大学英语跨文化交际教程课后答案完整版

Unit1AKeyconceptsreservation:谦逊的coldness:冷静的modesty：谦虚的humor：幽默的sportsmanship：运发动精神Q1、whatisareservedpersonlike?Answer:Areservedpersonisonewhodoesnottalkverymuchtostrangers,doesnotshowmuchemotion,andseldomgetsexcited.Q2、whatisthecharacteroftheEnglishmen?Answer:reserved、humor、modesty、cold、sportsmanship.Q3、whatissportsmanship?Answer:sportsmanshipistheabilitytopracticeasportaccordingtoitsrules,whilealsoshowinggenerositytoone’sopponentandgoodtemperindefeat.CasestudyQ、WhatmadetheBritishfeelquiteunhappyinthissituation?Answer:TheloudspeakingandspeakingtheirnativelanguagemadethereservedBritishfeelquiteunhappy.TheEnglishmanisreserved,hedoesn’tshowmuchemotionandseldomgetsexcited.Unit1BKeyconceptsthepioneeringspirit创业精神tryingsomethingnew探索精神equality平等nationaloptimism民族乐观freedom自由theDeclarationofIndependence独立宣言rags-to-richer白手起家socialmobility社会流动性Americandream美国梦Comprehensionquestions1.CanyousummarizethecharacterofAmericans?ThecharactersofAmericansarethepioneeringspirit,tryingsomethingnewandbeingeagertoequalityandfreedom.TheAmericaniscompetitive,friendly,spontaneous,adaptable,efficient,energetic,andkindhearted.2.InwhatsenseisthepioneeringspiritstillanimportantpartoftheAmericancharacter?1).Exceptfortheslaves,immigrantscametoAmericavoluntarilyinsearchofgreaterprosperityandfreedom.(para3)2).Inthemid-nineteenthcentury,thepioneeringspiritledAmericansettlerstotravelwestwardinsearchoflandandgold.(para4)3).Thedesiretostartanewlifeinanewplaceisnoticeablethroughoutthenation.ManyAmericanschangeresidenceseveryyear.(para5)4).Americanswhodon’tchangeresidencearealsoonthemove—travelingbyairorautotoseetheirowncountryortovisitothers.TheneedtoexploreanewfrontierisbasictotheAmericancharacter.(para7)3.WhatistheAmericanDream?WhatisitsimpactontheAmericancharacter?TheAmericanDreamisthebeliefthatanyindividual,nomatterhowpoor,canachievewealthandfamethroughdiligenceandvirtue.Impact:Americansareoptimisticandadventurous.ThetypicalAmericanbelievedintryingsomethingnewinanattempttomakelifebetter.Hehadafirmfaithinthepossibilityofprogress.EverydayineverywayIamgettingbetterandbetter.4.WhatarethebasicrootsofAmericancharacter?ThebasicrootsofAmericancharacterarethepioneeringspirit,thelibertyspiritandtheequalityspirit.CasestudyQ;WhydidtheAmericanfeeluncomfortable?PleasegivehimsuggestionsonhowtogetalongwithEnglishpeople.TheAmericandidsomethingthathethoughtisfriendly,buttheEnglishseemedquiteunfriendlytohim,sohefeltuncomfortable.Americanisabitcasual,optimisticandoutgoing.Hecalledthefirstnamesandtouchedthepeopleontheshoulder.But,Englisharereservedandconservative.Theydislikephysicaltouchanddisliketoshowmuchemotion.It’salsonotpolitetocallthefirstnames.Suggestions:1.OnthewholeBritishhabitsofpolitenessareveryinformal.Allpolitenessisbasedontheelementaryruleofshowingconsiderationforothers,andacknowledgingtheconsiderationtheyshowtoyou.2.ConversationinBritainisingeneralquietandrestrainedandloudspeechisconsideredill-bred.PassageCTheChineseCharacterComprehensionQuestionsApartfromfamily,whatareotherimportantunitsinChinesesociety?Howdotheywork?Clan.Aclanistheaggregateofkinship.Aclanmaycompriseawholevillageorsuburb,andcounties,provincesandstateareconglomeratesofavastnumberofvillagesandsuburbswithsuchclanpopulations.GroupinglinkedbyfriendshipormarriageisalsoanotherimportantunitinChinesesociety.Adistrictmayhaveallitsgroupingssoassociatedtogether,andthisformsthebasisforcommonactioninanemergency.WhyisChinaacountrywithhighlycomplicatedsocialrelationship?Whataresupposedtobetheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofit?Chinesesocietyappearsasamassofcirclesorgroupingsratherthanstatusorlevels.Withineachcircleorgroupingthepeoplearerelatedinclanorcloserkinshipandoffercooperationandsuccortoeachother.Marriageandfriendshipcreatedlinkswithotherclansandgroupings.Therefore,adistrictmayhaveallitsgroupingssoassociatedtogether.So,thesocialrelationshipinChinaismorecloseandcomplicatedthanWesterncountries.Suchkindisgoodforthesteadyofasocietyandpeacefullife,goodforgoverningbutnotgoodfordevelopment,foranynewideasandreformation.Itisaspersonalorientedsociety.Sometimesitiseasytodealwithsomething,butothertimesitmakesthingsmorecomplicatedandevenhinderthedevelopmentofasociety.Forexample,thecomplicatedsocialrelationbecomesabigbarrierfortheimplementationoflawandjustice.Itmaygiverisetotheunequalofchanceandresources....(afreeanswerquestion)CanyoulistsomeofthecharacteristicsofthegeneralcharacteroftheChinesepeoplebasedonthetext.Trytogivethepossiblereasonsfortheformationofsuchcharacter.Chinesepeoplearecompromising,patient,mediative,harmonious,obedient,passive,pacific,long-viewing,tolerant,filial,conservative,thrift,friendly,diligent,andsoon.Theytendtobeinlowprofile,hidetheirstrengthanddepreciatetheirsuccess.ThecharacterofChineseiscausedbymanyfactors.Fromthetext,weknowitscloselyrelatedtotheorganizationofChinesesociety.TheChinesesocietyisorganizedbyclansorfriendsofcloseassociation.Itisabigcircleofcomplicatedrelations.Tomaintainthesteadyofthecircle,suchkindsofcharacterareofsignificantimportance.CaseStudyChinaisasocietyofcomplicatedsocialrelation.Friendisaveryimportantfactorinsociety.Chinesepeopletakecareofmaintainingfriendshipandtendtoavoiddirectconflictormakingotherloseface.Inthiscase,tomaintainthefaceofJimmy,IwouldnotmentiontheborrowedmoneyinthefaceofJimmy.ButJimmykeepingreminding"I"ofthemoneymade"I"feelquiteembarrassed,andabitangry."I"thoughtJimmywasnotfriendly.Americaisasocietyadvocatesindividualismandtheirsocialrelationisquiteloose.Theythinkfriendisfriend,moneyismoney.What'smore,comparedwithChinesesociety,itisonewithlow-contextedculture,inwhichpeoplewouldputeverythinginwordsandsayitdirectly.Inthecase,Jimmyreminded"I"onceagainaboutthemoneylest"I"forgetaboutit.ToJimmy,itwasthefaultof"I"notmentioningabouttheborrowedmoneyearlier.So,when"I"askedaboutit,hesaid"Whydidn'tyouremindmeearlier?"What’smore,Americansdon’treadilygivemoneytoothers,whichwillmostlikelyrenderasenseofhumiliationaboutone’sabilitytoearnone’sownliving.Sointhiscase,Jimmyisabitannoyedfor“I〞notremindhimtopaybacktheborrowedmoney.Hethoughtthathehadbeenlookeduponby“I〞.Unit2Akeyconcept:FiveRelationshipsofConfucianism孔子的五伦思想humanism人道主义individualism个人主义collectivism集体主义individual'sright个人权利1.AccordingtoConfucianism,whatarethefivecardinalrelationshipsinChinesesocietyandwhatshouldtheserelationshipsbe?Fivecardinalrelationship:ruler-minister,father-son,husband-wife,elder-youngerbrotherandfriendandfriend.Thiswasexplainedas“Thereshouldbeaffectionbetweenfatherandson,righteoussenseofdutybetweenrulerandminister,divisionoffunctionbetweenmanandwife,stratificationbetweenoldandyoung,andgoodfaithbetweenfriends.〞2.CanyoutellthemaininfluenceofConfucianismontheideologyofChinesepeople?IntraditionalChinesebeliefs,especiallyinConfucianism,collectivismisappreciated.Itemphasizescooperationamonggroupmembersandindividualsuccessisduetothecollectiveeffortofthestaffinaunit,anorganizationoracommunity.3.CanyoutellthemaininfluenceoftheRenaissanceonWesternvalues?IntheRenaissanceperiodofEngland,peoplebegantoemphasizethedignityofhumanbeingsandtheimportanceofthepresentlife.ThisistherudimentofHumanism.Peoplebegantorespectthehumanityfromthenon,andthendevelopedintotheideasofwhatwealwayscallfreedom,democracy.4.Whatisthedifferencebetweencollectivismandindividualism?Individualismreferstothedoctrinethattherightsoftheindividualarethemostimportantonesinasociety.Collectivismemphasizescooperationamonggroupmembers.(1)Westernerstendtobelievethatpeopleshouldrelyonthemselvesasmuchaspossible--andusuallyexpectotherpeopletodothesame.Peopleincollectivistculturesgenerallyfeeltheyhavearighttoexpecthelpfromothermembersoftheirgroups,andtheyalsotendtofeeltheyhaveanobligationtohelpothermembersoftheirgroups.(2)Westernersgenerallyfeelthattherightsofindividualsshouldnotbesubordinatedtotheneedsofalargergroup.Peopleincollectivistculturesaregenerallymorewillingtoaccepttheideathatindividualsshouldsacrificeforthebenefitofthegroup.(3)Westernerstendtobelievethatindividualsshouldmakedecisionsforthemselves,andthatindividualsshouldtakecreditresponsibilityforwhattheyarepersonallydone.Peopleincollectivistculturestendtofeelmorethattheyarerepresentativeoftheirgroup,andtoacceptmoreresponsibilityforothermembersoftheirgroupstoo.(4)Westernerstendtoviewindividualismasagoodthing.TheChinesetermfor“individualism,〞gerenzhuyi,oftenhasasomewhatnegativeconnotation,andissometimesusedasasynonymfor“selfishness〞.5.WhyisitsaidthatAmericansareselfish?Doyouthinktheyareselfish?whyorwhynot?BecauseChinesetermfor“individualism,〞gerenzhuyi,oftenhasasomewhatnegativeconnotation,andissometimesusedasasynonymfor“selfishness〞.No,Idon’tthinkso.Individualismreferstothedoctrinethattherightsoftheindividualarethemostimportantonesinasociety.Theword“individualism〞hasnonegativeconnotation,infact,itsconnotationissomewhatpositive.6.ArealltheWesternersindividualists?ArealltheChinesecollectivists?(P20para20)SayingthatWesterncultureisindividualistdoesnotmeanthatallWesternersarealwaysindividualist.Rather,itmeansthatWesternersaremorelikelytothinkandactinindividualistwaysthanpeopleincollectivistculturesare.Thedifferencebetweenindividualistandcollectivistculturesisrelative,notabsolute.Casestudy1.WouldyoupleasehelpShiHaiinterprettheChinesesayinghementioned?Commonfameisseldomtoblame;shootthebirdwhichtakesthelead;Theoutstandingusuallybearthebruntofattack.2.WouldyoupleasemakesuitableexplanationsforhisdecliningthepromotionsothatJoewouldunderstandhim?Chinesepeoplerespectcollectivismandemphasizecooperation,soindividualsuccessisduetothecollectiveeffortofthestaffinaunit.sohethinksheshouldnotreceivethehonorpersonally.Unit3Akeyconcept:Nuclearfamily核心家庭happinessofindividualmember个人主义幸福Senseofequality平等意识independenceandindividualism独立自主1．HowdoAmericanstreattheirnewly-bornbabiesandyoungadults?TheAmericanparentsputanewborninaseparatebedroomwhenthechildisafewweeksold.Theyliketopreservetheirprivacy.2.WhatisthebaseofanAmericanmarriage?WhyisdivorceratesohighintheUnitedStates?(1)RomanticloveismostoftenthebasisformarriageinU.S(2)Theyareextremelyidealistaboutmarriage,andtheywantdeeplylovedanddeeplyunderstood.ButitisbecauseAmericansexpectsomuchfrommarriagethatsomanydivorced.3.WhatisthetypicallifeoftheoldpeopleinAmerica?Whydon’ttheylivetogetherwiththeirchildren?(1)Americanoldpeopleliveapartfromtheirchildren.Somefamiliesmayplaceolderrelativesinnursinghomes.(2)Theirfinancialsupportisoftenprovidedbygovernment-sponsored,socialsecurityorwelfaresystems.Andolderpeopleoftenseektheirownfriendsratherthanbecomingtooemotionallydependentontheirchildren.4.AsachildinaChinesefamily,howcanyoumakeyourparentshappy?Answerisopen.1).Toadvancethefamilyasagroupandbringhonortothefamilynameaswell.2).Toshowfilialdutyandresponsibilitytoparents.3).Toemphasizethepeaceandharmonyofafamily.case1:Q1：Hewillfeelamazingandsympathyforher,forwhichsheisoldenoughbutstilllivingalone.Q2:InindividualistcultureslikethatoftheUS,childrenarealienatedfromparentsbecauseparentschainthemtobeindependent,“pushthemoutofthenest〞.Becauseoftheculturalemphasisonself-reliance,themotherfeelsitisinappropriatetoaskforhelp,andthechildrenmayeventhinkitisinappropriatetooffer.Individualismleadspeopletofeeltheyshouldstayoutofeachother’sbusiness.Case2:1).ItisanoffencetoslapachildinAmerica,butnotinChina.InAmerica,ill-treatingthechildrenisillegal.ThepolicemayarresttheparentsandsendthechildrentoDCFSshelter.InAmerica,asenseofequalityoftenexistsinAmericanhomes.3).InChina,parentsregardtheirchildrenasprivateprosperity.ChinesethinkBeatingmeanslove,scoldingmeansaffectiontochildren.Unit3BKeyconcepts：Amemberofmanygroups各种群体中的成员Impermanence暂时Personalgoals个人目标/Individual’needs个人需求Responsibilities职责Aseriesofconcentriccircles一系列同心圆Stable稳固ConnectionVScontract关系和合约ComprehensionquestionsWhatarethecharacteristicsofAmericansocialrelationship?Impermanentandloose,individual’sneedscomefirst,contractualandcompartmentalized.WhyisAmericansocialrelationshipimpermanent?Theyaremembersofmanygroupssimultaneously.Iftheypersonalgoalsarenolongerbeingmetbyagroup,theymoveonandprobablylooktonewassociatesforthebenefitstheyusedtoreceivefromtheformergroup.CanyoudrawapicturetoillustratethepatternofChinesesocialrelationship?Whoareintheinnermostpartandwhoareintheoutside?whatisthedifferencebetweeneachpart?eq\o\ac(○,2)Iandfamilyareintheinnermostpartwhileeveryoneelseinthegeographicareaornationorworldareintheoutside.eq\o\ac(○,3)thedifferencebetweeninnerandoutsideisfrommostimportanttoleastimportant.WhatarethedifferentunderstandingoffriendbetweenChineseandAmerican?1).Americanshavecasual,friendlyrelationshipswithmanypeople,butdeeper,closefriendshipswithonlyafew.(para8)Americanfriendshipstendtobeverycompartmentalizedbecausetheyarebasedonasharedactivity,event,orexperience.(para9)2).Chinesearelikelytoreactmoretotheotherpersonasawholeandwillavoidformingfriendshipswiththosewhosevaluesandbehaviorsareinsomewaydeemedundesirable.(para10)Doyouthinkfriendshipsharessomecommonelementsindifferentcultures?Ifyoudo,whatarethey?Answerisopen.Bothregardfriendshipasaveryimportantthingtoindividuals.Case1BecauseJacksonthinksfriendshipismostlyamatterofprovidingemotionalsupportandspendtimetogether.It’snotappropriatefortheAmericanstousepersonalconnectionstohelpafriendgetsomethinghardtoobtain.Thissituationcreatesdependenceofonepersonontheotheranditgoesagainsttheprincipleofequality.Case21.Notreally,justbecausetheirchildrenliketoplaytogether,thesetwowomenplantogettogetherateachother’shouses.2.Theyarecommonfriends.a).Americanfriendshipsarebasedonasharedactivity,event,orexperience.b).Theyviewthemselvesandothersasacompositeofdistinctinterests.c).Theirchildrenliketoplaytogether,sotheyhavesomecommoninterests.d).Theymaygettogetherjustbecausetheirkidswouldenjoythat.Case3Q1.Theybrokentheirfriendshipbecausetheyfinishedtheycommonchemistryclassanddidn’tseeeachotherverymuchatschool.NooneshouldbeblamedforitbecausethedifferentculturebetweenJordanandtheUnitedStatesleadtodifferentattitudestofriendship.Q2.NoIdon’tthinkso.BecauseAmericanfriendshipisimpermanentandbasedonasharedclass,activityorevent.Ifonedropoutofit,theymaylosecontactwiththefriendswithwhomtheysharedthatactivity.Unit5AKeyconcepts：Gentlenessandbenevolence温柔与仁慈harmony和谐violenceandcruelty暴力和残酷conquestovernature征服自然exquisitenessandtaste精致和品位nutritionandbalance均衡营养pragmatism实用主义Whatarethefunctionsofchopsticks?Chopstickscannip,pick,ripandstirfood.WhatarethepossiblereasonsforAmericans＇useofforksandknivesatdinner?TheancestorsofmanyWesterncountrieslivedbyhunting.Meatwastheirbasicfoodsourceandgraduallytooktheplaceofstaplefood.Theyhadtouseforksandknivestocutandporktheirfood.WhydoChinesepaymoreattentiontothetasteoffood?ThatappealstothetraditionalideologyofChina.Confuciusemphasizedthedelightthatfoodcouldbringtous.ThestandardsofqualityandtastethatConfuciusrecommendedrequiredtheperfectblendofingredients,herbsandcondiments---ablendwhichwouldresultintheperfectcombinationofflavor.WhydoAmericanspaymoreattentiontonutrition?Undertheinfluenceofpragmatism,foodoreatingisjustawaytokeephealthytoWesterners,havinglittletodowithartistry.Whattheycareaboutmostisthenutritioncontainedinfoodandthebalanceofthewholedietstructureratherthanexquisitenessincuisineandtasteoffood.DoyouknowwhyvegetablesbecamethestaplefoodoftheChinese,whilemeatbecamethemainfoodofAmericans?1.Historically,Chinaisanagriculturalcountry,whiletheancestorsofAmericanslivedbyhunting.2.Environmentally,Chinahasalargeamountofpopulationandlackoflandtosupportacattleindustry.Americahasanabundanceoffertile,flatlandforgrazingcattleandfoodproduction.CaseStudy:1.WhydidLingHong’smotherkeeponencouragingSusantoeatmoreevenafterSusanrefused?InChineseculture,LingHong’smotherkeptonencouragingSusantoeatmoreistoshowthehospitalityofthehosttoSusan.2.WhydidSusanfeelembarrassedwhenLingHong’smotherputsomefoodinherbowlwithherchopsticks?Becauseinwesternculture,foodisusuallyservedseparatelytoeachperson----partlyforhygienereasonsandpartlyduetoindividualism.Unit6AKeyconcepts：1.Creativity:创造力theabilitytouseyourimaginationtoproducenewideas,makethings.2.Exploring:探索1)、todiscussorthinkaboutsomethingcarefully；2)、totravelaroundanareainordertofindoutaboutit；3)、writtentofeelsomethingwithyourhandoranotherpartofyourbodytofindoutwhatitislike3.Self-reliant：自主的abletodoordecidethingsbyyourself,withoutdependingonthehelporadviceofotherpeopleOriginality：.独创性1.theabilitytothinkandactindependently2.thequalityofbeingnewandoriginal(notderivedfromsomethingelse)Moldingandshaping:塑造toguide(sb.)withtheintenttocontrol.1、HowdotheChineseteachtheirchildren?HowdoAmericando?Canyoufindthetheoriessupportingthedifferentteachingmethods?2.Answerisopen.3.Answerisopen.Don’thelpthebabystandimmediately.Letthebabyexploreandexperience,andtrytofindthebalancetostandbyitself.Case1:Firstly,Chinesestudentsareusedtotakewhattheteacher'ssaidasauthority,andtrytomemorizewhatisgiveninlessons.Ontheotherhand,teachinginChinafocusmoreonknowledgethanoncreation,tomakestudentswiththesameideas,thesameknowledge.Moreover,tothem,itisimpolitetochallengetheteacher'swords,toformdifferentideasfromtheteacher.ButtotheWesterners,thingsarequitedifferent.Theaimofwesterneducationistoproducestudentswithdifferentideas,todeveloptheircreativity.Tothem,themorequestionsaskedinclassmeansmoreattentionyougivetowhattheteachersays.Andmoreinterestyoushowtothetopicandtheteacher.So,inthiscase,ProfessorJohnsonmistookthesilenceofthestudentsastheirnointerestinhissubject,andfeltdisappointed.Case21.BecausetheAmericanteacherthoughtthatIwasanadult,Ishouldatleasthavesomeideasaboutaquestion,nomatterhowdifficultitis,eventheansweristotallywrong.2.Chineseeducatorsareusedto“teachingbyholdinghishand〞.Solongasthestudentsareshownhowtodosomething,theyarelesslikelytosolveaproblemeffectivelybythemselves.Theymaylackofcreativityandself-reliance.unit7AKeyconcepts；1.Monochronictime:单一时间anapproachthatfavorslinearstructureandfocusononeeventorinteractionatatime.2.Polychronictime:多元时间peoplemayattendtomanythingshappeningatonceinthisapproachtotime3.linearstructure:线性结构sequentialblocksthatcanbeorganized,quantified,andscheduled.4.Scheduleoriented:以方案为方向的peopledoingonethingatatimeduringaspecifiedtime-period,workingonasingletaskuntilitisfinished.5.Peopleoriented:以人为方向的donotemphasizeschedulingbyseparatingtimeintodiscrete,fixedsegments.6.Punctuality:严守时间everyoneissupposedtoarriveontimewhenattendingaformalbanquetormeetingappointments.Comprehensionquestions(p82)1.Whatismonochromiccultures?Whatispolychromiccultures?Monochronicculturestypicallyemphasizedoingonethingatatimeduringaspecifiedtime-period,workingonasingletaskuntilitisfinished.Polychronicculturesareinvolvedwithmanythingsatonce,usuallywithvaryinglevelsofattentionpaidtoeach.2.whatarethedifferentattitudesmonochromicpeopleandpolychromicpeopleholdtowardtime?Monochronicpeopleseetimeasbeingdividedintofixedelements(s