广播电视新闻学外文翻译文献

广播电视新闻学外文翻译文献广播电视新闻学外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)外文:Communicatinguncertainty-howAustraliantelevisionreportedH1N1riskin2009:acontentanalysis【AndreaSFogarty1,KateHolland2,MichelleImison1,RWarwickBlood2,SimonChapman1*andSimonHolding1】Abstract

1.Background:Healthofficialsfaceparticularchallengesincommunicatingwiththepublicaboutemerginginfectiousdiseasesofunknownseveritysuchasthe2009H1N1(swine‘flu)pandemic(pH1N1).Statementsintendedtocreateawarenessandconveytheseriousnessofinfectiousdiseasethreatscandrawaccusationsofscaremongering,whileofficialscanbeaccusedofcomplacencyifsuchstatementsarenotmade.Inthesecommunicationcontexts,newsjournalists,oftenreliantonofficialsourcestounderstandissuesarepivotalinselectingandemphasisingaspectsofofficialdiscoursedeemedsufficientlynewsworthytopresenttothepublic.Thispaperpresentsacase-studyofnewscommunicationregardingtheemergenceofpH1N1.2.Methods:WeconductedacontentanalysisofalltelevisionnewsitemsaboutpH1N1.Weexaminednewsandcurrentaffairsitemsbroadcaston5free-to-airSydneytelevisionchannelsbetweenApril252009(thefirstreport)andOctober9(priortothevaccinerelease)forstatementsabouttheseriousnessofthediseasehowthepubliccouldminimisecontagiongovernmentresponsestoemerginginformation.3.Results:pH1N1wastheleadinghealthstoryforeightof24weeksandwasinthetop5for20weeks.353newsitemswereidentified,yielding3086statementsforanalysis,with63.4%relatedtotheseriousnessofthesituation,12.9%providingadviceforviewersand23.6%involvingassurancesfromgovernment.Coveragefocusedoninfection/mortalityrates,thespreadofthevirus,theneedforpubliccalm,thevulnerabilityofparticulargroups,directandindirectadviceforviewers,andgovernmentreassurancesabouteffectivemanagement.4.Conclusions:Overall,thereportingof2009pH1N1inSydney,Australiawasgenerallynon-alarmist,whileconveyingthatpH1N1waspotentiallyserious.Dailyinfectionratetalliesandcommentaryonchangesinthepandemicalertlevelwereseldomcontextualisedtoassistviewersinunderstandingpersonalrelevance.Suggestionsaremadeabouthowfuturereportingofemerginginfectiousdiseasescouldbeenhanced.BackgroundInrecentyears,Australianshavebeenexposedtoarangeoflarge–scalenewscoverageandhealthpromotioncampaignsaboutcommunicabledisease.Thesehaveincludedseasonalinfluenzaadvisories;campaignspromotingimmunisationforvaccine-preventablediseases;travellervaccinationmessages;sexuallytransmitteddiseasepreventioncampaigns,includinghumanpapillomavirusvaccinetopreventcervicalcancer;HIV/AIDSandhepatitisBandCprevention.WiththeexceptionofHIV/AIDSandsexually-transmitteddiseases,eachofthesehasavaccineandcleardirectivesabouthowtoavoidinfection,formingthecentralcommunicativefocusofsuchcampaigns.

TheWHO-declaredglobalpH1N1(swine‘flu)pandemicof2009hasattractedresearchattentionfromvirologistsandinfectiousdiseasespecialists,butlessfromcommunicationscholars.FromthefirstreportsofMexicancasesinlateApril2009,whatwouldbecomesustainedAustralianreportagerapidlyturnedtothelikelihoodofAustraliancasesinvolvingperhapsepidemicandhighmortalitynumbers.Australianswereexposedtodailynewsfeaturingthecountry’sseniorhealthofficialsandanarrayofinfectiousdiseaseexperts,whounavoidably,hadtodealwiththeuncertainandcomplextrajectoriesandvirulenceofthediseaseinthecontextofnewsproductionculturescharacterizedbysevensecondsound-bitesandanappetiteforunambiguous,easilyunderstoodinformation.MethodsSinceMay2005,theAustralianHealthNewsResearchCollaborationhasrecordedandcategorisedallnews,currentaffairsand‘infotainment’programmesrelatedtohealthandmedicineonSydneyfree-to-airtelevisionstations.WesearchedtheAHNRCdatabaseandincludedallitemstaggedwith‘H1N1’or‘swineflu’intheperiodApril25,2009(thefirstmention)untilOctober92009.Allstorieswerevideoclipswhichwereusedforthecontentanalysisreportedhere.UsingalistofcontentcategoriesthatemergedprogressivelyfromthecontentasthepH1N1storyevolved,twoauthors(AFandMI)comparedcodingonasetof15randomclipsthateachwatchedandcodedindividually.Afterresolvinganycodingdifferencesandagreeinguponhowparticularitemsshouldbehandled,theycodedtheremainderoftheitems.Thesecategoriesrelatedtostatementsmaderegarding[1]theseriousnessofH1N1,[2]recommendedactionsviewerswereadvisedtotakeaboutavoidingcontractingorspreadingpH1N1,and[3]reassurancesthatthegovernmentwashandlingthesituation.Astatementwasanydirect(Xsaid“Y”)orattributed("Xsaidthat...”)quotebythejournalistsornewsactorsfeaturedineachitem.Atestofinter-coderreliabilityproducedaKappastatisticof0.63,indicatingagoodlevelofagreement.TheroleoftheInternetasaplatformfordeliveringpublichealthinterventionstospecificpatientgroupsandtothegeneralpublicisconstantlyincreasing,dueinparticulartoitsdisseminatingpotential:theworldwidepenetrationoftheInternetisincreasingandtheuseofthismediumforseekinghealthinformationisfrequent.Moreover,theInternetpotentialforindividualtailoringandinteractivityissuperiortothatofotherhighreach-deliverychannels.ResultsAtotalof353newsstorieswereidentified,containing3,086statementsrelatedtothethreekeyareasofinquiry.Duringthe24weeksreportedhere,pH1N1wastheleadinghealthstoryforeightweeksandfor20weeksremainedinthetopfivemostfrequentlyreportedhealthstories.WealsonotethattheviruswasrarelyreferredtobythenamepH1N1duringthecoverageandinstead,wasroutinelytermedswine‘flu.Whenreportingexactquoteswehavethereforeretainedthetermswine‘flu.（1）SeriousnessOfpH1N1Ofallstatements,63.4%(n=1,958/3,086)relatedtotheseriousnessofpH1N1.Thiswascommunicatedviafourrecurringstories:(i)dailytalliesofinfectionandmortality;(ii)des-criptionsofspreadofthevirus;(iii)theneedforcalmresponses;and(iv)thevulnerabilityofparticulargroups.Webrieflysummariseotherstatementswhichdidnotcomprisesignificantproportionsofthecoverage,butmayhavebeenimportanttothosewhoincidentallysawsomenewsstories.ThisincludedsimilaritiesbetweenpH1N1andotherviruses,governmentmanagementplans,andtheneedforsystemscoveringdiagnosisandtheanticipatedvaccinerollout.（2）AdviceAndRecommendedActionsForViewersInmorethanonethirdofstories(n=131/353-37%)directorindirectadvicewasgivenonwhatviewerscoulddotopreventspreadinginfection.However,thesestatementsaccountedforjust12.9%(n=399/3,086)ofallstatements.Justoveraquarter(27.8%,n=111/399)focusedonbasicpersonalhygiene,anotherquarterrelatedtopreventinginfectionbybeingmindfulofissuesofproximity(27.8%,n=111/399)andafifthadvisedseeingadoctorandseekingfurtherinformation(20.6%,n=82/399).（3）ReassuranceThatGovernmentWasHandlingTheSituationOfallstatementsrecorded,23.6%(n=729/3,086)assuredviewersthatthegovernmentwashandlingthesituationbyelaboratingonitscurrentandproposedactions.Aboutathirdofthesestatements(29.8%,n=217/729)referredtotheimmediateneedfortheGovernmenttodevelop,testandthendistributeavaccinestartingwithprioritygroups.Aquarterofthesestatements(25.9%,n=189/729)reassuredthepublicthatthegovernmentwasputtingsignificanteffortintobordercontrolmeasuresdesignedtopreventpH1N1enteringAustralia,andfollowingupandcontainingdetectedinfection.Thesestatementsgenerallyconcernedquarantinemeasures,theuseofthermalimagingatairportsorstatementsaboutnewmeasuresandongoingmonitoringofthesituation。ConclusionsTheAustraliangovernmentandmediaactedresponsiblybyprovidingregular,highprofileandhighlytransparentinformationontheemergingintelligenceaboutthepandemic.Uncertaintyaboutthetrajectoryofthediseasewasopenlyacknowledgedandreassurancesgivenaboutgovernmentpreparedness.Potentiallydissonancegeneratingnewscoveragethatmighthaveengenderedpanic,complacencyorcynicismabout“yetanotherepidemic”wasuncommon.TheInternetisarichandefficientsourceofinformationaboutinfectiousdiseasesandtheirprevention.Itsroleinsocialmarketingcanbecrucial.Integratingitspotentialswiththoseofothermediacanguaranteeabroadspreadofinformation.Moreover,publichealthinterventionstransmittedthroughthismediumcouldtargetgroupswithpeculiarcharacteristics.Inconclusion,inordertoguaranteeanadequateuseofthisinstrumentbythepublic,healthprofessionals,whoarestilloneofthemainsourcesofinformationregardinghealthmatters,shouldguidepatientstootherreliablesources(informationprescription)atthesametime,deeperattentionshouldbepaidbyPublicHealthAgenciestowardsqualityofinformationandsearchengineoptimization;studiesliketheonepresentedinthisarticleshouldbeusedmoreoftentoimprovedeliveryofpublichealthinformationtothegeneralpublic.Furtherresearchshouldexplorehowvariouspublicsdecodedandreceivedtheinformationandadviceprovidedandhowjournalistsapproachedthechallengesofmakingthison-goingstorymaximallynewsworthy.Triangulatedwithcontentanalysisofwhatwasbroadcast,suchasthispaper,thesestudiescouldprovidevaluableinformationforriskcommunicatorsinareascharacterisedbytheuncertaintyinherentinemergingdiseases.AcknowledgementsTheprojectisfundedbyanAustralianNationalHealth&MedicalResearchCouncil(NHMRC)grant(#68610),andallauthorsareinvestigatorsontheNHMRCfundedpublichealthcapacitybuildinggrant‘TheAustralianHealthNewsResearchCollaboration’(#571376)Authordetails1SchoolofPublicHealth,UniversityofSydney,Sydney,Australia.2FacultyofArts&Design,UniversityofCanberra,Canberra,Australia.中文:沟通的不确定性——2009年澳大利亚电视台如何报道了甲型H1N1流感的风险：内容分析【作者：安德烈·S·福甘蒂，凯特·霍兰德，米歇尔·爱米申，R华威克·布兰德，西蒙·查普曼，西蒙·霍尔丁；BMC公共健康，2011,11:181摘要：1.背景：在面对出现的未知的严重传染病时，卫生官员在与公众的交流方面面临特殊的挑战，如2009年的H1N1（猪流感）大流行（即pH1N1）。官方的声明旨在让更多人了解并传达传染病威胁的严重性，尽管有时会得到其是危言耸听的指控，但当官员被指责自满时，不能连这样的官方声明都没有。在这些交流环境中，新闻记者，常常依赖于官方消息渠道，了解到问题关键在选择和强调官方话语方面将有价值的新闻充分呈现给公众。本文介绍了新闻传播方面关于PH1N1出现的一个案例研究。2.方法：我们对所有电视新闻条目中关于pH1N1的内容进行了分析。我们在一个5天免费对空悉尼电视频道研究了播出的新闻和时事条目，时间在2009年4月25日（官方第一次报告）和10月9日（之前发布的疫苗）之间，通过发表严重疾病的声明，看公众如何最大限度地减少腐化的政府回应新兴的信息。3.结果：pH1N1在健康故事里一直处于领先，过去24周里排名第八，过去20周里排名在前五。353个新闻项目进行了鉴定，得到3086份报表进行分析：其中有63.4%涉及到事态的严重性，12.9%为观众提供咨询，还有23.6%涉及到政府的保证。报道集中在感染/死亡率，病毒扩散，公众需要冷静，特殊群体的弱点，直接和间接咨询的观众，以及政府关于有效管理的保证。4.结论：总体而言，2009年悉尼的pH1N1，澳大利亚大体上不是危言耸听，而表达pH1N1有潜在的严重性。每日感染率相吻合，并且在流感大流行警戒级别上评论在改变，以帮助观众理解新闻与个人的相关性。关于未来如何报告新发传染病的意见可能会被加强。(一)背景近年来，澳大利亚人已经披露了一系列大规模的传染性疾病的新闻报道和健康促进活动。这包括季节性流感咨询；为疫苗可预防疾病进行免疫接种的宣传活动推广；旅行者接种信息；对传染性性病的预防宣传，包括预防子宫颈癌的人类乳头状瘤病毒疫苗；艾滋病毒/艾滋病和乙型肝炎和丙型肝炎的预防。除了艾滋病毒/艾滋病和性传播疾病，每一种都有疫苗，并且这些宣传活动里有关于如何避免感染、形成交际重点的中心清晰的指示。2009年世界卫生组织宣布全球pH1N1（猪流感）大流行已经引起研究病毒学和传染病的专家的关注，但传播学者关注较少。从2009年4月下旬关于墨西哥情况的第一份报告看，什么将成为持续的澳大利亚报告文学迅速转向一种关于可能流行并且死亡率高的澳大利亚病例的可能性。澳大利亚人暴露于每日新闻为有特点的国家高级卫生官员和传染病专家组成的队伍，不可避免地，不得不面对充满不确定性的和有复杂轨迹的致病性疾病，在通过7秒声音叮咬和食欲明确的新闻制作文化语境特点下，变得容易理解信息。（二）方法自2005年5月以来，澳大利亚卫生新闻研究合作会已经记录并分类所有新闻、时事和“信息娱乐”有关健康和医学的悉尼免费对空电视节目，它被用于内容分析。我们搜查了AHNRC数据库，其中包括标有“H1N1”或“猪流感”在2009年4月25日（第一次提到）起至2009年10月9日的所有项目。所有的故事都是它被用于此报告的内容分析的视频剪辑。使用内容的类别列表逐渐从内容作为pH1N1故事发展而来，两位作者（安德烈·S·福甘蒂，米歇尔·爱米申）比较一组15个随机剪辑的编码，观看与编码相独立。解决任何编码分歧，并在特定项目（他们在编码的项目里的剩余部分）应该如何处理获得同意。这些分类涉及到关于H1N1的严重性陈述，观众已被告知如何避免感染或传播pH1N1的建议措施，并且政府正在处理的情况再次做出了保证。声明里任何直接的（X说“Y”）或归咎（“X说……”）被每个项目的记者和新闻演员引用。一个关于间编码器的可靠性测试里，间编码器产生了0.63卡帕，说明协议在一个良好的水平上。其中，互联网扮演的是一个平台的角色，为特定患者群体和广大市民提供了公共卫生干预措施，其作用还在不断增加，特别是它的传播潜力：因特网的全球渗透在不断增加，并且使用这种没接寻求健康信息夜更为频繁。此外，互联网潜在的个人定制和交互性优于其他达成交付的渠道。（三）结果共有353个新闻故事进行了鉴定，包含三个关键领域的3086条陈述。在报告的24周时间里，pH1N1是前8周里领先的健康故事，并在20周内保持在前五名最常见的健康故事。我们也注意到，该病毒在报道过程中很少提到，名字由pH1N1代替，通常还被称为猪流感。因此在报告确切的情况时，我们保留了猪流感这个词。1.pH1N1的严重性所有陈述，高达63.4%的死亡率说明了pH1N1的严重性。这是通过四个经常性