英语语法复习grammar 2

第二讲句法

主讲：朱坤领一、句子的分类1、按使用分类，可分为四种：陈述句，疑问句，祈使句，感叹句。1）陈述句：说明事实或陈述说话人的看法

Iamastudent.Ithinkitisverygood.2）疑问句①一般疑问句：助动词/情态动词+主语+主要动词+其它句子成分；或：动词+主语+其它句子成分

Willthemeetingbeoversoon?IsheBritish?②特殊疑问句疑问词+一般疑问句语序或：疑问词+陈述句语序

Whatdidyousay?Wholikestoplaythepiano?③选择疑问句：一般疑问句+or+一般疑问句（或其简略形式）

Doyoulikethisoneor(doyoulike)thatone?④反意疑问句：陈述句+一般疑问句的简略形式（中间用逗号隔开），分为肯定结构和否定结构两种

Youwillagree,won’tyou?Theyhavenotgonetothecountry,havethey?3）祈使句：第二人称祈使句（表示命令或建议），第一、三人称祈使句（表示提议等）

Becareful!Don’tbelate.Letusknowthetimeofyourarrival.Don’tletthecatoutofthebag.4）感叹句

Whatadelightfuleveningwehad!Howcolditisgetting!Howsweetlyshesings!2、按结构分类可分为简单句，并列句，复合句，强调句。1）简单句①主语+谓语（不及物动词）（+状语）

Wegetupat6everymorning.②主语+系动语+表语

Theirmethodofcountingisdifferentfromours.③主语+谓语+宾语

Shesmiledherthanks.④主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语

AknowledgeofEnglishgivesonemuchhelpinthestudyofscience.⑤主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语

Ithoughthimaverysuitablepersonforthatjob.Wesawthetrainpullingoutofthestation.2）并列句①并列：用and,so,therefore,notonly…but(also,aswell),neither…nor等作连接词

Theskywascloudless,andthesunwasshiningbrightly.Neitherishewrongnorareyou.②选择：用or,otherwise,orelse,either…or等作连接词

Makehaste,oryouwillbetoolate.③反意：用but,yet,still,however,while,whereas等作连接词(表示转折)Welovepeace,butwearenotafraidofwar.④结果：用so,then等作连接词

Ididn’tfeelwell,soIwenttobedearly.⑤原因：用for作连接词

Hecamebacktired,forhehadwalkedallday.3）复合句：名词从句（主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句）、定语从句和状语从句（详见后面的有关句子成分和相应从句部分）4）强调句：强调句子的主语和其它成分

ItwasJamesWattwhoinventedthesteamengineinthe1760s.(强调主语)Itwasinthe1760sthatJamesWattinventedthesteamengine.(强调状语)二、句子成分1、主语主语由名词、代词、数词、名词化的形容词、动名词、不定式、从句、词组等组成。

Snowiswhite.

Thefirstisbetter.

Thebravearehonored.

Launchingashiprequiresskillandcare.

Tofinishtheworkrequiresconcentration.

WhatIsayorwhatIthinkisnobusinessofyours.“Safetyfirst”isourslogan.主语从句有三种类型：1）由that引导。Thathehasn’tphonedisodd.2）由连接代词/副词引导。Whyheleftwasn’timportant.3）由关系代词型what或whatever引导。WhatIwantisacanvastravelingbag.Whatevershedidwasright.2、谓语1）简单谓语：由一个动词构成

Theylitafireontheedgeofawood.2）复合谓语：由两部分构成

ThingsaremovingfastinChina.Bothofuscanskate.3）系动词+表语

Thegirlgrewalarmedandturnedpale.3、表语：名词、代词、形容词、数词、分词、动名词、不定式、副词、介词短语、从句等。

Thematchbecameveryexciting.Heseemstobehonest.Hewasataloss.ThisisnotwhatIwanttoknow.表语从句有三种类型：1）由that引导（that有时可省略）。

Thefactis(that)sheneverlikedhim.2）由连接代词/副词引导。

that’snotwhatImeant.3）由关系代词型what引导。

Timesaren’twhattheywere.4、宾语1）名词、代词、名词化的形容词、数词、动名词、不定式、从句等。

Weshouldfindtruthinthelightofscience.Askhimtobuythebookandgiveittoher.Weshouldrespecttheagedandlovetheyoung.Pleasegivemefour.Wecouldn’tstoplaughing.WelearntospeakEnglishbyspeaking.Tellmewhatandwhereyouwereborn.2)宾语的种类①直接宾语：动作的直接对象、承受者或后果

Don’tyouremembermyname?②间接宾语：动作是指向某人或为某人而做

Tomtoldhisyoungersisterthewholestory.③复合宾语：由两部分组成，后一部分是宾语的补语Theyaskedhimtospeakatthemeeting.5、定语1）形容词、代词、数词、名词、分词、动名词或名词所有格、不定式、介词短语、词组或合成词\副词、从句。

Itwasanoldhousewithhighwalls.Theyhavesomemistakesintheirexercises.Thereare12departmentsinourschool.Itwasabrightwintermorning.Sheputonhermother’sdressandwentout.Thereissomeexcitingnewsintoday’spaper.2）定语的位置：前置、后置及分隔

Lookatthosebeautifulflowers.(前置定语)Theaveragetemperaturethissummerishigherthanthatoflastyear.(前置定语)Theonlybuildingmaterialavailableonthesmallislandisstone.(后置定语)

Rollingfrictionistheresistancetomotioncausedchieflybythedeformation.(分割定语)6、状语1)副词、介词短语、分词、不定式、名词、从句作状语

Helaughsbestwholaughslast.Themachinehasbeeninoperationforthreedays.Livinginaremotevillage,Irarelyhadvisitors.Wearrivedtoolatetogetgoodseats.Hearrivedyesterday.ItisthreeyearssinceIhadachancetogobacktomyhometown.2）状语的分类：时间状语、地点状语、条件状语、方式状语、程度状语、原因状语、结果状语、目的状语、让步状语

Iusuallygetupatsixinthemorning.(时间状语)Marywillseemeoffattheairporttomorrow.(地点状语)Wewillmissthebusunlesswesetoutnow.(条件状语)Sheactedasifnothinghadhappened.(方式状语)Heisnotsoactiveasbefore.(程度状语)Tomisabsenttodaybecauseheisill.(原因状语)Weleftinsuchahurrythatweforgottolockthedoor.(结果状语)Hestoodonachairinordertoreachthetopshelf.(目的状语)Althoughthegroundwascoveredwithsnow,thecrippledmanmanagedtowalktohisoffice.(让步状语)3）状语的位置①在句尾

Putpreventionfirst.②

在句中：在动词tobe或助动词、情态动词之后，其他动词之前

Ihavealreadyhadmysupper.③在句首

Sinceyouwon’ttakeadvice,thereisnopointinaskingforit.7、补足语1）名词、形容词、介词短语、不定式、分词、副词、从句作补足语

Weelectedhimsecretary.Theworkerspaintedthewallwhite.Weconsiderthismatterofgreatimportance.Theyaskedmetoexplainthesentenceagain.IamsorryIhavekeptyouwaiting.Shefoundtheboyasleep.Youmaycallitwhatyouplease.2）补足语的分类：宾语补足语、主语补足语宾语补足语主要用在使用主动语态的句子；主语补足语则主要用在被动语态的句子中。

Youcanaskarepairmantohaveyourmotorcycleworkingproperly.(宾语补语)Thetelevisioncankeepuswell-informedofthecurrentaffairs.(宾语补语)Theairlinerwasseentakingoffsmoothly.(主语补语)三、基本句型1．主语+动词（+状语）

Heworksinafactory.2．主语+系动词+表语

Heisanengineer.3．主语+动词+宾语

Ineedadictionary.4．主语+动词+直接宾语+间接宾语

Theladygavetheboyachocolate.5．主语+动词+宾语+宾语补足语

IamsorryIhavekeptyouwaiting.四、主谓语的一致性1．谓语动词和作主语的动词或代词的一致

Johnwasrelyingonanotheropportunity.Heismoreofasportsmanthananartist.Thingsseenaremightierthanthingsheard.2．谓语动词与由and连接两个或两个以上单数名词或代词作主语的一致

Sheandhersisteraretwinsisters.3．谓语动词与由with,togetherwith,except,aswellas等连接两个或两个以上单数名词或代词作主语的一致

Awomanwithababyis

comingtothenursery.ProfessorTribblewithhisstudentsisgoingtovisitChinanextweek.Theboyaswellashisclassmateshasseenthefilm.4．谓语动词与由either…or,neither…nor连接两个名词或代词作主语的一致

EitherheorIamtoattendthemeeting.Neitherthestudentsnortheteacherhasgotthebook.

5．谓语动词使用单数的某些特定情况1）表示时间、金钱、距离等的名词的复数作主语时

Thirtyminutesissufficientforagoodsermon.Fivedollarsisthelimit.Ahundredmilesisagooddistance. 2）某些作主语用的集体名词作为一个整体看待时用单数。而着重于所包含的成员时，用复数。（family,team,audience,committee,police）

Thefamilyisabigone.而有些集体名词后面的谓语可用单数也可用复数。

Theenemyis/areretreating.Thestaffis/areexcellent.3）成对的名词表示一个完整的概念作主语时，用单数

Breadandbutterisadailyfoodinthewest.Trialanderrorisknowntobethesourceofourknowledge.Womenandloveisapermanenttopicforwriters.4）两个名词作主语所指若为同一个人或同一范畴的事物时

ThefamousprofessorandtranslatorisanexpertinShakespeare.Truthandhonestyisalwaysthebestpolicy.Slowandsteadywinstherace.5）each,any,no,every构成的代词作主语时，谓语都用单数形式。Twoboysentered.Eachwascarryingabag.IsthereanythingIcandoforyou?6）both,some,many,few,all(ofthem)后的谓语动词多用复数形式。Both(ofthem)areEnglish.Fewofmyfriendsarestilloutofwork.Manyaregoingbyplane.有一些以–s结尾的词后面可跟单数或复数谓语。Mumpsare/israreinadults.(腮腺炎)Mathematicsis/arewelltaughtinourschool.Theirheadquartersare/isinNewYork.6．谓语动词使用复数的某些特定情况1）people,police,militia,cattle等作主语

Thereweremanypeoplepresentatthekindergartensportsmeet.2）作主语用的集体名词在表示其每个成员时

Thefamilywerelisteningtotheradio.五、语序1．语序的分类1）正常语序：主语在前，谓语在后

Iwantsomeboiledwater.2）倒装语序：主语在后，谓语在前①完全倒装：整个谓语提前

Herecomesthebus.NeverhaveIfoundhiminsuchagoodmood.②非完全倒装：部分谓语提前

Whathewasdoingthere,Ican’timagine.2．倒装语序的基本用法[请注意，本部分是重点和难点！]1）疑问句中

Whatisyourname?Hashecome?2）在“therebe”句型中

ThereisamapofChinaonthewall.Therearemanybookstoresinthecity. 3）在以here,there,now,then等副词开头且谓语动词为come,go,be,exist,follow等动词的句子中

Herecomesthebus.Theregoesthebell.但若主语是人称代词，主谓语的词序不变

Therehecomes.Hereyouare. 4）在由were,had和should引导的虚拟条件句中代替连词if+正常语序时

Hadyounothelpedme,Iwouldhavefailed.Weretherenogravity,therewouldbenoairaroundtheearth.ShouldImeethimtomorrow,Ishouldtellhimtocomeassoonaspossible. 5）有些让步状语从句中也可以有倒装。

Cleverthoughhewas,hecouldn’tconcealhiseagernesstopraise.

TryasIwould,Icouldn’tmakeherchangehermind.6）neither,nor,so在并列句中后一分句句首时

Idon’tlikecoffee,neither/nordoeshe.JoanisgoodatEnglish,soisPeter. 7）在句首含否定意义的词语的句中(not,never,seldom,little,nowhere,scarcely,rarely,hardly,notonly)Notasinglebookhadhereadthatmonth.NeverhaveIheardsuchnonsense.8）在句首以only引出的状语的句中

Onlyafterenteringthestoredidherealizethattherewasdanger.9）为修辞需要，如主语较长或为了强调表语等，可把表语提前

Amongthemwasasoldierwhowaswoundedinthestomach.10）直接引语如果放在句首，则主语和谓语动词倒装“Youallmadegreatprogresslastterm,”saidtheteacher.六、省略1．在以and，but，or或分号连接的并列句中的省略，包括主语、谓语、表语、助动词、系动词、宾语、定语、状语等一个或几个成分的省略。

Hewon’tcomebutIwill(come).HissuggestionsmadeJohnhappy,but(hissuggestionsmade)Maryangry.Shewasprettyand(shewas)bright.Mattercouldbeconvertedintoenergy,andenergy(couldbeconverted)intomatter.Hashegoneornot?(Hashegoneorhashenotgone?) 2．在由when，while，if，unless，until，though等引导的从句中，谓语动词be的省略

Although(hewas)tiredout，hecontinuedhiswork.3．as，than从句中一些与主句相同的部分的省略

Thegirlsangaswellashe(sang).Lighttravelsfasterthananyflyingmachine(travels).七．复合句[请注意，本部分是重点和难点！]1．定语从句1）限制性定语从句（对所修饰的词加以限制）和非限制性定语从句（对所修饰的词没有限制作用，只补充一些说明，通常用逗号隔开）

Doyouknowthemanwhospokejustnow?（限制性定语从句）

Wewillputofftheoutinguntilnextweek,whenwewon’tbebusy.（非限制性定语从句）2）关系代词和关系副词：that,which,who,whom,whose,as,when,where,why3）关系代词that和which的区别①使用that的情况●在两个或两个以上的表示人和物的先行词之后

Theyaretalkingaboutthepeople,thescenery,andthecustomtherethatleftonthemadeepimpression.●在先行词为形容词最高级所修饰时

ThisisthemostinterestingnovelthatIhaveeverread. ●在序数词后

ThefirstthingthatIshoulddoistoworkoutaplanfornextyear.●在all,everything,nothing,something,anything,little等不定代词后

Isthereanyoneelsethatwitnessedtheaccident?②使用which的情况●在介词后

Thisistheroominwhichhelivedfiveyearsago.●在非限制性定语从句中

Thefootballteam,whichplayedbadlylastyear,hasdoneverywellthisyear.4)关系代词的省略①

whom在定语从句中作宾语时，可省略Whodoyouthinkistheman(whom)youcandependon?②which和that在定语从句中作宾语时，可省略Hereisthedictionary(which)theteachermentionedyesterday.Maryshowedmethepresent(that)herfathergaveheronherbirthday.5)介词+which/whomTheWhiteHouseisthehouseinwhichthepresidentoftheUnitedStateslivesandworks.ThisisthemanfromwhomIlearntthenews.6)as也可引导定语从句，常和such连用。

Wehavesuchgrapesasyouneversaw.Hereturnedwithsuchprovisionsaswereneeded.such有时和as连在一起。

Wehopedtogiveyouachancesuchasnobodyelseeverhad.as也可以单独引导定语从句。

Sophiawasnotconscious,aswouldbejudgedfromhereyes.7）but也可以引导定语从句，意思接近于that(who)…not。

Thereisnotreebutbearssomefruit.(没有不结果实的树。)Thereareveryfewbutadmirehistalent.(很少有人不佩服他的才华。)8）whereby,wherein,whereupon也可以引导定语从句。

Theyhavesetaplanwhereby(bywhich)youcanspreadthecostoveraperiod.(照此)Hegazedoncemorearoundtheroom,wherein(inwhich)wasassembledhisentirefamily.Itoldherthatshelookedfat,whereupon(uponwhich)shethrewthesaucepanatmeandburstintotears.2．状语从句1)时间状语从句：常用连词有when,whenever,while,as,before,after,till,since,eversince,once,assoonas等

WhenTomreturns,I’lltellhimthenews.2)地点状语从句，常用连词有where和whereverBamboogrowsbestwhereclimateisveryhot.Whereverthereisplentyofsunshineandrain,thefieldsaregreen. 3)条件状语从句：常用连词有if,unless,supposing,incase,aslongas,provided等

Aslongaswedon’tloseheart,we’llfindawaytoethedifficulty.4)让步状语从句：常用连词有though,although,evenif,eventhough,however,nomatter等

We’lltrytofinishtheworkthoughweareshortofmoney. 5)原因状语从句：常用连词有as,because,since,nowthat,considering(that)等

Theywillsucceedbecausetheyworkveryhard.6)目的状语从句：常用连词有that,sothat,inorderthat,lest等

Theywrotethenoticesinseverallanguagessothatforeigntouristscouldunderstandthem. 7)结果状语从句：常用连词有so/such…that,so(that)等

Bringitnearer(so)that

Imayseeitbetter.8)方式状语从句：常用连词有as,justas,asif等

Wemustdoashetellsus.9)比较状语从句：常用连词有than和asHeworkedasfastasaskilledworker(did).另外，除了状语从句之外，还有其它情形的状语。不定式短语可作状语，表示目的、结果、程度、原因等。

Wecansendacarovertofetchyou.Hehurriedtotheplaceonlytofindthehouseempty.Itwastoolatetodoanythingnow.Sheshudderedtothinkof

it.3．名词从句1）关联词的分类①连接代词：which,what,who,whom,whose②

连接副词：when,why,where,how③

主从连词：that,if,whether2）名词从句的分类a)主语从句

Thathewillcometothediscussioniscertain.Itiscertainthathewillcometothediscussion. b)表语从句

Thequestioniswhetherwecanfinishtheworkbytomorrowevening.c)宾语从句

Shespokeofwhatwastobedone.Iwanttoknowwhetheryoustillworkinthefactory.d)同位语从句注意that引导的从句作同位语与定语的区别

Thenewsthathewonthegamewasincorrect.(同位语从句)Thenewsthatwasspreadingprovedtobeincorrect.（定语从句）八、强调句It引导的强调句1）强调主语或宾语：Itis/was+被强调主语或宾语+that/which/who/whom+句子的其他部分

ItisMr.Smithwhohelpedme.Itisthedecisionthatwemadeatthemeeting.2）强调状语：Itis/was+被强调的状语+that+句子的其他部分

ItisbecausethebookissousefulformyworkthatIboughtit.3）强调时间状语的强调句型：Itis(was)notuntil+时间状语+that+句子的其他部分

Itwasnotuntillastyearthathefoundanewmethod.九、直接引语和间接引语1）直接引语和间接引语直接引语：直接引用别人的原话。间接引语：用自己的话报导别人的话。在多数情况下，引语都由连词that引导，但在say,tell之后可以省略。2）把直接引语变成间接引语时，要根据意思改变人称。“I’vealreadytakenyoursontothenursery,”Janesaid.Janesaidshehadalreadytakenmysontothenursery.3）把直接引语变成间接引语时，要根据时态呼应的原则加以调整。a)一般现在时要变为一般过去时。

Shesaid,“Ineedacalculator.”Shesaidthatsheneededacalculator.b)一般将来时要变为一般过去将来时。

Nancysaid,“I’llcallagainlater.”Nancysaidthatshewouldcallagainlater.c)现在进行时要变为过去进行时。

Jimsaid,“I’mexpectingalongdistancecall.”Jimsaidthathewa