《英语国家概况》教案

《英语国家概况》教案

TheSocietyandCultureofMajorEnglishSpeaking

Countries

教学目的：

使学生了解主要英语国家（包括英国、美国、澳大利亚、新西兰、加拿大）的历史、地理、

社会、经济、政治、教育等方面的情况及文化传统，提高学生对文化差异的敏感性、宽容性

和处理文化差异的灵活性，培养跨文化交际能力。

教学要求：

该课程要求学生在重点熟悉和掌握英美两国的基本社会文化知识的同时，还要了解一些有关

其他英语国家的文化背景知识，大众文化习俗、仪式及其他生活方式。同时要注重学生在语

言知识和能力上的提高。

教学内容：

目的语国家历史、地理、政治、传统等概括性文化知识，目的语国家的大众文化习俗、仪式

及其他生活方式，价值观、解决问题方式等影响跨文化交际的深层文化。

教学方法：

1、采取提问式、讨论式、发现式、研究式、任务式、中西对比等灵活多样的教学方式。

2、基本形式分两种：讲座；学生制作课件及演示。

作业方式：

1,每班分为若干小组，就英语国家社会文化中一些轻松话题做课件并演示（每组一次）。

2、思考问答题（每学期两次）

测试方法：

1、学生制作课件及演示，占总成绩20%。

2、平时作业2次,占总成绩30%,。

3、期末测试：筒答题（关于英国、美国历史、政治、经济、教育、媒体五个方面的简答题）;

占总成绩50%»

英国(2015-2016学年度第一学期)

TheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland

第一、二周

AGeneralIntroduction概况介绍

教学要求及重点内容：了解英国名称、组成部分、地理位置、人口及构成、

气候、主要城市等基本信息。

Itsfullname:theUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland.

Geographicallocation:WesternEurope,separatedwithEuropeanContinentby

EnglishChannel.

Component:England,Scotland,WalesandNorthernIreland

Population:about6.0million,80%livinginEngland.

Size:242,000squarekms;northtosouth1,000kms;easttowest500kms.

Climate:latitudebetween50-60degree(longdaysinsummer,shortdaysin

winter);influencedbyNorthAtlanticDrift,generallymildbut

windyandrainy.

Importantcities:London;Manchester;Birmingham;Edinburgh;Cardiff;Belfast

NationalFlag:UnionFlag

Language:theEnglishlanguageisbecomingtheuniversallanguage.

England

Majorcities:Londoninthesouth,Yorkinthenorth,ManchesterandLiverpoolinthe

NorthWest,Birminghaminthemiddle.

Majorcounties:

44counties,eg:GreaterLondon,GreaterManchester,Yorkshire,Lankashire,etc.

London：Aworldfamouscitywith2000yearsofhistory;political,economic,

historicalandculturalcenterofthenation;7millionpeople.

Touristattractions:

BuckinghamPalace

WestminsterCathedral

StPaulCathedral

LondonTower

BigBenandParliamentBuilding

TheBritishMuseum

MadameTussaud's

GreenwichRoyalObservatory

DowningstreetNo.10

Scotland

The2ndlargestofthe4nations,withonly5millionpeople(mostlyScottish),and

withthemostbeautifulpicturesquelandscape(highland,LochNess).

Language:Englishwithstrongaccent;Gaelic(fewpeople)

Majorcities:Edinburgh(capital,oneofthemostbeautifulcitiesintheworld),

Glasgow(thelargestinScotland).

Scottishfolksong:AuldLangSyne;Scottishmusic:bagpipe;Scottishmen's

tartanskirt;greatpoetRobertBurns,etc.

History:Scotlandwasanindependentnationanddidn'tjointheUnionuntilearly

18thcentury.ItexperiencedcountlesswarswithEnglandduringitsindependent

period(Braveheart).Eventhoughit'spartofBritain,itremainsindependentin

manyways,suchasithasitsownparliamentmakingitsownlaws,butmeanwhile

ithasparliamentmembersinLondon.

Wales

SituatedinsouthwestofBritain;lessthan3.0millionpeople;twolanguages

(EnglishandWelsh);manycastles;capitalcity:Cardiff

History:thenativeWelsharemostlyCelticdescendants.LikeScottishpeople,Welsh

alsoexperiencedmanywarsagainstEnglishinvasionuntilitwasbroughttoUK

administratively,politicallyandlegally.

NorthernIreland

Thesmallestof4nations,withonly1.5millionpeople.IrishpeoplespeakEnglish

withspecialaccent.

Capitalcity:Belfast.

touristattractions:GianfsCauseway.

Economy:relativelynotasdevelopedasotherpartsofUK.(largestshipbuilder:

Titanic)

History:acomplicatedone.AsapartofIreland,howdidNorthernIrelandjointhe

UKandwhen?What'stherelationbetweenIrelandandUK?

ThemajorityofIrishpeopleweredescendantsoftheoriginalCelticpeople,therefore

differentfromtheAnglo-SaxonEnglishpeople.Buttheywereunderthecontrolof

Englishfor700years,andbefore1921,thenameofBritainwastheUnited

KingdomofGB&Ireland.Afterendlessfights,theIrishfinallyearnedtheir

freedomandindependencein1921.

ThetroublesinNorthernIreland

However,therewasaprobleminNorthernIreland.Inthe17thcentury,theEnglish

governmentencouragedpeoplefromScotlandandEnglandtoemigratetonorthof

Ireland,tryingtoincreaseitscontrolofIreland.Religiously,thesepeoplewere

ProtestantswhiletheIrishwereCatholic.Politically,theysawthemselvesasBritish

andwishedtoremainapartofUKratherthanjointheRepublicofIreland.Asa

result,the6northerncountiesremainedinUK.

InNorthernIrelandover60%ofthepopulationwereProtestantEnglishwho

dominatedthesocietypoliticallyandeconomically.Buttherewerestill40%

CatholicIrish,whodidn'tliketobeseparatedfromthesouthernIreland,andthey

felttheyweredominatedbytheProtestants.Theybegantoprotestandfightfor

equality.TheEnglishgovernmentstartedtosendsoldierstheretomaintainsocial

order,butstillthehatredbetweenthemwouldn'tgoandconflictsincreased.

Terrorists(IRA-IrishrepublicanArmy)usedbombingtoattackthemilitaryforces

andevenwenttoLondontobomb,(exampleofSean-aroommatefromNorthern

Ireland)(thousandsofpeoplewerekilledduringthoseyears)(BloodySundayin

Derry)

第三、四、五周

EnglishHistory

700B.C.CeltswerethefirstknownsettlersoftheBritishIsles(aswellas

Ireland).Theylivedintribes.

43A.D.RomansinvadedthisislandandconqueredtheCeltsordrovethemto

theedgeoftheisland,makingitaprovinceoftheRomanempire.

450A.D.TheAnglesandSaxonsoftheGermantribesinnorthernEuropecame

toEnglandanddrovetheRomansoutofEnglandandtheCeltstoScotlandandWales.

TheAnglo-SaxonssetupmanysmallkingdomsinEnglandandfinallytheywere

mergedinto7kingdoms.TheAnglo-Saxonsbecametheforefathersoftoday'sEnglish

people,(alegendaboutKingArthur

1066Normanconquest

Normans(anotherGermantribe)fromFrancecrossedtheEnglishChanneland

invadedEngland.TheAnglo-SaxonsweredefeatedbytheNormansledbyWilliam.

WilliamwasthencalledWilliamtheConquerorandbecamethefirstkingofan

UnitedEngland.HewasWilliamI.Forthenextseveralhundredyears,the

French-speakingnobleclassdominatedtheEnglishspeakingAnglo-Saxons,(alegend

aboutRobinHood)1337-1453theHundredYears，War(百年战争)

AsEnglandbecamestrongerandmorepowerful,itwantedtohavemorecontrolof

Europe.TheresultwastheHundredYears'WarwithFrance.

1348BlackDeath

adeadlyplaguethatstruckEuropeandEnglandinthemid14thcentury.Atthattime,

thepopulationwas3.5million.40%diedofthisdeadlydisease.

1455-1485WarsoftheRoses:aseriesofcivilwarsbetweentheking

HenryVI(Lancashire)andapowerfulDuke(Yorkshire).Thosewhosupportedtheking

worearedrose,whilethesupportersoftheDukeworeawhiterose,thusthename

“WarsoftheRoses”.In1533HenryWdeclaredthatthechurchofEnglandbe

separatedfromRomanPopeanddeclaredhimselftheHeadofthechurch.English,

insteadofLatin,becamethelanguageforchurches.

1558theElizabethanARC:Elizabeth,theyoungerdaughterofHenryVDI,became

theQueenin1558.ItisatimerememberedbyeveryEnglishman.Shewasinpower

forover60years.TheElizabethanAgewasaglorioustime.Itwasprosperous

andwellrememberedfortwothings:literatureandeconomy.TheRenaissance

startedfromItalyinthe14thcenturyandspreadedtoBritaininthe16thcentury,and

flourishedintheformofdramaplays.ThegreatestplaywrightinEnglandwas

produced-WilliamShakespeare.Hewrotemorethan30comedies,tragediesand

histories,amongwhichthefamousonesincludeHamlet,RomeoandJuliet.In1588,

theEnglishFleetdefeatedtheSpanishFleet(海上马车夫)andbecamethemost

powerfulonthesea.

The17thcentury

TheEnglishBourgeoisRevolution

Duringthe16thcentury,parliamentalreadyappeared.Itcomesfromtheword

“parley”,meaning“todiscuss”.Whenthekingswereintrouble,suchasatwarwith

othercountries,theyusuallywenttothenoblesandtherichformilitaryandfinancial

help.Naturally,thesenobleswantedtohavetheiropinionslistenedtobythekings.

Graduallythesepeoplegrewpowerfulandformedanorganizationcalledparliament.

Thekingshadtocooperatewiththeparliamentinrulingthecountry.Butsomekings

didn'tliketheideaofrulingtogetherwiththeparliament,especiallyCharles1.He

wantedtorulebyhimself,sohemetstrongoppositionfromtheParliament.Asa

resultthecivilwarbrokeout.TheparliamentledbyOliverCromwelldefeatedthe

armyledbytheking,andCharlesIwasexecuted(beheaded).Britainbecamea

republic(theonlyoneinBritishhistory,18years).Cromwellwasacruelruler,so

whenhedied,theparliamentmadeacompromiseandwelcomedbackfromFrance

thesonofCharlesI-CharlesU.Buteversincethen,thepoweroftheparliamentwas

strengthenedandthepowerofmonarchswasweakened.

The18thcentury

TheIndustrialRevohition,wastheresultofdevelopmentofcapitalisminBritain.It

tookplacefirstinBritaininthelate18thcenturyandlasteduntiltheearly19th

century.Itstartedfromtheinventionofthesteamengine,followedbyalotofother

inventions(Manchester).Factoriesappeared;Bigtownsappeared.TheIndustrial

RevolutionbroughtafundamentalchangetothewayoflifeofBritishpeople.

Itlostitslargestoverseascolonies_Americaafter150yearsofcolonization

The19thcentury

TheAgeofQueenVictoria,:anotherglorioustime.Itwasalsoanageofcolonial

expansion.AfterChristopherColumbiadiscoveredAmericanland,Spain,Britain,and

Francestartedtoexplorethenewland.Fromthe17thcentury,theBritishbeganto

settleinnorthAmerica.SoontheBritishgovernmentbegantoassertcontrolonit.In

thelate18thcentury,Britainalsoacquiredthevast,underpopulatedlands-Canada,

AustraliaandNewZealand.By1819,BritainconqueredIndia,makingitacolony.In

Africa,almost2/3ofAfricancountrieswerecolonizedbyBritain.InChina,the

treatyofNankingallowedBritaintocolonizeHongKong,andfiveotherportswere

openedtoBritishtrade.By1900,Britainhadbuiltupabigempirewherethe"sun

neversets”.

The20thcentury:

thetwoworldwars(1914-1918)(1939-1945).Britainwasinvolvedinthetwoworld

wars,bywhichitseconomywasseriouslyweakened,anditgavewaytothetwo

superpowers,withtheUSrepresentingtheWestandtheformerSovietUnion

representingtheCommunistworld.

ThegloryofBritainisnolongerthere,however,she'sstillwidelyrespectedbecause

ofhercontributionstotheworld.(1)ThepoliticalsystemoftheWesterncountries

wasallestablishedonthebasisofBritishparliamentarydemocracy.(2)Theold

QueenElizabeth2isstilltheheadoftheCommonwealthmembers(theBritish

commonwealthofNations1931).

第六、七周

TheGovernmentoftheUK

1.history

1.1Britishpoliticalsystem：asystemofParliamentaryDemocracy,or

representativedemocracy,whichmeansthatthepeopledonotrulethemselves

directlybutelectrepresentativestoruleforthem.

“Powertends[ocorrupt,andabsolutepowercorruptsabsolutely”,byaBritish

historianof19thcentury千真万确

l.2・Thcdevelopmentofparliamentarydemocracy:Parliament:fromtheword

“parley”-discuss.Fromabsolutemonarchysystemin11thcenturytopowersharing

betweenthemonarchandparliamentin17由，18thanj19thcentury,toconstitutional

monarchyin20thcentury.

Atpresent:Britainisaconstitutionalmonarchy,amonarchyinwhichthe

sovereignhasmainlyadvisoryandceremonialresponsibilities.Itsconstructional

positionis“theQueenreignsbutdoesnotrule”.

2.TheStructureofCentralGovernment

Legislature,Executive,andJudiciary

2.1Legislature立法部门

Parliament:Thefunctionofitistopasslaws.Atthemeantimeitwatchesthatthe

governmentisworkingproperlyanditspoliciesanddecisionsareinthepublic

interest,eg.Itexaminesindetailwhatthegovtdoes;itcontrolsgovtincomeand

spending;GovthastojustifyitsactionsandpoliciesatQuestionTime.Itconsistsof

twochambers,theHouseofLordandtheHouseofCommons.

HouseofLord

Whocanbecomemembersofthishouse:

religiousrepresentation,usedtobethoseBishopsoftheChurchofEngland,now

underreform750hereditaryPeers:thosewhoinheritedtheirnobletitles,under

reformnow.503lifepeers:thosewhohavebeenappointedbytheQueenonthe

adviceofthePM,eg.MargretThatcher.

TheHousemeetsabout150daysayearwhendebatesareheldonnationaland

internationalaffairsorlawsreviewedandrevised.Theydon'tgetsalarybutreceivea

smallfeeforattendingasession.

TheHouseofCommons:

therealpoliticalcenter.Itconsistsof659MembersofParliament.EachMP

representsthevotersinanareacalledaconstituency(anMP'sseat,representabout

60000people).Theyhavetobereelectedwhenanewgovernmentisformedata

GeneralElection.Theyarepaidasalaryofabout£50,000Whentheyhavemeetings,

thePMandtheCabinetsitononesideinthefrontrowofseats(calledthefront

bench),andtheleaderoftheOppositionPartyandtheshadowCabinetsitontheother

side.MPSsitbehindtheirrespectivepartyleadersonthe"backbenches^^What

goesonintheHouse?

debatesofimportantissues;questionTime;makinglaws

2.2TheExecutive行政部门

TheMonarch(HerMajesty)

HistoricallythemonarchhadmorepowerinthegovernmentofBritain,buttoday

doesnotexercisespoliticalpower,andtheroleislargelyasymbolicone.Thepresent

monarchisQueenElizabethII,theconstitutionalHeadofState.Shesucceededthe

reignin1952fromherfatherGeorgeVI(EdwardVDI,heruncle)andsheiswell

respectedandlovedbyherpeople.ButHerchildrenbroughthergreattroubleesp.in

marriagelife.Hermajorjobs:

▼AsHeadofState,shepresidesovertheStateOpeningofParliament(several

timesayear).

▼ShehastogivetheRoyalassentofagreementtoanynewlawthatispassedby

parliament.

▼ShemeetswiththePrimeMinisterinBuckinghamPalaceOnceaweek.

PrimeMinisterandMinisters:Theministersareexecutiveheadsofgovernment

departments(about25,allMPs);Cabinet:ministersofthemajordepartments,chosen

bythePrimeMinister.Theyresigniftheymakeanymistake.Localgovernment:

county郡.thesamestructurewithcentralgovernment,councilors(郡和市议员).

3.Politics

3.1HowisanMPelected?

-WhocanbecomeanMP?Anyoneover21,usuallyactivelyinterestedinpolitics

andbelongtoonepoliticalparty,oftenascouncilorinlocalgovernment,maycome

fromanyjoborprofession.

—How?Firsttobeapprovedbytheheadofficeofthepoliticalpaily(whichhe

wantstorepresents);thenhastobeselectedasaProspectiveParliamentaryCandidate

inaconstituency.

Process:3weeksbeforeelectionday,localcampaignisorganizedbythepartyin

theconstituency.Candidatescontestforthemostvotesintheconstituency;candidates

makepublicspeeches,appearonlocalTV;onElectionDaythecandidatewhohasthe

mostvoteswins;entersParliament,representingallpeopleintheconstituencyastheir

MP.

Somefigures:

3.2GeneralElections:

therearenow3majorpoliticalparties:

Ageneralelectionisheldevery5years,canbeheldearlierintwocases:whenthe

governmentlosesa“voteofnoconfidence^^intheHouseofCommons,asin1979;

ifthePMthinksthegovernmentispopularandcallsanearlyelectionhopingtowin

another5years,ashappenedin2001and2005.Resultofelection:Theparty

whichwinstheelectionformsthegovernment,andthepartyleadernaturallybecomes

thePM.Thepartywhichlosesbecomestheoppositionparty,whoareresponsiblefor

criticizinggovernmentministersandmakingoppositionpolicies.

3.3.PoliticalParties

TheConservativeparty,theLabourpartyandtheLiberalDemocrats.

TheLaborparty:

newestofthethree,createdbythetradeunionmovement,believedina

relativelyequalsocietyeconomically,establishedaseriesofsocialwelfareprograms

includingNHSandmanydifferentkindsofwelfarepayments,leavinggreatimpact

onBritishsociety;inpowerfor34yearscontinuously.ReplacedbytheConservative

partyfrom1979to1997.TonyBlair:1997-present.

Theconservativeparty

spentmosttimeinpower;replacedtheLaborpartyin1979,underthe

leadershipofMargaretThatcher;believesinasmallgovernmentandfree-market

economies,favoringlowtaxes.Onemajorpolicywastheprivatisationofnationalised

industry.Consequences:industriesmoreefficientandprofitable;unemploymentrate

higher.

Mrs.Thatcherwasinpowerfrom1979to1990;JohnMajor（1990-1997）

4.Class

Characteristicsofworkingclass:

manuallabor;speakwithstrongregionalaccent;readtabloidnewspapers;

receivelesseducation;earnlessmoney.

Characteristicsofmiddleclass:

ojficework;speakwithoutstrongaccent;readqualitypapers;earnmoremoney;

receivebettereducation（theirchildren）Hereditaryaristocracy:distinctivefrom

othersocieties.

5nobletitles:Duke（公爵）;Marquis（侯爵）;Earl（伯爵）;Viscount（子爵）;

Baron（男爵）;Baronet（准男爵）

Thesepeoplearenotasinfluentialasinthepast.

About10%ofBritishcitizensarefromno-Europeanethnicgroups,amongwhom

80%arefromsouthAsiaandCaribbeancountries.

Positivesideofhavinglotsofimmigrants:increasesthevarietyandinterestwithin

Britishculture(foodandmusic)

Negativeside:

EthnicrelationsintheUK:generalsituation

第八、九周

1.TheHistoryoftheUKEconomy

Before1945:Bythe1880stheBritisheconomywasdominantintheworld,

producingonethirdoftheworld'smanufacturedgoods,halfitscoalandiron,halfits

cotton.TheamountofBritishshippingwasgreaterthatintherestofworldput

together.

1.2After1945:TheUKEconomygraduallydeclined,fromthefirst,tothesecond

andnowthesixthlargestintheworld,followingtheUS,Japan,Germany,Canada,

France.

Reasonsforthedecline,.Firstly,thecountryhadgoneheavilyintodebtinorderto

financetheWW2,sellingmostofitsaccumulatedoverseasassets,andborrowing

largeamountsfromtheUSandCanada.Secondly,theeraoftheempirewasover.

Theformercoloniesgotindependenceonebyone.Thirdly,becauseit'soneofthe

shapersofthepostwarworld,ithadtohaveimmensemilitarycontributions(huge

militaryexpenditure)——bothasoneofNATO'smajormemberandasamemberofthe

UNSecuritycouncil.

1.3Inthe1970s:TheUKEconomywentbadlyinthe1970s:highinflationrate(up

to25%)andloweconomicgrowth;strikesofwokersforhigherpay.(partofthe

reasonforthesituationwastheresultofthepoliciesoftheLaborParty,suchashigh

taxationleadingtolowinvestment,highsocialwelfareprogramsleadingtohigh

expenditurewithlowernationalincome,andnationalizationofmanyprivate

enterprisesleadingtoinefficiency.)

1.4Inthe1980s:Theproblemsofthe1980sledtothepoliticalchange.The

ConservativePartyundertheleadershipofMargaretThatcher(theIronlady)came

intopower.Shewascommittedtotheideaofsmallgovernmentandfree-market

economies.ShethoughttheLaborParty9s“nannystate”onlyencouragedlazinessand

discouragingentrepreneurship.Oneofhermajorpolicieswastheprivatizationof

nationalisedindustry,suchasBritishAerospace;BritishAirways;BritishTelecom;

Britishpetroleum;electricity,gasandwatercompaniesweregraduallysoldoff.

Thepolicyisgenerallyseenasasuccessbecausetheprivatisedcompaniesbecame

efficientandprofitableagain.Shewasinpowerfor11yearsuntil1990.

1.5.Inthe1990s:Theeconomicgrowthhasbeensteadyinthisperiod:

unemploymentwaslow;inflationwasatlowlevels;investmentbothfromtheUKand

outsidetheUKhasincreased.In1995,itwasthe2ndlargestinvestmentbothasa

destinationandasasource,2ndonlytoteUS.

2.TheCurrentUKEconomy

Nationaleconomiescanbebrokendowninto3mainareas:

2.1Primaryindustriesagriculture,fishing,mining.

Britainfsagriculturalsectorissmall(producing1.4%ofthenationalwealth)but

efficient,producing58%oftheUK'sfoodneedswithonly2%ofitsworkforce.3

quartersofitslandisusedforagriculture,with1quarterusedfbrgrowingcrops

(wheatandbarley,usuallyinthesouthofEngland)andtherestisforgrazingfor

animals(cattleandsheep)

Thefishingindustryprovides55%oftheUKdemandforfish.

Energyproductionaccountsfor5%ofthenationalwealth.Richinenergy

resourceslikegasandoil.TheworldfamousenergycompaniesintheUKinclude

ShellBritishPetroleum,BritishGas.RTZ,aUKcompanywhichoperatesminesall

overtheworld,isthelargestminingcompanyinheworld.

2.2Secondaryindustries:manufacturingindustryproducing22%ofthenational

wealth;stronginpharmaceuticals(Glaxo-Wellcome,thebiggestdrugcompanyIthe

world),chemicals(ICI,the2ndlargestpaintmanufacturer),electronics,andcar

industry.

2.3.Tertiaryindustries:serviceindustries,producing65%ofnationalwealth).

70%oftheUK'sworkforceisemployedintheservicesector.Finance,insurance,

retailing,tourism(hotelandrestaurants),etc.Londonisoneofthetop3financial

centersintheworld.Ithasthegreatestconcentrationofforeignbanksintheworld,

20%ofallinternationalbankloansisfromLondon.Itistheworld'slargestforeign

exchangemarket.

Somefactsandfigures

Banking:Thebig4banksareHSBC,LIOYDSTSB,RoyalBankofScotlandand

Barclays.

Taxes:apersonwithanannualincomeof£15,000-£20,000payaverage14%ofof

thisinincometax,whileapersonreceiving£50,000-£100,000wouldpay27%.

MostspendingistaxedbyValueAddedTaxatarateof17%.

第十、十一周

1.Introduction:

thepurposeofeducation;

therelationbetweeneducationandsocialclass

2.Thepresenteducationsystem:compulsoryeducationfor11years,fromtheage

of5-16.Childrencanchooseschooltoattend.Publicschoolandprivateschool.

Primaryeducation:reception,year1-6,fromtheageof5-11.

Secondaryeducation:fromtheageof11to16.

Comprehensiveschools:admitchildrenwithoutreferencetotheiracademicabilities.

Theyofferawiderangeofsubjectsrangingfromacademicones(likeliteratureand

science)topracticalones(likecookingandcaipentry).

Grammarschools:selectchildrenthroughexamination,andfocusonadvanced

academicwork,preparingstudentsforenteringuniversities.

GCSE:GeneralCertificateofSecondaryEducation,examassessingstudents9

progressintheirfinal2yearsofcompulsoryeducation.

ThreechoicesafterGCSE:quitschoolandfindajob;preparetositexamsfbr

universityentrance;concentrateonvocationaltraining.

GCEA:Thosewhowanttoattenduniversitycarryontheiracademicstudyinthe

sixthformcollegefbranthertwoyearsandthensitA-levelsexams(General

CertificateofEducation-Advanced).

Thosewhodecidetotakevocationaltrainingcanattendgeneralcollegeswherethey

cantakeGNVQs:(GeneralNationalVocationalQualifications),whichprovidea

broadlybasedpreparationfbrworkfortakingfurthervocationaltraining.

3.HigherEducationThefundingofBritishuniversities:fromcentralgovernment;

theamountoffundingisbasedonitssize,thenumber6/studentsandtheresearchit

conducts.

Thenumberofuniversities:morethan100.(noprivateunisbutone(Buckingham

Uni)

Fulltimestudentandparttimestudent

Theagesofunistudentsvarygreatly.

Theteachingandmanagement:lecture,seminarandtutorial.

Oxford:39colleges,foundedinthe12thcentury,well-knownfbritshumanity

subjects;produced29PrimeMinisters.

Cambridge:31colleges,foundedinthe13thcentury,well-knownfbritsnatural

sciencessubject;produced70NobelPrizewinniers.

OpenUniversity:opentoanyone;teachesthroughaTVchannelandradioofBBC;

1.Media:meansofcommunicationwithwidereachandinfluence.Newspapers,radio,

TVandinternet.

2.Thefunctionsofmedia:entertainment;informationaboutpoliticalandsocial

issues;weatherreports;advertising;educationalpurposes;engenderinganational

culture,etc.

Anotherimportantfunction:watchdogkeepaneyeonthegovernment.Afree

pressisveryimportanttothefunctioningofparliamentarydemocracy.

Newspapers:Britishpeoplearethemosteagerreadersoftheworld.Theyreadat

breakfast,onbusesandinsubwayonthewaytoandfromwork.

Thecirculationofnewspapers:

Allkindsofpaperssoldouteveryday:18million/1/3ofthepopulationare

readers;cheap,around30to60peach.)

130dailypapers,1300weeklypapersandover7000magazines.Theoldest

nationalnewspaperintheworld:TheObserver.TheoldestdailypaperintheUK:The

Times

□10MajorNationalDailies:

□The7zm^v(1785,theoldest):TheGuardian(lS2\y,TheDailyTelegraph(1885);

TheFinancial77;nes(1888);DailyMQ〃(1896);DailyW"ess(1900);Daily

Mzrrar(1903);theS〃〃(1964);TheDailyStar(1978);TheIndependent^1986)

♦10MajorNationalSundays:

TheObserver(1791,theoldest);TheSunday77机es(1822);Newsofthe

W?/7d(1843);ThePeop/e(1881);SundayExpress(19\S);SundayTelegraph(\961y,

SundayMirror(l963);TheMailonS〃〃d〃y(1982);TheIndependentonS〃〃d〃y(1990);

SundayBusiness(199S)

▼theCodeofAdvertisingPractice:legal,honestandtruthful;toobservea

senseofresponsibilitytotheconsumerandsocietyandtoconformtotheprinciplesof

faircompetitionasgenerallyacceptedinbusiness.

3.TypesofNewspapers

♦Qualitypress:printedonlargesizepaper;carrymoreseriousandin-depth

articlesofparticularpoliticalandsocialimportance;carryreviewsandfeature

articlesabouthighculture.

♦Cost:dailyabout45pence,Sundayabout£1.3.

♦Titles:TheTimes;TheGuardian;TheObserver;TheTelegraph;financial

Times

♦Content:longinformativearticles,widerangeoftopics

♦Style:objectivepresentation,lessemotionallanguage,etc

♦Purpose:toinformaboutnationalaninternationalaffa