纺织服装国际贸易中英文对照外文翻译文献

中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)原文：ExportCompetitivenessofIndianTextileandGarmentIndustryINTRODUCTIONTheinternationaltradeintextileandclothingsectorshasbeenaegregiousexceptiontothemostfavourednationprincipleofGATTand,sincetheearly1960s,hasbeenacaseofmanagedtradethroughforcedconsensus.However,theWTOAgreementonTextileandClothing(ATC)markedasignificantturnaround.AccordingtotheATC,beginning1stJanuary1995,alltextilesandclothingproductsthathadbeenhithertosubjectedtoMFA-quota,arescheduledtobeintegratedintoWTOoveraperiodoftenyears.“Thedismantlingofthequotaregimerepresentsbothanopportunityaswellasathreat.Anopportunitybecausemarketswillnolongerberestricted;athreatbecausemarketswillnolongerbeguaranteedbyquotas,andeventhedomesticmarketwillbeopentocompetition”.From1stJanuary2005,therefore,alltextileandclothingproductswouldbetradedinternationallywithoutquota-restrictions.Andthisimpendingrealitybringstheissueofcompetitivenesstotheforeforallfirmsinthetextileandclothingsectors,includingthoseinIndia.ItisimperativetounderstandthetruecompetitivenessofIndiantextileandclothingfirmsinordertomakeanassessmentofwhatliesaheadin2005andbeyond.Owingtoitssignificantcontribution,theIndiantextileandclothingindustryoccupiesauniqueplaceintheIndianeconomy.Itcontributesabout4%ofGDPand14%ofindustrialoutput.Secondlargestemployerafteragriculture,theindustryprovidesdirectemploymentto35millionpeopleincludingsubstantialsegmentsofweakersectionsofsociety.Withaverylowimport-intensityofabout1.5%only,itisthelargestnetforeignexchangeearnerinIndia,earningalmost35%offoreignexchange.Thisistheonlyindustrythatisself-sufficientandcompleteincottonvaluechain-producingeverythingfromfibrestothehighestvalueaddedfinishedproductofgarments.ItsgrowthandvitalitythereforehascriticalbearingsontheIndianeconomyatlarge.WhatIsCompetitiveness?Competitivenessisaboutproductivity,whichinturnisafunctionoffactorsrelatedtocostofproducts,aswellasthoserelatedtonon-pricefactorssuchasdeliveryschedules,reliabilityofproducers,andsuchintangiblefactorslikeimageofthecountry/companyandbrandequity.Together,theydefinethecompetitivesinewsofaproducttocompeteunderconditionsoffreemarket.However,inordertotranslateindustrycompetitivenessintosales(greaterexportshareinworldmarket),anothersetofissues-inadditiontoproductivity-needtobeexamined.Theserelatetomarketaccessconditions.Indeed,industrycompetitivenessofrestrainedexporterssuchasIndiawasnotmuchofanissueduringthelastalmostfourdecades,eversincetheShortTermArrangement(STA)of1961.Andthereasonlaynotinpriceandnon-pricefactors,butinthe‘managed’conditionsunderwhichglobaltradeintextileandclothingproductstookplace.Infact,itwaspreciselybecauseofthepricecompetitivenessofsomeAsianexportersinthe1950sandthe1960sthatthe“generallyandsolemnlyagreedrulesofpost-warpolicyconduct-includingthekeystoneofthesystem,thenon-discriminationrules-wereformallysetasideforreasonsregardedaspragmatic”.Thissystemofmanagedtrade,however,willcometoanendon31stDecember2004.Forthepurposeofthisstudy,industryhasbeendefinedasagroupoffirmsmanufacturingproductsthatdirectlyorindirectlycompeteswitheachother.Itisimpliedthatnonationcanbecompetitiveinmanufacturingallgoodsandservices.Hence,industrycompetitivenessofanentirenationisnotquitemeaningful.Instead,sinceitisthefirmswhocompeteininternationalmarkets,theentireframeworkofcompetitivenesswouldrevolvearoundthestudyofthefirm.“…industrialsuccesswasfoundedonbehaviouroffirms,notonthedecisionsofgovernments”.Thelistofproducts(industries)identifiedisinAppendixA.Objective&ScopeOfTheStudyTheobjectiveoftheprojectistoevaluatetheexportcompetitivenessofIndiantextileandclothingsectors.BecauseIndiantextileandclothingsectorispredominantlycottonbased,thisstudywouldfocusmainlyonthecottontextileandapparel,andlookattheentirevaluechainfromfibretogarmentandretaildistribution.Withtheaforementionedobjectiveinmind,thisstudyhasfirstidentifiedtheproductsinIndianexportbasketwhichhaveshownapromisinggrowthinvalue,orinunitvalueandhaveaconsiderableweightintheIndianexportbasketonthebasisofrecentperformanceofIndianexportsoftextileandclothingsectorsintheUSandEUmarkets.ResearchMethodologyInordertoevaluatethedemand-sideofIndiantextileandclothingexports,thestudyhasanalysedthecompetitiveperformanceofIndianexportsofthe‘identified’productsintheUSandEUmarkets.Ithasalsobeenusedtohighlighttheroleofemergingtradepolicyenvironment-specifically,theroleofdiscriminatoryrulesoforigininRegionalTradingArrangements[RTAs],tariffpeaksandenvironmentalandlabourstandards-asmarketaccessissuesrelevanttotextileandclothingexportingcountries.Toassessthesupply-sidefactorsofexportcompetitiveness,apreliminaryinterviewwasconductedwithafewexporters.Theinterviewsoughttheirviewsandopinionschieflyinrespectofthesupply-sidebottlenecksthattheyarefacinginIndia.Thesupply-sideframeworkisbasedmoreonopinionsthanondata/numbers.Theinferencesaboutthesupply-sidefactorsarethereforebasedontheopinionsexpressedbyexportersofidentifiedproducts.GLOBALTRADEINTEXTILEANDCLOTHING:INDIA’SCOMPETITIVEPERFORMANCEDuringtheMFAperiod,thetextileexportersfromindustrialcountriesandthosefromdevelopingcountriesmerelychangedsharesbetweenthemselvesduringthe24yearsperiod.Theshareofindustrialcountriesdeclinedbyalmostasmuch(19.2%)aswasthegainintheshareofdevelopingcountries(18.8%).Clothingexporters.however,exhibitsignificantchanges,withtheshareoftop13exportershavingdeclinedby13.8%.Newentrantshavecomeinaswellassomeoldoneshavebeenknockedout.Ofthesenewentrants,most-ifnotall-arefromdevelopingcountries,sincetheshareofindustrialcountrieshasdeclinedduringtheperiod,andthatofdevelopingcountrieshasincreased.Thecountriesthataregainingshareinclothingexportsaretheoneswhoseindustriesareintegratedtooneortheotheradvancedcountrythroughsomepolicy-inducedpreferentialarrangements.Mexico,Caribbeanregion,EastEuropeancountriesandMediterraneancountriesarecapturingmuchofthespacevacated.Therehasbeenamuchdeeperglobalisationinclothingthanintextiles.Indeed,thathasbeenoneoftheprincipalreasonsforthedevelopedcountriesagreeingtoaneventualphase-outofMFAquotaintheURofnegotiations.DuringtheMFAperiod,(between1973to1997,tobeprecise),whileintextiles,therewasaninexorableshiftawayfromdevelopedcountriesandtodevelopingcountriesatlarge,inclothingtheshiftawayfromdevelopedcountriesisincreasinglybeinggrabbedby‘preferred’developingcountries.Thus,inclothing,thenon-preferredgroupofdevelopingcountriesisfightingamongstthemselvesforapiethatisincreasinglydeclining.Oneshouldexpectamuchhigherlevelofintra-industryandintra-firmtradeinclothingthanintextiles.Thisisentirelycompatiblewiththefactthatitisthetradeinclothingthatisgrowingfasterthanthatintextiles.Andthistrendislikelytodeepen,asclothingretailersconsolidate,andOutwardProcessingTrade(OPT)trafficincreases.Theopportunityclearlyliesmuchmoreinclothing,thoughthecaveatisthattheexportingcountrywouldhavetoachievethe‘preferred’status,andintegrateitsmanufacturingwiththatofanimportingcountryinordertocontinueexportingtotherestrictedmarkets.Thepressuretoexportwouldintensifyintheyearstocomesince80%ofadditionaloutputduring1995-2005isexpectedtobelocatedindevelopingcountries.Ontheotherhand,only50%oftheadditionalfibreconsumptionwouldoriginateindevelopingcountries.India’sCompetitivePerformanceintheUS1.Oftheeightcottonapparels,India’smarketshare(in2000)inUSimportmarketexceeded10%incottondresses(336),W&Gwovenshirts(341),andcottonskirts(342).Marketsharegrewin336and341.In336,Indiaexportedhigherquantityatreducedprices,whilein341,Indiamovedupthevaluechain.ButtheUSimportmarketgrewstronglyin341and342,andnotasmuchin336.However,in341,thesizeofquotaisclosetothesizeofUShomemarket,whereasin336,about43%ofUShomemarketwouldbeopenedonlyon1stJanuary2005.Therefore,notmuchgrowthshouldbeexpectedin341intermsofUSmarketsize.Besides,therearenocurrentthreatsfrom‘preferred’developingcountriesin341yet.HencethisisonecategorywhereIndiashouldveryclearlyfocus,sincethecompetitorcountriesareessentiallyAsian.Theonebigthreat,wouldbeChina.Currently,ChinaexportsatanappreciablyhigheruvrcomparedtoIndia.Theevidencefrom1995-2000indicatethatChinahasupgradedits341fasterthanIndiahas.IfChinacontinuesonthatpath,Indiamaynotworrytoomuch,sincethegapbetweenIndianandChinesepriceswouldbequitesignificant.Butthen,ifIndiaalsoupgradesitsproduct,asithasdonein341,competitivenessbasedonlyonpricewillbeextremelyrisky.2.Indescendingorderofuvr,Indianexportsofthechosencottonapparelsbelongtobetween40and50percentile,amongallsuppliercountriesforagivenMFAproductcategory.WhichmeansIndiaoperatesinthelowvaluesegmentinmostcottonapparelsintheUS.However,itisinterestingtonotethattherearethreecottonapparelswhoseuvrhavebeenbetweenpercentiles55and60.Theyareknitshirts(cat338)andtrousersforM&B(cat347)andforW&G(cat348).Incidentally,USimportsoftheseproductsisgrowingfastestamongallcottonapparelcategories.However,Indiahaslostmarketshareinallexcept347during1995-2000.In347,itsunitpriceshavegrownfastestamongtoptensuppliers.Andalmost70%ofUSmarketremaintobecomequota-freeonlyon1stJanuary2005.Indiamustbuildupitsstrengthinthisproductcategoryquicklytocapturethehugemarketthatwouldsuddenlyopenin2005.Quiteapartfrom‘preferred’groupofdevelopingcountries,Pakistanisonecountrywhichhasdoneexceedinglywellin347,andhasbeenbuildingitsdomesticmanufacturingfacilitiesveryfast.ButPakistanisnotyetasmuchofathreatsinceitsunitvalueisconsiderablylowerthanIndia.China,however,islikelytoemergeasabigthreattoIndiain347sincetheiruvrisclosertoIndia’sandtheytooareupgradingtheirproductrapidly.Theirmarketsharedeclinedduewhollytoquotaconstraint.Buttheyseemtobeproducinglessnumbers,andbetterqualityof347forUSexportmarket.TheywouldposeabigchallengetoIndia.3.Incottonapparels,thecompetitorcountries-asidefrom‘preferred’developingcountries-areIndonesia,Malaysia,HongKong,Philippines,Indonesia,SriLankaandBangladesh.Fromamongthese,Bangladeshisthelowestcostsupplierinalmostallcategories.Inviewofthethreatfrom‘preferred’developingcountries,Indiamustmoveawayfromcompetingonlyonthebasisofprice,sincetheshareofthissegmentisanycasedecliningwiththe‘preferred’countriesgrowingrapidlyinthissegment.AndwhenIndiaupgradesitsvalue,itwouldhavetocontendwithstrongAsiancompetitorslikeHongKong,ChinaandSouthKorea,whoseperformancehasbeenconstrainedduetoquotaceilings.Butoncethequotasareremoved,Indiamayfinditselfagainlosinginthisupgradedmarketsegmentduetosheersizeofthesecountries’exports.TheimportantlessonforIndiathereforeisthatitmustnotonlyupgradeitsvalues,butalsobegintofindwaysofcompetingincreasinglyonnon-pricefactors.译文：印度服装纺织行业的出口竞争力一、简介20世纪60年代初以来，纺织和服装部门的国际贸易一直是在关贸总协定和最惠国待遇原则之外的，一直都是通过强迫达成的共识。然而，从1995年1月1日开始，世界贸易组织纺织品与服装协议（ATC）的实施标志着一个重大的转变。所有的纺织品和服装产品将在加入WTO之后有为期十年的配额，这些配额有MFA决定。配额制度的拆除代表的是一种机遇，也是一种威胁。机会是因为市场不会受到限制；威胁是市场将不再受配额得到保证，甚至将开放国内的市场竞争。从2005年1月1号开始，所有的纺织品和服装产品的国际贸易将没有限额配置。这即将到来的现实给从印度所有的服装和纺织行业公司带来了竞争力方面的问题。2005年之后的印度服装和纺织行业的竞争力问题是怎么样的，当务之急是了解其中的真相。由于其显着贡献，印度的服装和纺织行业在印度经济中占有显著的地位。它贡献了大约4%的国内生产总值和14%的工业总产值。其就业人口达到了35万人，是仅次于农业和工业提供就业人口的第二大产业。在印度1.5%的低强度下，它是印度最大的净收入来源，占有近35%的外汇。这个行业是唯一的自给自足的从价值链生产到成品的最佳附加值的产业。它的增长是印度经济增长的关键所在。二、什么是竞争力竞争力是一种生产力，是关于一组相关的产品成本因素的作用，以及那些涉及非价格因素，如交货时间，生产商的可靠性，如一个国家或者公司的形象等无形因素品牌权益的生产力。他们是在自由市场条件下一个产品的竞争力。然而，为了将产业竞争力更多的进入到一种销售（更大的世界市场出口份额），另一些的生产力的竞争力需要被检查。事实上，自从1961年的短期安排（STA）开始，这些涉及市场准入条件，行业限制的问题，如印度出口商的竞争力等在过去40年的问题很多。其原因不在于价格也非价格的因素的条件，是在“管理”的条件下，在纺织和服装产品的全球贸易中发生的。事实上，正是因为20世纪50-60年代一些亚洲出口商的价格竞争力的“普遍商定的规则，并郑重战后政策的行为，包括体系的基石，以及不歧视规则作为务实等的原因”。但是，这种贸易体系将出现到2004年13月31日底。就本研究的目的，行业内被定义为一个厂商之间的直接或间接的相互竞争。这是任何国家和企业在生产商品或服务的时候都隐含的竞争。因此，整个名族工业的竞争力就不太有意义了。相反，因为它是企业在国际市场上的竞争，竞争力的整个框架将围绕在该公司进行。“……工业的成功是建立在企业的行为，而不是对政府的决策。”该产品的名单确定在附录A。三、目标及研究范围该项目的目的是评估印度纺织和服装部门的出口竞争力。由于印度纺织和服装行业主要是在棉的基础上的，研究将主要集中在棉纺织品和服装，并从整个纤维到服装的成品等价值链到分销，零售等上研究。随着上述的目标研究，这项研究首次发现，印度的出口产品在在美国和欧盟市场的纺织品和服装部门在相当大的比重的基础上近期表现出价值或单位价值成长潜力。四、研究方法为了评估印度纺织品和服装出口方面的需求，文中研究了印度出口产品在美国和欧盟的市场所确定的的产品的竞争力的性能。它也被用于突出新兴贸易政策具体环境的作用下，原产地规则的歧视性区域贸易安排[区域贸易协定]，关税高峰和环境的作用和劳工标准相关问题的纺织品和服装出口国家的市场准入。为了评估供应方面因素的出口竞争力，对一些国家的纺织品和服装出口的供应商进行就劳工标准的相关问题进行初步的访谈。此次访谈主要是寻求他们在印度供应方面的问题，面临对他们的意见和看法。供给方面的框架是就基础之上的意见以数据/数字为准。关于供应方面因素的推论是根据所确定产品出口的情况。五、纺织品和服装的全球贸易：印度的竞争表现在MFA期间，来自工业国家和发展中国家的纺织品出口只是在24年之间的配额有所改变。其中，工业国家的和发展中国家的配额下降的几乎一样，工业国家下降了（19.2%），发展中国家下降了（18.8%）。然而，服装出口自从在出口产品排名13位后的表现了显著的下降了13.8%。行业进入以及一些旧的已经被淘汰了。由于工业化的国家的份额在下降，这些新进入者都是来自于发展中国家。这些国家正在争取那些其集成到一个或通过其他一些政策性优惠安排先进国家的工业在服装出口中的份额。墨西哥，加勒比海地区，东欧国家和地中海国家抓住了其中大部分的空间。而服装比纺织品跟有全球化的深度。事实上，这些都