第二部分 专题专项提能

第一板块语法系列专项提能奠基起始课——学好语法，从理清句子成分开始无论是“理解”还是“表达”，均需建立在准确理解句子成分基础上。一个句子若没有句子成分的合理架构、有序排列，就会杂乱无章，不知所云。所以，学好语法，应从正确理清句子成分入手。众所周知，句子有若干个组成部分，它们分别承担着不同的作用，组成句子的各个部分叫作句子成分。英语中的句子成分分为主语subject、谓语predicate、宾语object、表语predicative、定语attribute、状语adverbial、补语complement和同位语appositive八种。一、主语——习惯于发号施令，偶尔也会被赶下台在句子中，主语是执行句子的行为或动作的主体。主语一般位于句子开头，且不能省略。但在某些特定的句式里，如：疑问句、倒装句、祈使句、感叹句等，句子主语也可以“下台”而位于谓语动词之后或省略。能够充当主语的主要有名词(短语)、代词、数词、动名词(短语)、动词不定式(短语)和从句等。(2020·全国卷Ⅱ书面表达)Thefarmislocatedatthefootofthehillnearourschool.(名词作主语)(2019·全国卷Ⅰ书面表达)ToletChinagototheworldandlettheworldunderstandChinaismyfirstaim.(不定式短语作主语)(2020·全国卷Ⅰ书面表达)Whattouchesmemostisherfulldevotiontowork.(what引导的主语从句作主语)(2020·北京高考书面表达)Itwasshownthatonlytenpercentstudentswereabletobedevotedtotheirstudy.(代词it充当形式主语，that引导的主语从句作真正的主语)[名师指津]当从句作主语时，为避免头重脚轻，可用it作形式主语，而把真正的主语(主语从句)后置。二、谓语——坚决服从主语“领导”，执行命令雷厉风行谓语用来描述主语的行为动作、状态或特征，常位于主语之后。谓语可由动词或动词短语、系表结构以及“助动词/情态动词＋实义动词”充当，有时态、语态和语气的变化，同时又受到主语人称和数的制约。谓语的构成如下：1．简单谓语：由一个实义动词或动词短语构成。(2020·北京高考书面表达)Theyadvisedgettingthewholeclassinvolvedinabrainstormconferenceforstudyingmoreeffectively.(2020·全国卷Ⅲ书面表达)Thetextmainlyfocusesonthestoryofarobot.2．复合谓语：(1)由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成；(2)由系动词加表语构成。(2019·全国卷Ⅰ书面表达)ThroughmyintroductionandeffortsIcanstrengthenthefriendshipbetweenChinaandBritain.(2020·全国卷Ⅰ书面表达)Sheisawarm­heartedanddedicatedteacher.三、宾语——一直受到压制，有时“翻身农奴把歌唱”宾语表示谓语动作的对象，一般位于及物动词或介词的后面，受到主语的限制和制约。宾语一般由名词(短语)、宾格代词、数词、动名词(短语)、动词不定式或宾语从句等充当，根据需要也可用it作形式宾语。宾语在被动结构中才会“翻身农奴把歌唱”成为主语。1．双宾语(间接宾语＋直接宾语)(2020·全国卷Ⅰ书面表达)Servingasmyrolemodel,mymotherhasgivenmevaluablespiritualwealth,anddefinitely,shedeservesthehighestpraise！(me为间接宾语，infinitevaluablespiritualwealth为直接宾语)2．复合宾语(宾语＋宾语补足语)(2019·全国卷Ⅱ书面表达)Iwouldlikeyoutogiveusyourguidanceandencouragement.(you为宾语，togiveusyourguidanceandencouragement为宾语补足语)四、表语——最会察言观色，就看“主子”脸色表语一般位于系动词(如be,become,get,look,grow,turn,seem等)之后，用以说明主语这个“主子”的身份、特征和状态等，一般由名词、名词性物主代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式(短语)、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句等充当。(2020·全国卷Ⅰ书面表达)Seriousasheisandseldomexpresseshimself,healwayscaresaboutmystudyandlifefromallaspects.(形容词作表语)(2020·江苏高考书面表达)Moreimportantly,theotherreasonisthatthedocumentariespresentasplendidpictureofChinainfrontoftheiraudiences—itshistory,food,artandsoon.(从句作表语)五、定语——鞍前马后搞服务，全心全意勤务兵修饰或限定名词或代词的词、短语或从句被称为定语。定语服务于它所修饰或限定的名词或代词，可由形容词、数词、形容词性物主代词、介词短语、非谓语动词或定语从句等充当。定语有前置和后置两种情况，如短语结构、从句等作定语时，常置于被修饰词之后。Asyousee,thestudentsinourschoolarealwayshard­working.(从句和介词短语作定语)Mydreamtobeadmittedintomyfavoriteuniversitywillcometrue.(非谓语动词作后置定语)六、状语——行踪飘忽不定，却对动词“情有独钟”修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分叫作状语。一般表示行为发生的时间、地点、目的、原因、条件、让步、方式、程度等意义。状语可由副词、介词短语、动词不定式、分词、状语从句等充当。状语在句子中的位置很灵活，所以说它“行踪飘忽不定”。常见情况为：通常在句子基本结构后，强调时放在句首；修饰形容词或副词时，通常位于被修饰词之前；表示时间、地点、目的的状语一般位于句子两头，强调时放在句首，地点状语一般放在时间状语之前；一些表示频度的副词(如often,almost等)作状语通常位于be动词、助动词、情态动词之后、实义动词之前。高考中一般考查副词修饰动词的用法，故说它对动词“情有独钟”。(2020·全国卷Ⅰ书面表达)Inmygrowingup,shefrequentlyremindedmeofthebelief—tovalueeducationandtobehelpful.(副词作状语)(2020·天津高考书面表达)TheceremonywasscheduledtobeheldonJune8.(介词短语作状语)(2020·全国卷Ⅰ书面表达)LearningtheCOVID­19appeared,heputhimselfintothebattleagainwithouthesitation.(非谓语动词作状语)(2020·全国卷Ⅲ书面表达)IcameacrossaproblemwhenIwasadaptinganEnglishtextintoashortplay.(从句作状语)七、补语——始终寄人篱下，永远成不了主人补语也叫补足语，主要起补充说明的作用，最常见的是宾语补足语和主语补足语，所以说它寄人篱下，成不了“主人”。补足语可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式(短语)、分词、介词短语或从句等充当。(2019·江苏高考书面表达)LiJiangwillmaketheChineseculturebetterknowntoBritishstudents.(过去分词短语作宾语补足语)Hewasseenplayingbasketballontheplaygroundyesterday.(现在分词短语作主语补足语)八、同位语——总是玩失踪，特殊场合还是“显露原形”对句子中的名词(短语)或代词作进一步解释、说明，与前面的成分在语法上处于同等地位的句子成分叫作同位语。英语句子表达中一般情况下是没有同位语的，所以说它爱玩失踪。如果要对前面的名词的具体内容作进一步的说明，这时候就需要同位语，可谓“显露原形”。可以用作同位语的有：名词、代词、数词、介词短语、不定式、动名词和从句等。(2020·浙江高考读后续写)Whenwewereabouttoleave,thebearappearedfromadistance,runningtowardsus,withthreeotherbears,amotherbearandtwobabybears.(名词短语作同位语)(2020·全国卷Ⅰ书面表达)Themostbelovedandrespectedpersonaroundmeismyteacher,MsLi.(名词作同位语)[强化落实训练]Ⅰ.用以下符号划分句子成分1.eq\o([Intheenvironment],\s\do14(状语))，teachersandstudentsarelivingeq\o([happily],\s\do14(状语))andworkingeq\o([hard],\s\do14(状语)).2．Wordcameeq\o([thatthemayorwouldpayavisitto,\s\do14(同位语))ourschooleq\o(nextweek],\s\do14(同位语)).3．Wehaven'tdecidedwhentodiscussthequestionagain.4.eq\o([Atthesametime],\s\do14(状语))，parentsaregivingtheirchildrentoomuchprotection.5．Weshouldfollowtheeq\o([doctor's],\s\do14(定语))advice.6.eq\o([Bathedinthesunshine],\s\do14(状语))，wejumpedandcheeredeq\o([withjoy],\s\do14(状语)).7.eq\o([Infact],\s\do14(状语))，heinspiredmeeq\o([tomajorinEnglish],\s\do14(宾补))eq\o([incollege],\s\do14(状语)).8．Musiccanmakeourmindeq\o([inapeacefulstate],\s\do14(宾补))eq\o([afterawholedayoftiringwork],\s\do14(状语)).Ⅱ.指出下列句子属于方框内的哪种基本句式A．SV(主＋谓)B．SVP(主＋系＋表)C．SVO(主＋谓＋宾)D．SVOO(主＋谓＋间宾＋直宾)E．SVOC(主＋谓＋宾＋宾补)1．Todotoday'shomeworkwithouttheteacher'shelpisverydifficult.2．Tomdidn'tdohishomeworkyesterday.3．DidyouseeLiMingplayingfootballontheplaygroundjustnow?4．Thedaysgetlongerandlongerwhensummercomes.5．Myfatherboughtanewbikeformelastweek.6．Theyfoundthehousedecoratedwithbeautifulflowers.7．Theyarrivedhereat10：00yesterdaymorning.8．Theoldmansittingatthegatesaidhewasill.答案：1.B2.C3.E4.B5.D6.E7.A8.CⅢ.单句改错并说明理由(从句子成分角度思考)1．(2020·全国卷Ⅰ)TodayItriedcookingasimplydishmyself.[改错]simply→simple[理由]此处应用形容词simple，在句中作定语修饰名词dish。2．(2019·全国卷Ⅱ)First,Iwantedtobeafireman,whoseuniformlookedsocoolly.[改错]coolly→cool[理由]定语从句中looked为系动词，需用形容词而非副词作表语。3．(2019·全国卷Ⅲ)Nowmydreamistoopensacafe.[改错]opens→open[理由]分析句子结构可知，is后面的动词不定式短语作表语，不定式符号to后接动词原形，故将opens改为open。4．(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)StillIunwillingtoplaythegameswiththemsometimes.[改错]I后加was[理由]句中缺少谓语动词，且根据行文时态，此处是一般过去时，故在表语unwillingto...前加系动词was。5．(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)Everyonewassilent,waittoseewhowouldbecalledupontoreadhisorherparagraphaloud.[改错]wait→waiting[理由]句中已有谓语wassilent，逗号后应用非谓语动词作伴随状语，因wait与逻辑主语everyone之间为主谓关系，故把wait改为现在分词waiting。基础语法课(1)——名词、冠词eq\a\vs4\al(语法项目一名词)[语境中体悟用法]朗读下面短文，体会、领悟加黑名词的类别和用法。BornonAugust23,1988inAmerica①，JeremyShu­HowLin②isaprofessionalbasketball③playerwhowasontheHustonRockets④oftheNationalBasketballAssociation(NBA)⑤.But,tosomedegree,manyChinesefans⑥andcoaches⑦takehimasaChineseguyoratleastarewillingtoimaginehimaChinese⑧justbecausehehasatypicalChinesefaceandhisparentswereborninChina.JeremyLinhasrecentlybecomeasuccess⑨andattractedtheworld's⑩attention,whichgivesChinesepeople⑪alotofimaginationandpride⑫.Asweknow,inmostpeople'seyes,Jeremyisamiracle.InJune,2012,whenJeremytookhisthirdtriptoChina,alargecrowdcametomeethim,amongwhomtherewerevariousfansincludingsomefamilies⑬，somechildren⑭andevensomewomenplayers⑮.Theybroughtcamerastotakephotos⑯withtheiridol.Jeremyhadfun⑰withhissupportersandexpectedtocomebackagain.[用法体悟](1)①②④⑤为专有名词，其中④⑤是由普通名词构成的专有名词；(2)③处为名词作定语，修饰中心名词player；(3)⑤处oftheNationalBasketballAssociation与⑩处的world's为名词所有格形式，无生命名词的所有格一般用“of＋名词”表示，有生命的人或物的所有格则用“名词＋'s”表示；(4)⑥⑦⑬⑭⑮⑯为可数名词的复数形式。名词变复数，一般情况下直接加­s，如⑥；以s，x，sh，ch结尾的名词加­es，如⑦；以辅音字母＋­y结尾的，改y为i再加­es，如⑬；以f或者fe结尾的词，改f为v，再加­es；以o结尾的单词，一般加­s，如⑯，少数加­es；另有一些单词或合成名词存在不规则变化，如⑭⑮；(5)⑧处aChinese在句中作宾语补足语，Chinese在此处为单数名词；另：Chinese单复数同形，类似的有deer,sheep,fish,means,Japanese等；(6)⑨处asuccess为抽象名词具体化，表示“一位成功人士”；(7)⑪在此表示“人”，为集合名词，表示复数意义，类似的有cattle(牲畜),police(警察)等；(8)⑫处的imagination与pride为不可数名词，前可以用little,alittle,abitof,some,much,alotof,plentyof,agreatdealof,alargeamountof等修饰；(9)⑰为抽象名词，没有复数形式，前面不能加冠词a,an；(10)可数名词不可单独出现，要么用其复数形式，要么前加限定词，如文中的amiracle,histhirdtrip,cameras等。[系统中整合规则](一)可数名词的复数形式1．规则名词的6种复数变化形式变化规则例词一般情况下在词尾直接加­smonth→months以­s，­x，­ch，­sh结尾的名词在词尾加­esglass→glassesmatch→matches以辅音字母＋­y结尾的名词变y为i再加­escountry→countriesfactory→factories以元音字母＋­y结尾的名词在词尾直接加­sholiday→holidaysmonkey→monkeys以­o结尾的名词一般在词尾加­sphoto→photos有些在词尾加­espotato→potatoes以­f，­fe结尾的名词,一般要变f或fe为v再加­es,self→selveswolf→wolves少数直接加­s,belief→beliefs2．可数名词复数的3种不规则变化形式类型例词单复数同形deer,sheep,means,series,Chinese,Swiss,aircraft,spacecraft,species,fish变内部元音foot→feet,tooth→teeth,mouse→mice,man→men,woman→women外来名词medium→media(媒体)phenomenon→phenomena(现象)analysis→analyses(分析)3．合成名词复数的2类变化形式(1)若有中心词，则把中心词变成复数；若无中心词，则把最后一个词变成复数。passer­by→passers­by,sister­in­law→sisters­in­law,grown­up→grown­ups(2)“man/woman＋n.”变复数时，作定语的man/woman和中心词都要变复数，如：womenengineers。(二)不可数名词1．常见的24个不可数名词单词词义单词词义fun乐趣homework家庭作业progress进步equipment设备bread面包wealth财富knowledge知识room空间work工作weather天气music音乐news新闻；消息traffic交通meat肉word消息luck运气advice建议housework家务information信息furniture家具milk牛奶baggage/luggage行李orange橙汁money钱2．抽象名词的具体化抽象名词(不可数)具体化(表达个体概念时，是可数名词)surprise惊讶asurprise一件令人惊讶的事success成功asuccess一个(件)成功的人(事)honour荣誉anhonour受尊敬的人或一种荣誉failure失败afailure一个(件)失败的人(事)beauty美；美丽abeauty美丽的人或事物pleasure乐趣apleasure一件乐事[集训中明晰考点]考点1前有冠词、物主代词等限定词时，被修饰的中心词应为名词；在句中作主语、宾语、表语时应考虑名词1．(2020·全国卷Ⅱ)ChineseNewYearisa(celebrate)markingtheendofthewinterseasonandthebeginningofspring.解析：celebration空前有不定冠词a，故空处应为可数名词单数，所以填celebration。2．(2020·全国卷Ⅲ)Filledwith(curious),theartistpackedhisbagsandleft.解析：curiosity空前为介词with，故空处应用名词形式作介词的宾语，所以填curiosity。3．(2020·新高考全国卷Ⅰ)Historical(accurate)isimportantbutsoisentertainment.解析：accuracy根据语境和空前的修饰词Historical可知，此处应用名词形式作主语，所以填accuracy。4．(2019·全国卷Ⅰ)InrecentyearssomeInuitpeopleinNunavuthavereportedincreasesinbearsightingsaroundhumansettlements,leadingtoa(believe)thatpopulationsareincreasing.解析：belief根据空前的a可知，短语leadingto后接的是名词作宾语，故本空填believe的名词形式belief。5．(2019·全国卷Ⅲ)Whentheywerefreefromwork,theyinvitedustolocaleventsandletusknowofaninteresting(compete)towatch,togetherwiththestorybehindit.解析：competition根据空前的不定冠词an和形容词interesting可知，此处应填compete的名词单数形式competition。6．(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)Thisswitchhasdecreased(pollute)inthecountry'smajorlakesandreservoirsandmadedrinkingwatersaferforpeople.解析：pollutiondecrease“降低，减少”，后应接名词作宾语，故填pollution。考点2可数名词前如果没有冠词、物主代词、指示代词、不定代词等限定词，应用其复数形式表示复数含义1．(2018·浙江6月高考)MakingChinese(dish)isseenasespeciallytroublesome.解析：dishes此处dish是可数名词，其前无限定词，故用其复数形式泛指多种中国菜。2．(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)In1863thefirstundergroundpassengerrailwayintheworldopenedinLondon.Itranforjustundersevenkilometersandallowedpeopletoavoidterrible(crowd)ontheroadsaboveastheytravelledtoandfromwork.解析：crowds根据空格前面的形容词terrible可知此处填名词，crowd表示“人群”，是可数名词，前面没有限定词，所以用名词的复数形式。3．(2021·合肥模拟)WeusuallyexpectHollywood(hero)toshowuponourscreensanddefeatthebadguys.解析：heroeshero是可数名词，其前无限定词，故用其复数形式泛指好莱坞英雄。4．(2021·太原模拟)Theymaybetooyoungtotellrightfromwrongwithouttheguidanceoftheirparents.Somemaytakeillegal(activity)．解析：activitiesactivity是可数名词，其前无限定词，故用其复数形式泛指非法活动。考点3固定用法中的复数名词和不可数名词1．(2020·全国卷Ⅰ短文改错改编)NextIbroketheeggsintoabowlandbeatthemquicklywith(chopstick)．解析：chopstickschopstick意为“筷子”，常以复数形式出现。2．(2020·全国卷Ⅰ)Thefarsideofthemoonisofparticular(interesting)toscientistsbecauseithasalotofdeepcraters(环形山),moresothanthefamiliarnearside.解析：interest空处为固定结构“be＋of＋抽象名词”，beofparticularinterest＝beparticularlyinteresting，故填名词interest。3．(2021·开封模拟)Knowingthat,mymumandImadecareful(prepare)forthecelebration.解析：preparations固定搭配makepreparationsfor“为……做准备”中preparation要用复数形式。4．(2021·济南模拟)Butathomeheisastrictparentwhoishardonmeandhashigh(expect)ofme.解析：expectationsexpectation表示“期望”时，常用复数。5．(2021·太原模拟)Hehasmadegreat(contribute)tothedevelopmentofourcompany.解析：contributions“对……做贡献”的固定表达：makeacontributionto或者makecontributionsto。考点4名词与其修饰语保持数的一致(1)much,alittle,agreatdealof等接不可数名词；(2)some,alotof,lotsof,plentyof等接复数名词或不可数名词；(3)these,those,several,many,all,both,various,apairof,avarietyof,different或数词等接复数名词；(4)manya接单数名词。1．(2019·北京高考)Nomatterwhatyouliketodo,thereisawaytogetinvolvedinvarious(activity)onEarthDay.解析：activities空格前有形容词various修饰，表示“各种各样的活动”，应用复数形式，故填activities。2．(2019·全国卷Ⅰ短文改错改编)Allthefootball(player)ontheplaygroundcheeredloudly,sayingthatIhadatalentforfootball.解析：playersplayer为可数名词，其前有All修饰，应用复数形式。3．(2019·全国卷Ⅱ短文改错改编)SinceIwasakid,I'veconsidereddifferent(job)Iwouldliketodo.解析：jobsjob意为“工作，职位”，是可数名词，且根据前面的形容词different可知，应用复数形式。4．(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)Twooftheauthorsofthereviewalsomadeastudypublishedin2014thatshowedamerefiveto10minutesadayofrunningreducedtheriskofheartdiseaseandearlydeathsfromall(cause)．解析：causes此处的cause是可数名词，表示“原因”。根据设空处前的all可知，应该使用复数形式，故填causes。5．(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)Thistrend,whichwasstartedbythemedicalcommunity(医学界)asamethodoffightingheartdisease,hashadsomeunintendedside(effect)suchasoverweightandheartdisease—theverythingthemedicalcommunitywastryingtofight.解析：effects根据空格前面的some以及空格后面列举的两个例子“overweightandheartdisease”可知，应用effect的复数形式。考点5作主语的名词与谓语动词保持数的一致1．(2020·浙江1月高考)ForJapan,the(number)aremorestriking—22in1950,46todayand53in2050.解析：numbers根据下文的are可知这里应用number的复数形式，故填numbers。2．(2016·全国卷Ⅱ)Recent(study)showthatwearefarmoreproductiveatworkifwetakeshortbreaksregularly.解析：studiesRecent是形容词，修饰名词，“Recent”在句中作主语，根据谓语动词show可知，主语需要用复数形式。3．(2016·全国卷Ⅲ短文改错改编)Theteenage(year)from13to19werethemostdifficulttimeforme.解析：years此处指13～19岁的年龄，且谓语动词用了were，故用名词复数形式。4．(2021·湖北部分重点中学联考)Mybest(memory)ofChinesefoodwerewhenIfirstlearnedtousethechopsticks.解析：memories根据该句中的谓语动词were可知，此处的主语要用名词的复数形式，故填memories，表示“记忆”。考点6名词的数与上下文语境保持一致1．(2020·浙江7月高考)Later,theylearnedtoworkwiththe(season),plantingattherighttimeand,indryareas,makinguseofannualfloodstoirrigate(灌溉)theirfields.解析：seasons结合语境“他们学习随季节的变化而劳作”可知，一年有四个季节，需用复数形式。故填seasons。2．(2018·浙江11月高考)Onestudyshowedthat(woman)whodrankalotofcoffee,likeeightormorecupsperday,whiletheywerepregnantweremorelikelytohavechildrenwithbirthdefects.解析：women结合“theywerepregnant”以及that引导的宾语从句的谓语动词were可知，此处要用woman的复数形式women。3．(2021·衡阳模拟)Weshouldnotbe(slave)ofmoney.解析：slaves句意：我们不应该成为金钱的奴隶。根据主语we可知，应用复数名词。4．(2021·南昌模拟)Expertshopethewholesocietypaymoreattentiontothementalhealthof(adolescent)．解析：adolescents句意：专家们希望全社会都来关心青少年的心理健康。根据句意可知，此处泛指“青少年”，应用复数形式，故填adolescents。考点7以­'s结尾的名词的所有格(1)单数名词和不以­s结尾的复数名词一般在词尾加­'s，如：thegirl'sbook,Women'sDay。以­s结尾的复数名词在后面加­'，如：Teachers'Day。(2)用于表示店铺、医院、住宅及公共建筑等的名词时，所有格之后的shop,house,home等常省略。1．(2021·运城模拟)Sincemoststudentsareinneedofanap,properarrangementsshouldbemadesothatstudentscanhaveagoodrestafterawhole(morning)hardwork.解析：morning's此处表示“一整个上午的努力学习之后”，应填名词所有格morning's。2．(2021·济南模拟)Tothe(girl)surprise,hethrusttheflowersintothegirl'slap.解析：girl'stoone'ssurprise“令某人吃惊的是”，为固定短语，此处要用名词所有格。3．(2021·青岛模拟)Intwo(week)timeBergqvist'sicecreationwillbenothingmorethanapoolofwater.解析：weeks'以­s结尾的复数名词的所有格只在后面加'。4．(2021·绵阳模拟)WhenIfinallyarrivedatmy(friend)helentmelotsofclothes.解析：friend's句意：当我终于到达我朋友家时，他借给我许多衣服。此处表示“朋友的家”，应用friend's，其后的home可省略。[自测中查漏补缺]Ⅰ.单句语法填空1．(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)Sheisdeterminedtocarryonwithhereducation(educate)．2．(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)Chengduhasdozensofnewmillionaires,Asia'sbiggestbuilding,andfancynewhotels.Butfortouristslikeme,pandasareitstopattraction(attract)．3．(2016·全国卷Ⅲ)SomepeoplethinkthatthegreatChinesescholarConfucius,wholivedfromroughly551to479 B．C.,influencedthedevelopment(develop)ofchopsticks.4．(2021·日照模拟)Recentstudies(study)showthatwearefarmoreproductiveatworkifwetakeshortbreaksregularly.5．(2021·太原模拟)Ecotourismistypicallydefinedastraveltoplaceswheretheuniqueplants，animalsandculturalheritagearetheprimaryattractions(attraction)．6．TheBritishhavemanytraditions(tradition)butthereisnothingmorequintessential(典型的)thantakingafternoontea.7．Manyofthesehadbenefitedfromthegovernment'sspecialnewpoliciesencouragingpeopletostarttheirownbusinesses(business)．8．(2020·临沂模拟)Therearevarioustypesofteathatofferdifferenthealthbenefits(benefit)andflavours.Ⅱ.单句改错1．Iwouldappreciateitifyoucouldgivemeareplyatyourearliestconvenient. convenient→convenience2．Firstly,itisofvitalimportanttohaveapositiveattitude. important→importance3．Irestartedtopickupmyconfidentagain. confident→confidence4．Itisnecessarythatoneshouldeatvariouskindofhealthyfood,suchasfish,eggs,vegetablesandfruits. kind→kinds5．Bytheway,afterthecontest,Iamtodropinatyouruniversitiestovisityou.universities→university6．Somesellerswereshoutingatthetopoftheirvoicetoattractpeople'sattentions.attentions→attention7．Tomygreatjoys,Marytookgoodcareofme. joys→joy8．Whynotcomeandjoinusifyouwanttoknowmoreinformationsaboutourfuturespaceschool? informations→informationⅢ.语法填空(2021·武汉质检)Whatmakestheseaturnredandcausesthousandsoffishtodie?Asfarbackasanyonecouldremember,theblamewasplacedonthe“redtides”.In1947,scientistsfinallyconnectedtheredtideswithamicroscopicseaorganism(有机体)1(call)thedinoflagellate(沟鞭毛藻)．Thedinoflagellateissotiny2manyoftheseorganismsmaybecontainedin3singledropofwater.Itstandsontheborderlinebetweenplantsandanimalsinitsclassification.Itproducesitsownfood,asplantsdo.Butitmoves4(free)andeatsotherorganisms,asanimalsdo.Dinoflagellatesarenormallyonlyoneofthemanykindsoforganismsfoundinplankton.Planktonisthenamegiventoallverysmall5(form)ofsealife.However,whentheairandwater6(be)calmandwarm,dinoflagellatesmultiplyat7(amaze)speed.Thesurfaceofthewaterappears8(cover)witharedcarpet.Thedinoflagellatesgiveoffapoison.Manyfishdie.Theirbodiesarewasheduponthebeach.Beachesarenotfit9anyuse.Fishthatarenotkilledmaybecome10(poison)toanimalsorpeoplewhoeatthem.Commercialfishingcomestoastop.Asdinoflagellatesconsumeallthefoodandoxygeninanarea,theydie.Afteratime,theseareturnstonormal.Butwhenconditionsareright,theredtidecomesagain.语篇解读：沟鞭毛藻是一种极其微小的生物，它们释放毒气，导致大量的鱼类中毒死亡，繁盛时会造成海水变红，形成“赤潮”。1．called考查非谓语动词。此处表示该有机体被称作沟鞭毛藻，故应用过去分词called。2．that考查固定用法。此处考查“so...that...”引导结果状语从句，表示“如此……以至于……”。3．a考查冠词。“drop”为可数名词，此处初次提到且表示泛指，又single的发音以辅音音素开头，故要用不定冠词a。4．freely考查词形转换。修饰动词moves要用副词，故填freely。5．forms考查名词复数。form在此意为“种类”，为可数名词；根据空前的“all”可知，此处要用名词复数形式。6．are考查主谓一致和时态。从句的主语为“theairandwater”，表示两种物质，故从句的谓语动词要用复数形式；又此处陈述的为客观情况，故用一般现在时，故填are。7．amazing考查形容词。此处应用形容词amazing修饰名词speed，表示“令人惊讶的速度”。8．tobecovered考查非谓语动词。此处考查固定用法appeartodosth.“似乎要做某事”，且由语境可知，此处表示水面似乎被“红毯”覆盖，故要用动词不定式的被动形式。9．for考查介词。befitfor意为“适合”，为固定搭配。10．poisonous考查形容词。become为连系动词，后应接形容词作表语，故填poisonous。Ⅳ.短文改错Tosupporttheactivityname“GreenTravel,StartwithMe”，Italktomyparentsaboutmyideas.Theywereverysupportive,saytheywouldnotdriveworkfromthenon.Inthefollowingweeks，astheypromised,Iwenttoschoolbybikeeveryday,whilemyparentswenttoworkbybus.Thoughweweretired,butweallfelthappily.LastFriday,theclassmeetingwasheld.Someparentswereinvited,includingmyfatherandmother.Wesharedourthoughtduringthemeeting.Allofusheldthesameviewwhichenvironmentalprotectionissoimportantforourlife.答案：第一句：name→named;talk→talked第二句：say→saying;drive后加to第三句：they→we第四句：去掉but;happily→happy第五句：the→a第七句：thought→thoughts第八句：which→thateq\a\vs4\al(语法项目二冠词)[语境中体悟用法]朗读下面短文，体会、领悟加黑冠词的具体用法。Tom,aclassmate①ofmine,isaLeiFeng②inourclass,whoisalwaysreadytohelpothers.Henry,whosefatherisateacher③，isconsideredtobethemostdiligent④studentinourclass,whoisthefirst⑤onetogettoschoolandthelast⑥onetoleaveeveryday.Hebelievestheharderyoustudy,themore⑦knowledgeyou'llget.TomlikeswatchingTVwhileHenryenjoyslisteningtotheradio⑧.BothofthemareworkingfortheStudents'Union⑨.Theyareofanage⑩andIamayear⑪olderthantheyare.Wearegoodfriendsbecausewehavealot⑫incommon.Firstofall,thethreeofuswereborninthe1990s⑬.Secondly,wealllikeplayingtheviolin⑭andlovesports.Weplayfootballtwiceaweek⑮evenifwearenowinSeniorGradeThree.Thirdly,wenotonlyrespectteachersandtheelderlybutalsocareforthedisabled⑯.Forexample,weoftengotoavillagenearourschooltolookaftertheBrowns⑰，bothofwhomwerelamedinanaccident.IrememberthatonaSaturdayafternoon⑱wechattedwiththeBrownssohappilythatwedidn'tgobackhomeuntilthesun⑲set.[用法体悟]1．使用不定冠词的情况：(1)泛指“一个”，如①；(2)表示“一个像……一样的人”，如②；(3)职业名词前，表示类别，如③；(4)表示数量“一”，如⑪，“每一”，如⑮，“某一”如⑱；(5)用于固定搭配中，如⑩⑫。2．使用定冠词的情况：(1)用于形容词最高级前，如④；(2)用于序数词或表示序列的next,last前，如⑤⑥；(3)用于固定句式中：the＋比较级...，the＋比较级...，如⑦；(4)用于固定搭配中，如⑧；(5)用于由普通名词构成的专有名词中，如⑨；(6)用于逢十的年代前，表示“在某世纪几十年代”，如⑬；(7)用于西洋乐器名词前，表示演奏某乐器，如⑭；(8)用于形容词或分词前，表示一类人，如⑯；(9)用于姓氏复数名词前，表示夫妇或一家人，如⑰；(10)用于独一无二的事物前，如⑲。[系统中整合规则](一)不定冠词表示类指或某类中的“任何一个”。Achildnotonlyneedsfoodandclothing,butloveaswell.表示泛指“某个”。当说话人第一次提及某人或某物时通常用不定冠词；或由不定冠词构成的名词词组往往带有不确定的含义，相当于acertain；或专有名词前加不定冠词，表示具有某种特性的人或物、某一位不认识的人或某个不确定的时间。Ihaveaquestiontoaskyou.Inasensewhatyousaidistrue.Allofasudden,sheburstintotears.ExpertsthinkthattherecentlydiscoveredpaintingmaybeaPicasso.表示量指。不定冠词表示“一”这个数量，但数量概念没有one强烈。Suddenlytheyheardaloudvoice.表示“每”，相当于per，用在表示价格、速度、频率等的短语中。Pricesstartat￡13.95a用在某些物质名词或抽象名词前，使之具体化。表示“一个……的人或事”。Hesuddenlyappearedonarainynight,whichwasagreatsurprisetous.不定冠词用于序数词前，表示“再一，又一”。Liveagood,honorablelife.Thenwhenyougetolderandthinkback,you'llgettoenjoyitasecondtime.(二)定冠词用在表示特定的人或事物，或者双方都知道的人或事物，或者指上文已经提到过的人或事物之前。Takeyourtime—it'sjustashortdistancefromheretotherestaurant.用在世界上独一无二的事物前。Theearthgoesaroundthesun.用于序数词或形容词、副词的最高级前。IsthisthefirsttimethatyouhavevisitedQingdao？用在表示姓氏的复数名词之前，表示一家人或夫妇俩；或用于形容词或分词前，表示“某一类人或事物”。Theexplosionsawpeoplerushtohelptheinjured.用在世纪前或用在逢十的年代前，后者表示“在某世纪几十年代”。It'ssaidthatcornwasgrownalotinthe17thcentury.(三)零冠词(不用冠词的情况)专有名词、物质名词、抽象名词、人名、地名等名词前，一般不加冠词。HeislivinginCanadanow.季节、月份、星期、节假日、一日三餐前一般不加冠词。Weusuallyhavebreakfastat7o'clockinthemorning.语言、学科名称、球类运动、棋类游戏等名词前不用冠词。I'minterestedinEnglish.表示头衔和职位的名词作表语、同位语、补足语或与姓氏连用时，其前通常不用冠词。Dr.PeterSpence,headmasteroftheschool,toldus,“AfifthofpupilsheregoontostudyatOxfordorCambridge.”系动词turn(变成)后的单数名词作表语不用冠词。Hisbrotherhasturnedwriter.as/though引导让步状语从句，单数可数名词提前构成倒装时，其前不用冠词。Heroas/thoughheis,hehassomeshortcomings.(四)冠词用于固定搭配中不定冠词用于固定搭配中anaverageof平均forawhile一会儿asaresult因此，结果asarule通常asawhole总体上asamatteroffact事实上ataloss不知所措inahurry匆忙inaword总之inasense在某种意义上定冠词用于固定搭配中allthetime一直intheend最后bytheway顺便说一下inthedistance在远处intheway挡道onthewhole总的来说atthesametime同时ontheotherhand另一方面totellthetruth说实话forthetimebeing暂时零冠词用于固定搭配中atpresent目前takepartin参加inpeace平静bychance/accident碰巧onpurpose故意onbusiness因公出差aheadoftime提前inadvance提前bylaw根据法律bymistake错误地[集训中明晰考点]考点1泛指一类人或事物中的一个用不定冠词a/an；a/an的选择要看后面单词音标的第一个音素1．(2020·全国卷Ⅲ短文改错改编)Forexample,everymorning,mydadhastohavebowlofeggsoupwhileIhavetoeatanapple.解析：a此处泛指一碗鸡蛋汤。2．(2020·浙江1月高考)AchildbornintheUStodayhasveryrealisticchanceoflivingbeyond100andneedstoplanaccordingly.解析：a根据下文的chance可知，这里语意表示“非常实际的一个可能性”，故填不定冠词a，表示泛指。3．(2019·全国卷Ⅱ)Whenwegotacallsayingshewasshort­listed,wethoughtitwasjoke.解析：a此处表示“我们以为那是一个玩笑”，设空后的joke为可数名词，此处泛指“一个玩笑”，应用不定冠词，且joke的读音以辅音音素开头，故填a。4．(2019·全国卷Ⅲ短文改错改编)Eachofmycafeswillhaveadifferentthemeanduniquestyle.解析：astyle为可数名词，此处泛指一种独特的风格，且unique的读音以辅音音素开头，其前应用不定冠词a。5．(2021·河南八市联考)PeterFox,whoiselectricalengineer,spenttwoandahalfyearsworkingontheproject.解析：an泛指一个电气工程师，且electrical的读音以元音音素开头，故填an。考点2特指前面提到过的或谈话双方都知道的人或事物用定冠词the1．(2019·全国卷Ⅰ)Ofnineteenrecognizedpolarbearsubpopulations,threearedeclining,sixarestable,oneisincreasing,andninelackenoughdata.解析：the此处特指“已知的19个北极熊亚种群中”，故填定冠词the。2．(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)Thisincludeddigginguptheroad,layingthetrackandthenbuildingastrongroofovertop.解析：thetop是名词，前面要用冠词，此处特指在(地铁的)顶部建造一个结实的顶，所以填定冠词the。3．(2021·哈尔滨模拟)TheChinesepeoplearemoreconfidentaboutandmorecapableofreachinggoalofnationalrenewalthaneverbefore.解析：the此处特指“实现民族复兴”这一目标，应用定冠词the。4．(2021·重庆模拟)AftertakingaboatIarrivedatislandprovinceofHainan.解析：the名词islandprovince有后置定语修饰，故该名词是特指，应用定冠词the。考点3定冠词the的一些固定用法(1)最高级前用the；(2)序数词前用the；(3)独一无二的事物名称前用the；(4)在表示演奏某种乐器时，西洋乐器前要加the，如playthepiano弹钢琴；(5)形容词前加the表示一类人；(6)世纪或逢十的年代前用the；(7)固定句式“the＋比较级...the＋比较级”中用the。1．(2020·全国卷Ⅱ)Theplumtreesarefirsttoflowerevenasthesnowismelting(融化)．解析：the序数词前用定冠词the。2．(2021·河南八市联考)Ifyouareanewmothersufferingfrompostnataldepression,youshouldknowthatyouarenotalone.Otherwomenhavehadsameexperience.解析：thesame前要加定冠词the。3．(2021·惠州模拟)morelearnedamanis,themoremodestheusuallybecomes.解析：The句意：一个人越博学，通常就变得越谦逊。根据句子结构可判断，此句使用了“the＋形容词/副词比较级...，the＋形容词/副词比较级...”结构，意为“越……，就越……”。4．(2021·江淮十校联考)Modemadvertsbegantoappearin18thand19thcenturies,sinceadvancesinprintingtechniquesallowedmoredetailedimagestobeproducedinnewspapersandmagazines.解析：the在世纪或逢十的年代前要用定冠词the，此处表示“在18世纪和19世纪”。考点4固定搭配中的冠词1．(2020·浙江7月高考)Thisstyleoffarminglastedforquitealongtime.Then,withriseofscience,changesbegan.解析：thewiththeriseof意为“随着……的崛起”，是固定短语。类似的结构有：withthedevelopmentof。2．(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)Cornproductionhasjumpednearly125percentoverpast25years,whilericehasincreasedonly7percent.解析：the固定搭配overthepast25years意为“在过去的25年里”，故用定冠词the。3．(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)Unexpectedly,I'mface­to­facewiththegorilla,whobeginsscreamingattopofherlungs.解析：theatthetopofone'slung