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考研外语强化练习3
一、UseofEnglish
1>Advancesincomputersanddatanetworksinspirevisions
ofafuture“informationeconomy"inwhicheveryonewillhave
(1)togigabytesofallkindsofinformationanywhereand
anytime,(2)informationhasalwaysbeena(3)
difficultcommoditytodealwith,and,insomeways,computers
andhigh-speednetworksmaketheproblemsofbuying,(4),
anddistributinginformationgoodsworse(5)better.The
evolutionoftheInternetitself(6)seriousproblems.
(7)theInternethasbeenprivatized,severalcompanies
are(8)toprovidethebackbonesthatwillcarrytraffic
(9)localnetworks,but(10)businessmodelsfor
interconnection一whopayshowmuchforeachpacket(11)_____,
forexample—have(12)tobedeveloped.(13)_____
interconnectionstandardsaredevelopedthatmake(14)
cheapandeasytotransmitinformationacrossindependent
networks,competitionwill(15).Iftechnicaloreconomic
(16)makeinterconnectiondifficult,(17)
transmittingdataacrossmultiplenetworksisexpensiveortoo
slow,the(18)supplierscanofferasignificant
performance(19);theymaybeabletousethisedgeto
driveoutcompetitorsand(20)themarket.
A.admission
B.access
C.right
D.command
2、(2)
A.Because
B.Though
C.But
D.If
3、(3)
A.distinctly
B.notoriously
C.well-known
D.especially
4、(4)
A.manufacturing
B.selling
C.allotting
D.purchasing
5、(5)
A.morethan
B.lessthan
C.than
D.ratherthan
6、(6)
A.poses
B.produces
C.makes
D.brings
7、⑺
A.Providedthat
B.Inthat
C.Nowthat
D.Giventhat
8、(8)
A.competing
B.struggling
C.fighting
D.contending
9、(9)
A.through
3
B.in
C.on
D.between
10、(10)
A.imaginable
B.credible
C.workable
D.tangible
IK(H)
A.transmitted
B.transferred
C.transformed
D.transported
12、(12)
A.but
B.yet
C.still
D.then
13、(13)
A.If
B.Because
C.Though
4
D.for
14、(14)
A.that
B.what
C.it
D.which
15、(15)
A.prosper
B.improve
C.promote
D.flourish
16、(16)
A.elements
B.factors
C.ingredients
D.components
17、(17)
A.sothat
B.forthat
C.inthat
D.exceptthat
18、(18)
5
A.biggest
B.vastest
C.largest
D.greatest
19、(19)
A.benefit
B.drawback
C.profit
D.advantage
20、(20)
A.predominate
B.take
C.enlarge
D.monopolize
二、ReadingComprehension
1、PartA
Directions:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestions
beloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.(40points)
NuclearweaponswerefirstdevelopedintheUnitedStates
duringtheSecondWorldWar,tobeusedagainstGermany.However,
bythetimethefirstbombswerereadyforuse,thewarwith
Germanyhadendedand,asaresult,thedecisionwasmadeto
usetheweaponsagainstJapaninstead.HiroshimaandNagasaki
havesufferedtheconsequencesofthisdecisiontothepresent
day.
Therealreasonswhybombsweredroppedontwo
heavily-populatedcitiesarenotaltogetherclear.Anumberof
peoplein1944andearly1945arguedthattheuseofnuclear
weaponswouldbeunnecessary,sinceAmericanIntelligencewas
awarethatsomeofthemostpowerfulandinfluentialpeoplein
Japanhadalreadyrealizedthatthewarwaslost,andwanted
tonegotiateaJapanesesurrender.Itwasalsoarguedthat,
sinceJapanhasfewnaturalresources,ablockadebythe
Americannavywouldforceittosurrenderwithinafewweeks,
andtheuseofnuclearweaponswouldthusproveunnecessary.
Ifademonstrationofforcewasrequiredtoendthewar,abomb
couldbedroppedoveranunpopulatedarealikeadesert,in
frontofJapaneseobservers,oroveranareaoflowpopulation
insideJapan,suchasaforest.Optingforthiscourseofaction
mightminimizethelossoffurtherlivesonallsides,while
thepowerofnuclearweaponswouldstillbeadequately
demonstrated.
Alloftheseargumentswererejected,however,andthegeneral
consensuswasthatthequickestwaytoendthefightingwould
betousenuclearweaponsagainstcantersofpopulationinside
Japan.Infact,twoofthemorelikelyreasonswhythisdecision
wasreachedseemquiteshockingtousnow.
SincethebeginningoftheSecondWorldWarbothGermanyand
Japanhadadoptedapolicyofgenocide(i.e.killingasmany
peopleaspossible,includingcivilians).Lateron,eventhe
USandBritainhadusedthestrategyoffirebombingcities
(DresdenandTokyo,forexample)inordertokill,injureand
intimidateasmanyciviliansaspossible.Certainly,the
generalpublicintheWesthadbecomeusedtohearingaboutthe
deathsoflargenumbersofpeople,sothedeathsofanotherfew
thousandJapanese,whoweretheenemyinanycase,wouldnot
seemparticularlyunacceptable一abitof"justifiable"revenge
fortheAllies'ownlosses,perhaps.
Thesecondreasonisnotmucheasiertocomprehend.Someofthe
leadingscientistsintheworldhadcollaboratedtodevelop
nuclearweapons,andthisdevelopmenthadresultedinanumber
ofmajoradvancesintechnologyandscientificknowledge.As
aresult,alotofnormal,intelligentpeoplewantedtosee
nuclearweaponsused;theywantedtoseejusthowdestructive
thisnewinventioncouldbe.Itnodoubtturnedouttobeeven
more"effective"thantheyhadimagined.
Accordingtothepassage,nuclearweaponswereinitially
designedto
A.forceJapantosurrenderintheSecondWorldWar.
B.endthewarwithGermanyintheSecondWorldWar.
C.takearevengeontheJapaneseinvaders.
D.takearevengeontheGermansoldiers.
2、
Accordingtothesecondparagraph,nuclearweaponsarenot
necessarybecause
A.theJapanesehavea1imitedamountofnaturalresource.
B.theUScouldfindotherwaystoforceJapantosurrender.
C.thepeopleinHiroshimaandNagasakiareinnocent.
D.theJapaneserulerswerealreadynegotiatingasurrender.
3、
Itisimpliedinthepassagethatwesternpeopleatthetime
A.wereindifferenttothedeathsoftheciviliansinanenemy
country.
B.weresympatheticwiththedeathsoftheJapanesecivilians.
C.weretakingajustifiablerevengeontheJapanesetroops.
D.wereintimidatedwhenhearingaboutthedeathinJapan.
4、
Wecaninferfromthelastparagraphthat
A.scientificknowledgeandtechnicaladvancemayleadtomass
destruction.
B.cooperationbyscientistswilloftenresultintechnical
advances.
C.nuclearweaponshavemadenormal,intelligentpeoplecrazy.
D.nuclearweaponsweremorepowerfulthanexpected.
5、
Theauthor'sattitudetowardsthisissueofusingnuclear
weaponsagainstJapanseemstobe
A.puzzled.
B.critical.
C.supportive.
D.objective.
6、WhenMarineLt.AlanZarracinafinallydidthesplitsafter
monthsofstrugglingwiththedifficultposeinyogaclass,the
limberwomenaroundhimapplauded.
Zarracina,a24-year-oldNavalAcademygraduateandflight
student,admitshewouldhaveahardtimeexplainingthescene
tootherMarines.Eachclassendswithachantforpeace.Then,
instructorNancyLaNasahandsstudentsincensesticksasagift
fortheir90minutesofbackbends,shoulderstandsandother
challengingpositions.Zarracinahastriedtodragsomeofhis
mi1itaryfriendstoclass,buttheymakefunofhint."It'snot
necessarilyconsideredmasculine”,hesaid.
Still,thepopularclasses,basedonancientHindupractices
ofmeditationthroughcontrolledbreathing,balancingand
stretching,arecatchingoninmilitarycirclesasawayto
improveflexibility,balanceandconcentration.AformerNavy
SEALtoldZarracinaabouttheclass.
TheAugusteditionofFitYoga,thenation'ssecond-largest
yogamagazinewithacirculationof100,000,featuresaphoto
oftwonavalaviatorsdoingyogaposesinfullcombatgear
aboardanaircraftcarrier."Atfirstitseemedalittle
shocking—soldierspracticingsuchapeacefulart”,writes
editorRitaTrieger.Uponcloserinspection,shesaid,she
noticed"asenseofinnercalm'ontheaviators,faces."War
ishell,andifyogacanhelpthemfindalittlesolace,that's
good”,saidTrieger,alongtimeNewYorkyogainstructor.
RetiredAdm.TomSteffens,whospent34yearsasaNavySEAL
andservedasthedirectoroftheelitecorps'training,
regularlypracticesyogaathishomeinNorfolk,Va."Oncein
awhileI'11sitinclass,andeveryoneisa20-somethingyoung
ladywitha10-inchwaistandhereIamthisoldguy,'hejoked.
Steffens,whosaidthestretchinghelpedhimeliminatethe
stiffnessofabicepsinjuryaftersurgery,saidthebenefits
ofregularpracticecanbeenormous."Theyogacuredal1kinds
ofbackpains”,hesaid."BeingaSEAL,youbeatupyourbody”.
YogabreathingexercisescanhelpSEALswiththeirdiving,and
learningtocontrolthebodybyremaininginunusualpositions
canhelpmembersstayinconfinedspacesforlongperiods,he
said."Theabilitytostayfocusedonsomething,whetheron
breathingorontheyogapractice,andnotbedrawnoffcourse,
thathasalotofconnectiontothemilitary”,hesaid."Inour
SEALbasictraining,therearemanythingsthatareyoga-like
innature.
Alanthoughtitisdifficulttoexplainthescenetohisfellow
Marinesbecause
A.yogaisapeacefulmeditationprocess.
B.yogaisthoughttobealittlefeminine.
C.onlywomenwouldattendayogaclass.
D.Marinesoldiershatetochantforpeace.
7、
Wecaninferfromthepassagethatyoga
A.hasbeenpopulareversinceitsadventinIndia.
B.isanancientHindupracticeofmeditation.
C.focusesonimprovingmuscularstrength.
D.isbecomingincreasinglypopularamongsoldiers.
8、
Triegerseemstobelievethat
A.practicingyogacanprovidesoldierswithsomesortof
relief.
B.doingyogaposesinfullcombatgearisshockingfor
soldiers.
C.soldiersshouldbepeacefulinsteadofbeingtoomasculine.
D.militarypracticesofyogashouldbedonewithcloser
inspection.
9、
AccordingtoSteffens,practicingyoga
A.helpsexercisersremainyoung.
B.isveryeffectiveinrelievingbackpains,
C.helpsexercisersrealizethepotentialsoftheirbodies.
D.aregoodforformingahabitofdoingthingsinaregular
pattern.
10、
Wecanlearnfromthelastparagraphthat
A.practicingyogacanhavepracticalmilitaryuses.
B.soldiersneedtobefocusedinimportantmissions.
C.yogawillsoonbecomeapart'ofSEALbasictraining.
D.militarytrainingsshoulddesignyogaintotheirprogram.
11、Duringthepast15years,themostimportantcomponent
ofexecutivepaypackages,andtheonemostresponsibleforthe
largeincreaseinthelevelofsuchcompensation,hasbeen
stock-optiongrants.Theincreaseduseofoptiongrantswas
justifiedasawaytoalignexecutives'interestswith
shareholders).Forvarioustax,accounting,andregulatory
reasons,stock-optiongrantshavelargelycomprised
''at-the-moneyoptions”:rightstopurchasesharesatan
“exerciseprice"equaltothecompany,sstockpriceonthegrant
date.Insuchat-the-moneyoptions,theselectionofthegrant
dateforawardingoptionsdeterminestheoptions'exercise
priceandthuscanhaveasignificanteffectontheirvalue.
Earlierresearchbyfinancialeconomistsonbackdating
practicesfocusedontheextenttowhichthecompany'sstock
pricewentupabnormallyafterthegrantdate.Mycolleagues
andIfocusedinsteadonhowagrant-date,spricerankedinthe
distributionofstockpricesduringthemonthofthegrant.
Studyingtheuniverseofabout19,000at-the-money,
unscheduledgrantsawardedtopubliccompanies,CEOsduringthe
decade1996-2022,wefoundaclearrelationbetweenthe
likelihoodofaday'sbeingselectedasagrantdatefor
awardingoptions,andtherankoftheday'sstockpricewithin
thepricedistributionofthemonth:adaywasmostlikelyto
bechosenifthestockpricewasatthelowestlevelofthemonth,
secondmostlikelytobechosenifthepricewasatthe
second-lowestlevel,andsoforth.Thereisanespeciallylarge
incidenceof“luckygrants”(definedasgrantsawardedondays
onwhichthestockpricewasatthelowestlevelofthemonth):
12percentofal1CEOoptiongrantswereluckygrants,while
only4percentwereawardedatthehighestpriceofthemonth.
ThepassageoftheSarbanes-OxleyActinAugust2022required
firmstoreportgrantswithintwodaysofanyaward.Mostfirms
compliedwiththisrequirement,butmorethan20percentof
grantscontinuedtobereportedafteralongdelay.Thus,the
legislationcouldbeexpectedtoreducebutnoteliminate
backdating.ThepatternsofCEOluckareconsistentwiththis
expectation:thepercentageofgrantsthatwereluckywasahigh
15percentbeforeenactmentofthelaw,anddeclinedtoalower,
butstillabnormallyhigh,levelof8percentafterwards.
Altogether,weestimatethatabout1,150CEOstock-option
grantsowedtheirfinanciallyadvantageousstatusto
opportunistictimingratherthantomereluck.Thispractice
wasspreadoverasignificantnumberofCEOsandfirms:we
estimatethatabout850CEOs(about10percent)andabout720
firms(about12percent)receivedorprovidedsuchluckygrants.
Inaddition,weestimatethatabout550additionalgrantsat
thesecond-lowestorthird-lowestpriceofthemonthowedtheir
statustoopportunistictiming.
Thecasesthathavecomeunderscrutinythusfarhaveledto
awidespreadimpressionthatopportunistictiminghasbeen
primarilyconcentratedin"neweconomy"firms.Butwhilethe
frequencyofluckygrantshasbeensomewhathigherinsuchfirms,
morethan80percentoftheopportunisticallytimedgrantshave
beenawardedinothersectors.Indeed,thereisasignificantly
higher-than-norma1incidenceofluckygrantsineachofthe
economy,s12industries.
Accordingtothepassage,morestock-optionsweregrantedto
executivesbecause
A.responsibilitiesincreaseveryfastontheshouldersofthe
executives.
B.theyaccountforaveryimportantpartinexecutives'pay
package.
C.shareownersintendtotieexecutives'interestswiththeir
own.
D.shareholdersexpectexecutivestobuystocksatexercise
price.
12、
Themainpurposeoftheauthor'sstudyistofindout
A.howthecompany'sstockpricewentupafterthegrantdate.
B.howstockpricedistributioninfluencetherankofgranted
price.
C.howbackdatingpracticesinfluencethevalueofstock
shares.
D.howthegrantedpricerankedinthemonthofthegrant.
13、
Theresultoftheauthor'sstudyshowsthat
A.stockoptionsaremorelikelytobeawardedwhenpricesare
low.
B.thereisavaguerelationshipbetweenstockoptionsand
grantprice.
C.thereisaclearrelationshipbetweenluckygrantsand
luckydates.
D.stockoptionsareonlyawardedwhenthepriceisatthe
lowest.
14、
Accordingtotheauthor,theSarbanes-OxleyAct
A.effectivelyeliminatedthepracticeofbackdating.
B.leadstoalargerpercentageofluckygrants.
C.guaranteesthatgrantsarereportedimmediately.
D.helpstoreducetheincidenceofluckygrants.
15、
Itcaninferredfromthepassagethat
A.1150CEOshavebenefitedfinanciallyfromluckygrants.
B.morethan850CEOsowetheirsuccesstomereluck.
C.opportunistictimingcanprovideunfairfinancialrewards.
D.luckygrantsarewidelyspreadovervariousindustries.
16^Astudyreleasedalittleoveraweekago,whichfound
thateldestchildrenendup,onaverage,withslightlyhigher
IQ'sthanyoungersiblings,wasareminderthatthefightfor
self-definitionstartsmuchearlierthanfreshmanyear.
Families,whatevertherelativeintelligenceoftheirmembers,
oftentreatthefirstbornasifheorshewerethemostacademic,
andtheyoungersiblingsfillinotherniches:thewildone,
theflirt.
Theseimposedcaricatures,incombinationwiththeotherlabels
thataccumulatefromthesandboxthroughadolescence,canseem
overtimelikeamiserablecat,entourageofidentitiesthat
canbesilencedonlywithhoursoftherapy.Butthere'sanother
waytoseethesealternateidentities:aschallengesthatcan
sharpenpsychologicalskills.Inacountrywherereinvention
isconsideredabirthright,manypeopleseemtotreatold
identitiesthewayHoudinitreatedpadlockedboxes:something
towrigglefreefrom,beforebeingdraggeddown.And
psychologicalresearchsuggeststhatthisabilitycanbeasign
ofmentalresilience,oftakingcontrolofyourownstoryrather
thanbeingtrappedbyit.
Thelate-nightbullsessionsincollegeoratbackyard
barbecuesareatsomelevellikeout-of-bodyexperiences,
allowingare-coloringofpastexperiencetoconnectwithnew
acquaintances.Amoreobviousoutlettoexpandidentity一and
onethat'savailabletothosewhohavenotorcannotescapethe
familyandcommunitywherethey,reknownandlabeled一isthe
Internet.Admittedly,alotoftherole-playingontheInternet
canhaveadeviantquality.Butresearchershavefoundthatmany
peoplewhoplaylife-simulationgames,forexample,setupthe
kindoffamiliestheywould1iketohavehad,evenscript,
alternateversionsoftheirownroleinthefamilyorinapeer
group.
DecadesagothepsychologistErikEricksonconceivedofmiddle
ageasastageoflifedefinedbyatensionbetweenstagnation
andgenerativity一ahealthysenseofguidingandnourishingthe
nextgeneration,ofhelpingthecommunity.Inaseriesof
studies,theNorthwesternpsychologistDanP.McAdamshasfound
thatadultsintheir40sand50swhoselivesshowthisgenerous
quality一whooftenvolunteer,whohaveasenseof
accomplishment一tellverysimilarstoriesabouthowtheycame
tobewhotheyare.Whethertheygrewupinruralpovertyor
withviewsofCentralPark,theytoldtheirlifestoriesas
seriesofredemptivelessons.Whentheyfailedagrade,they
foundawonderfultutor,andlatermadethehonorroll;when
firedfromagoodjob,theywereforcedtostarttheirown
business.
Thissimilarityinnarrativeconstructionsmostlikely
reflectssomeagency,awillfulreshapingandre-imaginingof
thepastthatinformsthepresent.Thesearepeoplewho,whether
peggedasnerdsorrebelsorplodders,havetakencontrolof
thestoriesthatform,theiridentities.
Inconversation,peopleareoftenwillingtohandoutthumbnail
descriptionsofthemselves:Tmkindofahermit”.Oratalker,
apracticaljoker,astriver,asnob,amorningperson.Butthey
aremorelikelytowincewhensomeoneelsedescribesthemso
authoritatively.
Maybethat'sbecausetheyhavecometoofar,shakenoffenough
oldlabelsalready.Likeescapeartistswithalifetime's
experienceslippingthroughchains,theydon,twantorneedany
additionalwork.Becausewhilemostpeoplecanleavetheir
familyniches,schoolyardnicknamesandhighschool
reputationsbehind,theydon'teverentirelyforgetthem.
Arecentstudyshowsthat
A.thefirstbornsandyoungersiblingsareoftentreated
differently.
B.higherIQholdersinafamilyarealwaystheeldest.
C.thefirstbornsinafamilyoftenbecomemoreacademic
D.theyoungersiblingsaremorelikelytobeill-treated.
17、
TheauthormentionedHoudiniinthetextto
A.tellreadershowhetreatedthepadlockedboxes.
B.introducethetopicof.IQdifferencesbetweensiblings.
C.illustratethepointthatpreviousidentitiescanberemade.
D.explainhowtosharpenone'spsychologicalskills.
18、
Accordingtothetext,onecanexpandone'sidentity
A.byfindingawaytostayawayfromone'sfamilyand
community.
B.bycombininglate-nightbullsessionswithbackyard
barbecues.
C.byconsultingaprofessionalpsycho-therapist.
D.byplayingvariousonlinecomputergameswithnew
acquaintances.
19、
Psychologistsseemtobelievethatifadultswanttoremake
theiridentity,theyneedto
A.telltheirpsychologistsverysimilarstoriesabout
themselves.
B.commandtheidentity-formingfactorsthemselves.
C.quittheirjobsandstarttheirownbusiness.
D.hireawonderfultutortogetthemselvesintothehonorroll.
20、
Wecanlearnfromthelasttwoparagraphsthat
A.itmightbedifficulttocompletelyshakeoffone'sold
identities.
B.peoplehatetohavethumbnaildescriptionsofthemselves.
C.itmighttakeadditionalworkforpeopletoentirelyforget
theirpast.
D.peoplehatetoheartheirschoolyardnicknameswhenthey
growup.
21、PartB(10points)
Inthefollowingtext,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.For
Questions41-45,choosethemostsuitableonefromthelist(A、
C、D、E、F、G...)tofitintoeachofthenumberedblank.
Thereareseveralextrachoices,whichdonotfitinanyofthe
gaps.(10points)
Domobilephonescauseexplosionsatpetrolstations?That
questionhasjustbeenexhaustivelyansweredbyAdamBurgess,
aresearcherattheUniversityofKent,inEngland.Oddly,
however,Dr.Burgessisnotaphysicist,butasociologist.For
theconcernrestsnotonscientificevidenceofanydanger,but
isinsteadtheresultofsociologicalfactors:itisanurban
myth,supportedandpropagatedbyofficialsources,butnoless
amythforthat.Dr.Burgesspresentedhisfindingsthisweek
attheannualconferenceoftheBritishSociological
Association.
Mobilephonesstartedtobecomewidespreadinthelate1980s,
whentheoilindustrywasinthemiddleofaconcertedsafety-
drive,Dr.Burgessnotes.Thiswas,inlargepart,aresponse
tothePiperAlphadisasterin1988,when167peoplediedin
anexplosiononanoilplatform,offtheScottishcoast.
(41).Sonobodyquestionedtheprecautionarybanonthe
useofmobilephonesatpetrolstations.Theworrywasthatan
electricalsparkmightigniteexplosivefumes.
(42).Butitwastoolate.Themythhadtakenhold.
Oneproblem,saysDr.Burgess,isthatthenumberof
petrol-stationfiresincreasedinthelate1990s,justas
mobilephoneswereproliferating.RichardCoates,BP's
fire-safetyadviser,investigatedmanyofthe243suchfires
thatoccurredaroundtheworldbetween1993and2022.He
concludedthatmostwereindeedcausedbysparksigniting
petrolvapor,butthesparksthemselvesweretheresultof
staticelectricity,notelectricalequipment.Mostdrivers
willhaveexperiencedamildelectricshockwhenclimbingout
oftheirvehicles.Itiscausedbyfrictionbetweendriverand
seat,withtheresultthatbothendupelectricallycharged.
Whenthedrivertouchesthemetalframe,ofthevehicle,the
resultissometimesaspark.
(43).
(44).Onee-mailcontainedfictitiousexamplesofsuch
explosionssaidtohavehappenedinIndonesiaandAustralia.
Another,supposedlysentoutbyShell,founditswayontoan
internalwebsiteatExxon,saysDr.Burgess,whereitwas
treatedasauthoritativebyemployees.Suchmemosgenerally
explainstaticfiresquiteaccurately,butmistakenly
attributethemtomobilephones.Officialdenials,saysDr.
Burgess,simplyinflamethesuspicionsofconspiracytheorists.
(45).WarningsignsaboundinBritain,America,Canada
andAustralia.ThecityofSaoPaulo,inBrazil,introduceda
banlastyear.And,earnertinsmonth,amemberofConnecticut's
senateproposedmakingtheuseofmobilephonesinpetrol
stationsinthatstatepunishablebya$250fine.
A.Thesafetydrivedidnotapplymerelytooffshoreoperations:
employeesatsomeBritishoil-companyofficesarenowrequired
tousehandrailswhilewalkingupanddownstairs,forexample.
B.Asaresult,thecompanyhadtopayahugeamountof
compensationtothefamiliesofthevictimsandlawsuits
concerningthosefiresseemedtobeendless.
C.Afurthercomplicationwastheriseoftheinternet,where
hoaxme
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