高中英语课时作业（译林版选修第四册）课时作业 4

课时作业(四)Unit2SectionⅠWeletotheunit&ReadingⅠ.阅读理解AMakingsmalltalkisdefinitelyanart,buttheupsideisthatthemoreyoudoit,thebetteryou'llbeatit.Findingtherighttopicstobringupisjustasimportantastheease(自在)inwhichyouconverse.Positivenewsitems.Thesetopicsaretimelyyetpositiveandcanusuallybediscussedwithstrangersorestablishedfriends.Thereasonwhythesetopicsworkisthatbytheirverynaturetheygiveyouopportunitiesinwhichtogrowyourconversation.Thingsgoingonaroundyou.mentingontheeventsrightbeforeyoureyesisaneasywaytomakesmalltalk,butbesuretolookforcluesintheresponsesyougetthatwillmovetheconversationforward.Justsayingsomethinglike“Greatevent,huh？”willpromptaone­wordresponse(yesorno)andthereforewillstall(使停止)theconversation.Askquestionsasyouobservethepeopleandactivitiesgoingonandyou'llhaveabettertimefindingmonground.Forexample,“Isn'tthisagreatevent?Weehereeveryyear,sinceourkidswerelittle.Whataboutyou?Whatbringsyouhere？”Thesequestionsgivesomefactsaboutyouthatthelistenerscanpickuponandalsoinvitethemtosharemoreaboutthemselves.Awordabouttheweather.Byfar,peopletalkabouttheweathermorethananyothertopicwhentheycan'tthinkofanythingelsetosay.Whiletheweatherisgenerallyabadtopicforsmalltalk,youcanmakeitbetterbyaddingdetail.Themainthingtokeepinmindwithsmalltalkisthatpracticemakesperfect.Themoreyoudoit,theeasieritwillbetofindtopicsthatworkoutwell.1．What'sthefirstparagraph'sfunction?A．Togiveament.B．Tointroducethebackground.C．Toleadinthetopicofthepassage.D．Tostresstheimportanceofsmalltalk.2．Whydopositivenewsitemsalwayswork?A．Theygiveyoucourage.B．Theygiveyouconfidence.C．Theymakeyoufeelhappyeveryday.D．Theygiveyouchancestostartyourconversation.3．Theunderlinedword“prompt”inParagraph3canbereplacedby“________”．A．spend B．reduceC．prevent D．cause4．What'sthebestwaytomakesuccessfulsmalltalkaccordingtotheauthor?A．Bypractisingoften.B．Bypraisingothersatfirstsight.C．Byaddingdetailwhilemakingsmalltalk.D．Byaskingquestionsasyouobservetheactivitiesgoingon.BHowthelanguagesoftheworldappearedislargelyamystery.Consideringthatitmighthavetakenthousandsofyears,itisattractivetoseehowdeafpeoplecancreatenovelsignlanguagesspontaneously.Interestingly,childrenplayedanimportantroleinthedevelopmentofthesenovellanguages.However,howexactlythishappenedhasnotbeendocumented.Inaseriesofstudies,researchersattemptedtorecreateexactlythisprocess.Childrenwereinvitedtostayintwodifferentroomsandanonlineconnectionwassetupbetweenthem.Afterabrieffamiliarizationwiththeset­up,theresearcherssneakily(偷偷地)turnedoffthesoundandwatchedasthechildrenfoundnewwaysofmunicatingthatgobeyondspokenlanguage.Thechildren'staskwastodescribeanimagewithdifferentthemesinaco­ordination(协调)game.Withaconcretething—likeahammerorafork—childrenquicklyfoundasolutionbyimitatingthematchingaction,forexample,eating,inagesture.Buttheresearchersrepeatedlychallengedthechildrenwithnew,moreabstractpictures.Inthecourseofthestudies,theimagestobedescribedbecamemoreandmoreplex,whichwasalsoreflectedinthegesturesthatthechildrenproduced.Inordertomunicate,thechildreninventedseparategesturesandbegantobinethem—thuscreatingakindofsmalllocalgrammar.Howdoesalanguageeintobeing?Basedonthepresentstudies,thefollowingstepsappearreasonable.First,peoplecreatereferencetoactionsandobjectsthroughsignsthatresemblethings.Thepreconditionforthisisamongroundofexperiencebetweeninteractionpartners.Partnersalsoco­ordinatebyimitatingeachothersothattheyusethesamesignsforthesamethings.Thesignsthusgaininterpersonalandeventuallyconventionalmeaning.Overtime,therelationshipsbetweenthesignsandthingsbeemoreabstractandthemeaningoftheindividualsignsbeesmorespecific.Grammaticalstructuresaregraduallyintroducedwhenthereisaneedtomunicateplexfacts.However,themostremarkableaspectofthecurrentstudiesisthattheseprocessescanbeobservedundercontrolledcircumstancesandwithin30minutes.5．Howdidtheresearcherscarryouttheexperiment?A．Bymakingthemunicationintotalsilence.B．Byinferringandcopyingthedocumentedmaterials.C．Byobservingchildrenmunicatingfacetoface.D．Bylisteningsecretlytothemunicationofchildren.6．Whatshouldchildrendointhestudies?A．Showhowtododifferentthingswithdifferenttools.B．Takeseveraloralexaminationsinlanguages.thingstootherswithoutspokenlanguages.D．Namesomeabstractobjectswhichtheyhaveneverseen.7．Whatistheprocessofcreatingalanguage?A．Signs→Acceptedmeaning→Interpersonalmeaning→LanguageB．Interpersonalmeaning→Acceptedmeaning→Signs→LanguageC．Acceptedmeaning→Interpersonalmeaning→Signs→LanguageD．Signs→Interpersonalmeaning→Acceptedmeaning→Language8．Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A．Thedevelopmentofnovelsignlanguages.B．Theformationoflanguages.C．Therolechildrenplayincreatinglanguages.D．Thecircumstancesoflanguagesbeingused.Ⅱ.完形填空Myfatherwasraisedinapoorfamilywithoutafather.Thefamilyoffivestruggledhardto__1__，whichcausedmyfathertobeextremely__2__withhismoney.Whenwechildren—twoolderbrothersandmyself—askedhimforspendingmoney,hisfaceturnedcold,saying“Ifyouareoldenoughtoask,youareoldenoughto__3__”.Sowhentheneed__4__，wetriedtoseekjobsintheneighbourhoodorsellproducefromthegarden.Hisattitudedidn't__5__aswegrewintoadulthoodandwenttojobsorcollege.Sincenoneofushadacar,wehadtotakethebuswheneverwecamehome.Thoughthebusstoppedabouttwomilesfromhome,fathernevermetus,eveninfierceweather.Ifsomeone__6__，hewouldsay,“That'swhatyourlegsarefor！”Forme,thewalkdidn'tbothermeasmuchasthefearofwalkingalonealongthehighwayandcountryroads.Ialsofeltthatmyfatherdidn'tseemconcernhimselfaboutmysafety.Thatfeeling__7__onespringevening.Ithadbeenanextremely__8__weekatcollege.Testsandlonghoursinlabshadleftme__9__.Ilongedforhomeandasoftbed.Asotherstudentsweremetattheirstops,Igazed__10__outofthewindow.Finally,thebusstoppedatmydestination.I__11__andwalkedhomewithmyluggage.Arowofhedge(树篱)wasalongthedrivewaythatclimbedthehilltoourhouse.OnceIturnedoffthehighwayandsawthehedge,Iwasalways__12__becauseitmeantthatIwasalmosthome.Onthatparticularevening,thehedgehadjusteinto__13__whenIsawa(n)__14__movingtowardsthehousealongthetopofthehedge.Uponcloser__15__，Irealizeditwasmyfather.ThenIknew—eachtimeIcamehome,hestoodb