【高二 拓展阅读-科技】Matter Is Everywhere

MatterIsEverywhere！Everythingaroundusismadeofmatter-yourclothes,thetrees,eventhewateryoudrink!Wedividematterintofourmajorcategories,whicharecalledthefourstatesofmatter:liquid,gaseous,solid,andplasma.However,wewillfocusonthefirstthreeWhateverthestateofmattermaybe,allmatterismadeoftinyparticlescalledatomsTheseparticlesaretootinytoseewiththenakedeye;they’reeventoosmalltoseewitharegularmicroscope.Ifyoulineupamillionatomsnexttoeachother,theywillbeasthickasasinglepieceofhumanhair.So,wecanonlylookatatomsthroughverypowerfultoolsoneofthembeingthe“scanningtunneling”microscope.HowDoWeKnow?Wecaneasilyseeliquidsandsolidsaroundus,butmostgasesaren’tvisible.Wecan’tseetheairaroundus,butitisstillmadeofatomsthatconstantlymovearoundfreelyinspace.Howcanwetell?Takeaballoon,forexample.Whenwepumpairintoaballoon,itvisiblyinflates.Thatmeansthatgaseousmatterisfillingtheballoonandtakingupspace.Themoreairweblowintotheballoon,thebiggeritgets.Therefore,wecanobservethewaygasmovesaroundspace.MovingAtomsAtomsareconstantlymoving.However,atomsmoveatdifferentspeedswithindifferentstatesofmatter.Wehavebeenabletodeterminethatatomsmoveslowerinsolidsthantheydoinliquids.That'sbecauseatomsinsolidsaretightlypacked,andthereislessspacetomovearoundfreely.theatomsingasmovethefastest.Sincetheatomsmovemorefreelyinliquidsandgases,theycanundergoaprocesscalleddiffusion.DiffusionisthemovementofparticlesfromahigherconcentrationtoalowerconcentrationThat’swhy,whenyousprayperfumeinacornerofaroom,youwilleventuallysmellitontheothersideoftheroomTheatomsfromtheperfumediffusethroughtheair.Becauseofthisdiffusion,theperfumescentspreads.IdentificationWecanidentifymaterialsaccordingtoavarietyofproperties.Scientistshavedeterminedseveraldifferentmeasurementstohelplabelmaterials.Someexamplesaretemperature,hardness,colourandlength.Usually,theseareusedtomeasuresolids,likerocksandminerals.However,temperaturecanbeusedtomeasureliquidsaswellhengeologistsstudyrocks,theyoftenusetheMohsscaleofmineralhardness.Thisscaleallowsustocharacterisethescratchresistanceofvariousminerals.Adiamondisdescribedashardbecauseitisextremelydifficulttoscratch.ReadingComprehensionChoosethecorrectanswerforeachquestion.1.WhichconclusioncanwedrawfromtheunderlinedsentenceofParagraph1?A.Atomscanbeseenwitharegularmicroscope.B.Atomsareactuallyverytiny.C.Atomsarenotvisibletothenakedeye.D.Atomsareusuallyinsolidstate.2.Whydoestheauthormentiontheballoonfilledwithair?A.Toexplainwhatairismadeupof.B.Toshowthathowgasmovesisinvisible.C.Toshowthatairismadeupofmovingatoms.D.Toshowthatatomsinairmovemorefreelythaninliquid.3.Inwhichstateofmatterdotheatomsmovethefastest?A.Liquid.B.Gas.C.Solid.D.Plasma.4.WhatistheMohsscaleoftenusedtodo?A.Tohelpidentifymaterials.B.Tohelplabelvariousrocks.C.Tomeasurethetemperatureofsolids.D.Tocharacterisethescratchresistanceofminerals.5.Whatisthispassagemainlyabout?A.Matterandthepropertiesithasincertainstates.B.Theprocessofdiffusion.C.Measurementscientistsusetolabelmaterials.D.Theinflationofballoonsandpooltoy.Vocabulary基础词matter n.物质；事情，情况ⅵ重要，要紧；有关系搭tostudythecategoriesofmatter研究物质的种类asamatteroffact实际上category n.种类；范畴英agroupofpeopleorthingswithparticularfeaturesincommon记词根记忆：cate（下面）+gor（聚集）+y→同一种类的事物聚集在同一名称下面→种类liquid n./adj.液体（的）记词根记忆：liqu（液体）+id（…的）液体的atom n.原子记词根记忆：a（不）+tom（切割）→不能再切割的微小粒子→原子regular adj.常规的；规则的；定期的搭thetrain’sregularschedule火车的常规时刻表constantly adv.不断地记词根记忆：con（表加强）+stant（站）+y（表副词）直站着→始终→不断地determine v.查明，测定；决定；裁决记词根记忆：de（表加强）+termin（界限）+e→加强界限→决定例Ideterminedtogohomethisweekend.我准备这周末回家。spray v.喷，啧酒，向喷洒n.喷剂；喷雾；水花，浪花记联想记忆：sp+ray（光线）→液体像光线一样向四面射去→喷例Whenheopenedthebottle，thesodasprayedoutalloverhim.他一打开瓶子，就被喷了一身汽水。perfume n.香水；香味记词根记忆：per（贯穿）+fume（气体）萦绕在身上的气体→香味；香水scent n.气味，香味，芳香记联想记忆：开放的花朵送出（sent）沁人的芳香（scent）scratch n.（刮、抓、划的）痕迹；划伤；搔；挠v.搔；抓；擦伤；刮坏记联想记忆：s+cratch（看作catch，抓住）→抓Vocabulary进阶词gaseous adj.（含）气体的，气态的记来自gas（n.气体）plasma n.等离子（气）体；血浆英agasthatcontainsapproximatelyequalnumbersofpositiveandnegativeelectricchargesparticle n.微粒，粒子；颗粒；[语]小品词（与动词构成动词短语的副词或介词）记联想记忆：part（部分）+ile（看作article，物品）→物品的最小部分→微粒visible adj.看得见的，可见的；有形的，明显的记词根记忆：vis（看）+ible（能…的）→看得见的搭visiblespectrum可见光谱inflate adj.（使）充气，膨胀；鼓吹，吹捧；（使）得意；使（通货）膨胀英tofillsthwithairorgas记词根记忆：in（进入）+flat（吹）+e→往里面吹气→使充气例Theyellowballoonisinflatedwithhelium.黄气球里充的是氦气。undergo vt.经历；遭受记词根记忆：under（在…下）+go（行走）→行走在苦难之下→遭受例Allformsofartwereundergoingarevolutionatthattime.当时，所有的艺术形式都经历着革新。concentration n.集中；浓缩，浓度；含量；专心，专注搭glucoseconcentration葡萄糖含量concentrationonsth在某方面专注label n.标签；称号ⅵ.贴标签于…；用标签标明；把…称为记联想记忆：ab（实验室）+el→实验室里的试