyinwithinyang,etc.Forexample,thequickgrowthofearlychildhoodisyangwithinyangandthetransitionfrommiddleagetooldageisyinwithinyang.Wecanalsoseethisphilosophyexpressedineverydaylife.Inrespiration,theexpansionofinhalationisyangwhiletheemptinesswhichresultsfromexhalationisyin.Indigestion,theyinsubstanceoffoodistransformedbythemetabolicactivityofyang.ItisthenconvertedintoQi(yang)andBlood(yin).QiandBloodinteractwithoneanotherusingthisparadigm.QimovesBlood,yetBloodisthoughttobethe"mother"orsourceofQi.Withinthebodyyinisexpressedasthematerialbasis,thetissueandsubstancewithoutwhichthetransformationofyangwouldnotbepossible.Thephysicalbodyitselfexpressesthismodel.Thelowerpartofthebodywhichconnectstotheearthisyinwhiletheupperbodyandextremitiesareyangandfreetomove.Thefront,whichcaneasilybeprotected,isyinwhiletheexposedbackisyang.Theinternalorgans,whichareenclosedandprotected,areyinrelativetothesurfaceofskinandmusclewhichareyang.Inaddition,theinternalorganscanbefurtherdifferentiatedinto

fu

(yang),whicharethe"hollow"organsthatareinvolvedwithdigestionandelimination,andzang

(yin)whichareinvolvedinassimilationandstorage.Each

zanghasacorresponding

fu

organwhichitispairedwithandwhiletheseconnectionsarenotrecognizedinWesternmedicalterms,theyareoftenutilizedinthetreatmentofdiseaseinTCM.Finally,diseaseanddiseaseprogressioncanbeviewedusingthisparadigm.Ifthebody'syangisweakitwillbeunabletowardofftheinvasionofapathogen.Iftheyinisweaktherewillnotbeenoughnourishmentandsupportfortheyangandtheresultwillbethesame.Expressedinotherterms,withoutthesubstance,theactiveimmunesystemisweakenedandwithoutactivitythesubstancebecomesvulnerable.Therefore,ifyinisdeficientovertimethenyangalsobecomesdeficientandviceversa.Notonlydoyinandyangbalanceeachother,theymutuallygenerateoneanother.ItispreciselythisbalancethattheTCMpractitionerusesvarioustreatmentstrategiestorestore.Theideaistoreestablishthebody'sinnateabilitytomaintainhealthanddefenditselffromdisease.Thenatureandprogressionofdiseasecanalsobeunderstoodusingthispattern.Whenadiseasedevelopsrapidly,itisintheacuteoryangstage.Asitprogressesandbecomesmorechronic,thusitenterstheyinstage.Usually,acutediseasesaffectthesurfaceorsuperficialaspectsofthebodywhilechronicdiseaseshavealreadyoverwhelmedthebody'sdefensesandgonedeeperintotheinterior.Inaddition,regardlessoflocationorduration,diseasecanbeclassifiedbyitsaffects.Extreme,severesymptomsareconsideredexcessandareconsequentlyyang.Incontrast,mildordiffusesymptomsaccompaniedbyweaknessareconsidereddeficientandarethereforeyin.Withregardtodiagnosis,thatwhichisinternal,cold,deficientorchronicisconsideredyin.Thatwhichisexternal,hot,excessoracuteisconsideredyin.WhenconflictingsignsarepresentitusuallypointstoamorecomplexconditionandtheTCMpractitionermustevaluateallthesymptomstogethertodeterminetheappropriatetreatmentstrategy.Insummary,itshouldbeevidentthatthedesignationsofyinandyangareuniversalandextendintoeveryaspectoflife.Becauseofitsubiquity,thistheoryisaveryusefultoolforunderstandingnaturalphenomenaandthereforecanbeanindispensablediagnosticaid.Whilethisisanancientparadigmitisnotprimitiveandthoughsimpleitcanbedevelopedintosurprisingcomplexity.Theonlylimitationoftheapplicationofthisuniversaltruthisone'sownperceptionandimagination.TextAYinandYang中医学理论，尽管是科学，但它是建立在古代哲学思想的基础上。它当中的许多想法是基于对自然现象的观察。这就是为什么中医药(TCM)是一个真正地从整体上保证健康和幸福的原因。阴阳理论就是这样一种哲学。据说可以追溯到大约公元前6000年到公元前3000年或4000年，是一个开明的叫浮石哲学家开创的。阴阳的基本前提是这样一种概念，在自然现象中唯一不变的因素是普遍改变的。换句话说，没有任何事情是保持不变的；没有疾病，没有条件，没有情感，没有治疗或诊断，所有事情都处于一种不断变化的状态中，因此，服从于变化的规律。阴和阳是用来表达这些不断改变交互隐喻的图像。他们没有固定的，精确的定义。相反，他们描述两大类互补的概念，包括积极的和消极的，动态的和静止的，创造性的和破坏性的，粗糙的和精细的，以及活跃的和潜在的等关系。这些非常类似于西方哲学中辩证法概念的表达。在辩证法中，整体是各部分的总和，反过来总和是更大的整体的一部分。随着这些不同的组分交互影响，事物变成为他们的对立；变化成为恒定，原因成为结果，创造的过程导致毁灭。整个宇宙可以被视为阴阳的相互作用和交替。最初的汉字阴代表月亮和阳代表太阳。这些术语逐渐被扩大到包括阴代表夜晚，阳代表白天，阴代表冬天，阳代表夏天，阴代表女性，阳代表男性。事实上，没有什么不能从阴阳的角度来看。阴是维护和延续。它滋养和支持增长和发展以及收缩和向内移动的东西。它和冷、静止、响应性、被动性、黑暗、内在性、向下性、向内性、